Fire Technology最新文献_第4页

Reaction to Fire of the Timber Structure Encapsulated by Multilayer Mortar Coating Under Uniform Thermal Loading 多层砂浆涂层包裹的木结构在均匀热负荷下的火灾反应

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01622-9

Wei Chu, Jun Fang, Yahong Yang, Shangqing Tao, Hassan Raza Shah, Mengwen Wang, Yu Wang

{"title":"Reaction to Fire of the Timber Structure Encapsulated by Multilayer Mortar Coating Under Uniform Thermal Loading","authors":"Wei Chu, Jun Fang, Yahong Yang, Shangqing Tao, Hassan Raza Shah, Mengwen Wang, Yu Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01622-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-024-01622-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Encapsulation is an effective method for enhancing the reaction to fire of timber structures. Mortar coatings are widely used to encapsulate traditional timber structures due to their excellent mechanical properties. However, there is a significant lack of data on the reaction to fire and fire mechanisms of timber structures with mortar encapsulation, and little is known about the influence of mortar composition on the burning characteristics of timber substrates. This study investigated the fire properties of organic–inorganic composite multilayer mortar coatings with fibre-reinforced layers commonly employed in encapsulating traditional Chinese wooden structures. The burning phases of timber encapsulated by multilayer mortar coatings were examined using thermogravimetric analysis and constant radiation ignition experiments. The fire propagation apparatus was used to measure the critical fire parameters of the encapsulated timber structures, including ignition time, heat release rate, total heat release, and time to peak heat release rate under a constant radiation heat flux of 30 kW/m<sup>2</sup>. Comparative experiments between finished and semi-finished coating encapsulated samples were conducted to investigate the influence of coating composition. The cracking behaviour of the coating was synchronously observed, with crack length analysis using image recognition techniques. It was found that the topcoat property of the coating mainly influenced the ignition time, and adding the fibre layer can effectively inhibit the bending of the timber substrate. Additionally, reducing the aggregate size may effectively prolong the time to reach the peak of the heat release rate. The relationship between the rise in heat release rate in encapsulation coatings, the appearance of surface cracks, and the maximum crack length with the heat release rate peak has been well established.</p>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141871937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Water Sprays Cooling of a Hot Metallic Plate 喷水冷却热金属板

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01617-6

Z. Acem, V. Dréan, G. Parent, A. Collin, A. Wilhelm, T. Beji, R. Mehaddi

{"title":"Water Sprays Cooling of a Hot Metallic Plate","authors":"Z. Acem, V. Dréan, G. Parent, A. Collin, A. Wilhelm, T. Beji, R. Mehaddi","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01617-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-024-01617-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the present work, spray cooling experiments of a hot steel plate were carried out with three different nozzles in order to provide accurate experimental data for the modellers. Special attention was paid to for both the measurement of the surface temperatures and the characterization of the sprays. Firstly, the surface temperatures were measured using K-type thermocouple wires welded directly to the surface of the plate in a separate contact. This technique provides an accurate measurement of the surface temperature during the cooling. Secondly, the spray characteristics of each nozzle were also thoroughly investigated. It was found that the droplet size and velocity distributions of each nozzle followed a log-normal law. The corresponding Sauter mean diameter (SMD) and mean velocity ranged from 170 to 230 µm and from 5.6 m s<sup>−1</sup> to 22.4 m s<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Spray cooling was started after heating the plate between 500°C and 600°C using a radiant panel. Cooling rates were very high and the time to reach ambient temperature varied from 4 s to 1 min depending on the nozzle used. Heat Flux (<span>({dot{q}}^{{prime}{prime}})</span>) and Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) were calculated from the temperature data. It was found that high levels of critical heat flux (CHF), around 9 MW m<sup>−2</sup>, were achieved for two of the three nozzles studied, including the one with the lowest flow rate of only 1.6 L min<sup>−1</sup>. Finally, the results obtained in this study could be used to validate numerical codes such as FDS and FireFOAM, which are commonly used in fire safety engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141772777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correction: Evaluation of the Fire Behavior of Low-Rise Eccentrically Braced Frame Structures Under Different Fire Scenarios 更正：不同火灾情况下低层偏心支撑框架结构的火灾行为评估

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01615-8

Seyed Javad Mortazavi, Iman Mansouri, Alireza Farzampour, Eleni Retzepis, Jong Wan Hu

引用次数: 0

Large Outdoor Fires and the Built Environment (LOF&BE): Summary of Workshops at 14th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science 大型室外火灾与建筑环境 (LOF&BE)：第 14 届国际消防安全科学研讨会研讨会摘要

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01614-9

Sara McAllister, Samuel L. Manzello, Sayaka Suzuki, Alex Filkov, David Rush, Rahul Wadhwani, Yu Wang

引用次数: 0

The Influence of Housing, Parcel, and Neighborhood Characteristics on Housing Survival in the Marshall Fire 马歇尔火灾中房屋、地块和邻里特征对房屋存活率的影响

