Fire Technology最新文献_第4页

Contaminations from Lithium-Ion Battery Fires—Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Soot 烟灰中锂离子电池火焰和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）的污染

IF 2.4 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-025-01708-y

Ola Willstrand, Maria Quant, Jonna Hynynen

{"title":"Contaminations from Lithium-Ion Battery Fires—Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Soot","authors":"Ola Willstrand, Maria Quant, Jonna Hynynen","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01708-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01708-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fluorinated substances are widely used in the different components of the lithium-ion battery cell, such as electrode binders, electrolyte, additives and separator materials. To date, most studies regarding the fluorinated contaminations from lithium-ion battery fires are focused on the gases formed, whereas the solids produced are not as well characterized. Here, we present an experimental study investigating the occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, in soot and particulates formed after thermal runaway in lithium-ion battery cells. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances were detected in every battery cell test performed in this study. The concentration of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances ranged between 20 to 130 ng/g<sub>soot</sub>. Extrapolation of data gives an estimated release of 10 to 60 µg of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances per kg battery cells. Among the 22 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances analyzed, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid and perfluorobutanoic acid were found in the highest concentrations for all samples. Interestingly, perfluorooctanoic acid was detected in all tests, in concentrations ranging between 0.05 to 0.62 ng/g<sub>soot</sub>. These findings are of importance not only for the purpose of decontamination after thermal runaway events, but also when it comes to the lithium-ion battery recycling processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 5","pages":"2889 - 2899"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-025-01708-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of a Performance-Based Approach for Optimizing Sensor Placement in Building Fire Detection 建筑火灾探测中基于性能的传感器布局优化方法的发展

IF 2.4 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2025-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-025-01721-1

Hongqiang Fang, Mingjun Xu, Xiao Chen, S. M. Lo, Man Pun Wan

{"title":"Development of a Performance-Based Approach for Optimizing Sensor Placement in Building Fire Detection","authors":"Hongqiang Fang, Mingjun Xu, Xiao Chen, S. M. Lo, Man Pun Wan","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01721-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01721-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fire detection systems play a vital role in ensuring effective fire protection within buildings. At present, the placement of fire detectors is guided by established codes and standards, which specify maximum coverage areas for each detector. Building engineers typically follow these guidelines, positioning detectors strategically to achieve full coverage. While this approach provides adequate protection, it fails to consider the impact of varying environmental factors in different settings and accurately assess the actual performance of fire detection systems. This limitation is particularly evident in unique spaces like warehouses, where fire types and potential ignition locations may differ significantly from those in conventional environments, necessitating a more customized approach to sensor placement. To address this issue, a fire detection performance-based sensor placement optimization (FDPB-SPO) approach is proposed. This methodology integrates numerical datasets generated from multiple simulated fire scenarios with advanced optimization algorithms to evaluate fire sensor placement performance and identify the optimal arrangement. The optimization process balances effective fire detection with compliance to code requirements, ensuring both enhanced performance and practical applicability. A case study evaluating this proposed approach demonstrates its effectiveness in determining the more appropriate arrangement for fire detection. Additionally, integrating it with the Genetic Algorithm (GA) yields an optimized solution that enhances fire detection performance and reliability. These findings highlight the potential of the FDPB-SPO approach in advancing sensor placement strategies and contributing to the development of future fire detection system standards.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 5","pages":"3191 - 3218"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Special Issue on Fire Safety of Informal Settlements and Historic Buildings 非正式住区及历史建筑消防安全特刊

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2025-03-18 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-025-01730-0

Yu Wang, David Rush, Danielle Antonellis, Keisuke Himoto, Lesley Gibson

引用次数: 0

Correction: Decision Support Framework for Sustainable and Fire Resilient Buildings (SAFR-B) 更正：可持续和防火建筑决策支持框架（SAFR-B）

IF 2.4 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2025-03-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-025-01718-w

Håkan Frantzich, Margaret McNamee, Erik Kimblad, Brian Meacham

引用次数: 0

Real-Time Active Fire Detection in the Pantanal Biome, Brazil, Using Convolutional Neural Networks 使用卷积神经网络在巴西潘塔纳尔生物群中进行实时主动火灾探测

IF 2.4 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2025-03-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-025-01722-0

Daniel Cabral da Costa, Leonardo Vidal Batista, Richarde Marques da Silva, Celso Augusto Guimarães Santos

{"title":"Real-Time Active Fire Detection in the Pantanal Biome, Brazil, Using Convolutional Neural Networks","authors":"Daniel Cabral da Costa, Leonardo Vidal Batista, Richarde Marques da Silva, Celso Augusto Guimarães Santos","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01722-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01722-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of artificial intelligence in identifying active fire zones serves as an essential methodology for monitoring and quantifying the impacts of forest fires, especially in geographically isolated or difficult-to-access regions, such as the Pantanal biome in Brazil. This research analyzed active fire detection using remote sensing datasets combined with machine learning algorithms within a tropical river basin in the Encontro das Águas State Park—the second-largest reserve in the Brazilian Pantanal. In this study, data acquired from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model facilitated the identification of active fire pixels. A total of 15 images, with a spatial resolution of 20 m and dimensions of 2496 × 2489 pixels, captured between August and October 2020, served as the experimental dataset. Following data preprocessing, 1500 images, each measuring 256 × 256 pixels, were analyzed using the U-Net architecture to identify active fire zones. Subsequent processing yielded 15 masks, each measuring 2560 × 2560 pixels and corresponding to specific dates within the observational period. These masks served as binary indicators of active fire presence and were validated against data from the BDQueimadas platform. Observations indicated that most fires occurred in September, with 84.7% of all active pixels detected during this month. Peak activity was observed on the final day, with 20,177 activated pixels, representing roughly one-third of the cumulative total. A marked decline in detected fires followed this peak, continuing until the end of the monitoring period. In summary, the CNN model demonstrated efficacy in monitoring and assessing wildfire progression on a large geographical scale, specifically within a tropical river basin in the Pantanal biome of Brazil.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 5","pages":"3219 - 3240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Inverse Tracing of Multi-room Fire Sources Based on CFD Simulation, Neural Network and Bayesian Optimization Algorithms 基于CFD仿真、神经网络和贝叶斯优化算法的多房间火源逆追踪

IF 2.4 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-025-01715-z

Xiaobo Shen, Yuhao Jiang, Zhaoyang Cao, Xiong Zou, Shengke Wei, Yunsheng Ma

{"title":"Inverse Tracing of Multi-room Fire Sources Based on CFD Simulation, Neural Network and Bayesian Optimization Algorithms","authors":"Xiaobo Shen, Yuhao Jiang, Zhaoyang Cao, Xiong Zou, Shengke Wei, Yunsheng Ma","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01715-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01715-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, a forward model for fire temperature field reconstruction and an inverse model for fire source tracing were established using CFD simulation, neural networks, and Bayesian optimization to assist in fire investigations. Several hundred datasets were generated through CFD simulation of two- and three-room indoor fires. These datasets were filtered, processed, and then used to train the neural network. To enhance the efficiency and accuracy of the hyperparameter selection for the BP network, Bayesian optimization was employed to determine the optimal hyperparameter. As a result, the two-room forward model achieved a prediction accuracy exceeding 90%, with a confidence interval of 10%. The two-room inverse model reaches accuracies of 95% and 99% under threshold settings of 0.15 m and 0.25 m, respectively, demonstrating remarkable generalizability when dealing with unfamiliar data. The three-room inverse model was trained on the dataset of the ‘I’-type three-room model, resulting in an accuracy of 94.3%. This model was further used to trace fire sources in the ‘L’-type three-room configuration, achieving an accuracy of 92.4%. Although the accuracy decreased, it remained at a satisfactory level, indicating strong extensibility and generalizability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 5","pages":"3069 - 3091"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fire Load Assessment in Office Buildings: A Comparison of Survey Results 办公楼火灾负荷评估：调查结果的比较

IF 2.4 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-025-01719-9

Shreya Jadon, Sunil Kumar

{"title":"Fire Load Assessment in Office Buildings: A Comparison of Survey Results","authors":"Shreya Jadon, Sunil Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01719-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01719-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fire load is an important factor affecting fire growth in a compartment during fire. In the past, numerous fire load surveys had been conducted world-wide. Although their results are scattered and show large variations, the present research on fire load can still be benefitted from a comprehensive review of the past works. This paper presents the result of major fire load surveys conducted in office buildings and compares it with the provisions of fire codes and standards of the United States, European Union members, India and New Zealand. The survey results indicate a strong correlation of fire load with compartment floor areas and room uses. Contrary to the survey results, most of the fire codes and standards do not account this correlation and recommend a constant value. Recent changes in construction materials, layouts and furnishings in office buildings has modified the fire load values significantly. But, due to inadequate and inappropriate fire load survey data, provisions in current fire codes and standards had not been changed appreciably. This review paper critically examines the existing fire load values, find gaps in the current research and proposes a research methodology for improving the future fire load database for the benefit of engineers, architects, researchers, fire risk assessors and the code revision committee dealing with the fire safety of office buildings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 5","pages":"3137 - 3163"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Novel Dual Phase-Change Composite Fire Extinguishing Powder for Extinguishing of Flaming and Smoldering Combustion in Magnesium Fires on Non-horizontal Surfaces 一种新型双相变复合灭火粉用于非水平表面镁火灾的燃烧和阴燃