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01616-7

Amy J. Metz, Erica C. Fischer, Abbie B. Liel

{"title":"The Influence of Housing, Parcel, and Neighborhood Characteristics on Housing Survival in the Marshall Fire","authors":"Amy J. Metz, Erica C. Fischer, Abbie B. Liel","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01616-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01616-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study develops random forest models to interrogate housing survival in the 2021 Marshall Fire, investigating the role of housing, parcel, and neighborhood characteristics. This grass fire affected suburban communities and destroyed more than 1,000 houses. The authors compiled a data set consisting of all the destroyed houses, along with damaged and standing neighboring houses. After removing houses with insufficient data, 1055 impacted houses were used to develop models for each of the three impacted jurisdictions and for the full data set of 1055 houses. In addition, model versions were developed that use only the subset of predictor characteristics available pre-fire. The pre-fire model results showed that the five housing characteristics that resulted in the largest increase in mean square error (MSE) when randomly permutated were predominantly neighborhood and parcel level characteristics. All predictors resulting in percent increases in MSE of 15% or greater were neighborhood level characteristics. Parcel and community characteristics encompass 78%, 86%, 100%, and 80% of predictors resulting in percent increase in MSE greater than 5% for the models developed for Louisville, Superior, Unincorporated Boulder County, and all data, respectively. Additionally, the identification of the most important parameters showed that the majority of the most impactful variables were not within the homeowner’s control. This conclusion demonstrates the importance of neighborhood and community characteristics on housing survival that are controlled by the jurisdiction, especially in a home rule state where building codes and planning may differ across jurisdictional boundaries. We found little reduction in model accuracy (%-change in balanced accuracy under 12%), when only pre-fire variables were considered. Taken together, these results suggest a crucial role for jurisdiction or community mitigation of risk in WUI areas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 6","pages":"4065 - 4097"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141772780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of Orientation of Test on Radiant Protective Performance of Outer Layer of Multilayer Thermal Protective Clothing 测试方向对多层防寒服外层辐射防护性能的影响

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01601-0

Sudhanshu Maurya, Apurba Das, Ramasamy Alagirusamy

引用次数: 0

YOlOv5s-ACE: Forest Fire Object Detection Algorithm Based on Improved YOLOv5s YOlOv5s-ACE：基于改进型 YOLOv5s 的森林火灾物体探测算法

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01619-4

Jianan Wang, Changzhong Wang, Weiping Ding, Cheng Li

{"title":"YOlOv5s-ACE: Forest Fire Object Detection Algorithm Based on Improved YOLOv5s","authors":"Jianan Wang, Changzhong Wang, Weiping Ding, Cheng Li","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01619-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01619-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To address the challenges of low detection accuracy, slow detection speed, coarse feature extraction, and the difficulty of detection deployment in complex forest fire backgrounds, this paper presents a forest fire object detection algorithm based on an improved YOLOv5s (YOLOv5s-ACE). The algorithm not only realizes the accurate identification of small objects, but also guarantees the accuracy and speed of detection. Firstly, YOLOv5s-ACE uses Copy-Pasting data enhancement to expand the small object sample set to reduce the overfitting risk in the process of model training. Secondly, it choose Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) to replace Spatial Pyramid Pooling (SPP) module in backbone part of YOLOv5 network. Therefore, the proposed algorithm can enlarge the receptive field while ensuring the resolution, which is conducive to the accurate positioning of small object forest flame. Third, after adding the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) module to the C3 module of the Neck layer, the key features of the forest flame object can be further screened, while irrelevant information that interferes with the flame detection, such as background information, can be eliminated. The network performance of forest fire detection is improved without increasing the depth, width and resolution of the input image. Finally, we replace CIOU losses (Complete-IoU) with EIOU losses (Efficient-IoU) to optimize the performance of the model and improve accuracy. The experimental results show that compared with the original algorithm, the proposed object detection algorithm improves mean Average Precision (mAP) by 5.6%, Precision by 2.7%, Recall by 6.5% and GFlops by 6.7%. Even compared with the YOLOv7 algorithm, the proposed algorithm YOLOv5s-ACE increases mAP by 0.9%, Precision by 2.2%, and Recall by 0.3%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 6","pages":"4023 - 4043"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141772778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study of Organic Carbon-Containing Additives to Water Used in Fire Fighting, in Terms of Their Environmental Friendliness 从环境友好角度研究消防用水中的含碳有机添加剂

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01599-5

Oleksii Shcherbak, Valentyna Loboichenko, Taras Skorobahatko, Roman Shevchenko, Aleksander Levterov, Andrii Pruskyi, Valerii Khrystych, Anastasiia Khmyrova, Valentyna Fedorchuk-Moroz, Serhiy Bondarenko

{"title":"Study of Organic Carbon-Containing Additives to Water Used in Fire Fighting, in Terms of Their Environmental Friendliness","authors":"Oleksii Shcherbak, Valentyna Loboichenko, Taras Skorobahatko, Roman Shevchenko, Aleksander Levterov, Andrii Pruskyi, Valerii Khrystych, Anastasiia Khmyrova, Valentyna Fedorchuk-Moroz, Serhiy Bondarenko","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01599-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01599-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the article, a state analysis of the organic carbon-containing additives use in fire fighting has been carried out. Negative environmental effects when using fluorine-containing short- and long-chain surfactants, which can act as both a fire extinguishing agent and its decomposition product, have been noted. As an important direction for further evolution in the field of fire extinguishing agents, the use of oxysilanes and gel systems based on liquid glass as environmentally friendly compounds has been noted. The prospects and environmental friendliness of the use of acoustic effects in extinguishing fires have been noted. The addition of small amounts of inorganic and organic compounds is regarded as an inexpensive and effective method to increase the fire fighting properties of water. In this work, the ecological characteristics of a number of organic compounds used in fire fighting as thickeners of aqueous solutions and the reduction of their surface tension were studied. Alginic acid has been shown to be the most environmentally friendly water additive among the investigated organic carbon-containing compounds used in fire fighting.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 5","pages":"3739 - 3765"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141645360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Predicting the Average Charring Rate of Mass Timber Using Data-Driven Methods for Structural Calculations 在结构计算中使用数据驱动方法预测大宗木材的平均炭化率

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01593-x

Rikesh Amin, Yaxin Mo, Franz Richter, Christoph Kurzer, Norman Werther, Guillermo Rein

{"title":"Predicting the Average Charring Rate of Mass Timber Using Data-Driven Methods for Structural Calculations","authors":"Rikesh Amin, Yaxin Mo, Franz Richter, Christoph Kurzer, Norman Werther, Guillermo Rein","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01593-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01593-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Engineered timber is increasingly in demand for tall buildings due to its positive impact on building sustainability. However, quick adoption raises fire engineering questions regarding flammability and structural performance. Understanding the behaviour of timber in fire is crucial, particularly for structural calculations of tall buildings. The charring rate of timber plays a significant role in its structural performance because the loss of cross section reduces the load bearing capacity of the element. Eurocode-5 (EC5) provides a simple method to calculate the charring rate and it is widely adopted for design in many countries while more complex physics-based models exist but are rarely used for design. For example, we want to know when EC5 underpredicts or overpredicts and by how much. This paper compares different data-driven methods, including statistical and artificial intelligence algorithms, for predicting the average charring rate of timber in fire. A new database of charring rates, VAQT, was created comprised of 231 furnace tests of timber products found in the scientific and technical literature. Statistical methods such as ridge regression (λ = 0.001) predict the charring rate with a minimum 11% error whilst EC5 predicts with 27% error. A trained neural network predicts the charring rate with minimum 9% error. This paper presents a novel database of timber charring experiments and provides a set of data-driven predictive models, all of which calculate the average charring rate with a significantly higher accuracy than EC5 for a wide range of mass timber products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 6","pages":"4001 - 4021"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-024-01593-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141614575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pruning Long Short-Term Memory: A Model for Predicting the Stress–Strain Relationship of Normal and Lightweight Aggregate Concrete at Finite Temperature 修剪长短期记忆：预测有限温度下普通和轻质骨料混凝土应力-应变关系的模型

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01606-9

Farshad Dabbaghi, Amin Tanhadoust, Ibrahim G. Ogunsanya

{"title":"Pruning Long Short-Term Memory: A Model for Predicting the Stress–Strain Relationship of Normal and Lightweight Aggregate Concrete at Finite Temperature","authors":"Farshad Dabbaghi, Amin Tanhadoust, Ibrahim G. Ogunsanya","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01606-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01606-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>While normal weight aggregate concrete (NWAC) can experience significant strength loss and spalling at high temperatures, lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) can maintain its structural integrity. Stress–strain relationship of concrete is an important test to perform during designing phase of concrete infrastructures. Therefore, this study focuses on exploring the stress–strain behavior of NWAC and LWAC under uniaxial compression at temperatures ranging from 20 to 750°C. In addition, pruning long short-term memory (P-LSTM) networks to create a predictive model for the stress–strain relationship of NWAC and LWAC is also utilized. Concrete mixture designs containing ordinary Portland cement, silica fume, and lightweight expanded clay aggregate, were first optimized to reduce the number of experiments using the response surface method. Subsequently, 30 mixture designs were fabricated and subjected to compression tests, following exposure to varying temperatures that ranged from 20 to 750°C, to evaluate their stress–strain relationship and determine associated mechanical properties. Experimental results were then utilized to develop a P-LSTM model used to forecast the stress–strain relationship of concrete at varying temperatures. The P-LSTM model developed in this study improved the prediction accuracy and stability beyond conventional LSTM model, which would be useful in the design and optimization of NWAC and LWAC structures. Additionally, the P-LSTM model has a lower computational cost and less likelihood of over-fitting as compared to typical LSTM networks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 6","pages":"3967 - 3999"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141614576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0