IF 2.4 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-025-01720-2

Jingwei Ji, Wenju Li, Hongxiang Zhang, Yuechuan Zheng, Tengpu Zhang, Jinghui Du, Hong Zhang, Bangkai Shi

{"title":"A Novel Dual Phase-Change Composite Fire Extinguishing Powder for Extinguishing of Flaming and Smoldering Combustion in Magnesium Fires on Non-horizontal Surfaces","authors":"Jingwei Ji, Wenju Li, Hongxiang Zhang, Yuechuan Zheng, Tengpu Zhang, Jinghui Du, Hong Zhang, Bangkai Shi","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01720-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01720-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>At present, research on dry powder for magnesium fire extinguishing is mostly focused on extinguishing surface fires, with limited research on internal smoldering. Moreover, fire extinguishing performance tests of dry powder are primarily conducted on horizontal surfaces, while inclined and vertical combustion poses greater hazards and extinguishing challenges. To address this issue, a new dry powder extinguishing agent (NaCl/PMHS@LMG) with a dual phase-change temperature range was prepared in this paper to extinguish surface open flames and internal smoldering generated by magnesium fires on non-horizontal surfaces. The extinguishing agent was made using sodium chloride (NaCl) and polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS)-modified low melting point glass powder (LMG). The results of material testing showed that the NaCl/PMHS@LMG exhibited a dual phase transition, featuring a lower initial phase transition temperature, greater thermal stability, and enhanced heat absorption. At the same time, the modification of PMHS converted LMG from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, enhancing the dry powder’s overall moisture resistance. The results of magnesium fire extinguishing experiments show that NaCl/PMHS@LMG can effectively extinguish magnesium fires in both stacked and vertical forms. Compared with NaCl, the average extinguishing time and consumption of NaCl/PMHS@LMG in stacked fires were reduced by 49% and 52.7%, respectively, and the temperature reduction rate of stacked surfaces during extinguishing was approximately 4 times faster than with NaCl. Additionally, NaCl/PMHS@LMG formed a three-layer air-isolated cover on the stack surface after extinguishing, with an “auto-filling” function that effectively extinguished internal smoldering in magnesium chip stacks. Subsequently, the extinguishing mechanism of the dry powder was further explored.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 5","pages":"3165 - 3190"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quantifying the Fire Hazard from Li-Ion Battery Fires Caused by Thermal Runaway in E-scooters 电动滑板车热失控引起的锂离子电池火灾的火灾危险性定量分析

IF 2.4 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-025-01707-z

Charles Fleischmann, Craig Weinschenk, Daniel Madrzykowski, Alexandra Schraiber, Benjamin Gaudet

{"title":"Quantifying the Fire Hazard from Li-Ion Battery Fires Caused by Thermal Runaway in E-scooters","authors":"Charles Fleischmann, Craig Weinschenk, Daniel Madrzykowski, Alexandra Schraiber, Benjamin Gaudet","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01707-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01707-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Over the last 20 or so years, lithium-ion battery (LiB) powered devices have infiltrated our day to day lives through the devices that rely on them for energy storage including phones, cordless tools, toys, wristwatches, and vehicles. With the meteoric rise in popularity of LiBs in society, failures due to misuse, mishandling, or a poor understanding of necessary safety features may be expected. This study quantifies the fire hazard of a seated E-scooter with a LiB in thermal runaway during overcharging. Heat release rate (HRR) was measured for LiB battery in isolation and subsequently installed in an E-scooter to determine the battery’s contribution compared to the complete device. Two scenarios were evaluated to assess the hazard an E-scooter may pose in a residential scale building: an overcharging E-scooter in a closed bedroom and an overcharging E-scooter in a common living-kitchen area. The results of this study clearly demonstrates the extreme hazard posed by an overcharging E-scooter to the occupants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 5","pages":"2865 - 2887"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-025-01707-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correction: Semantic Enrichment of a BIM Model Using Revit: Automatic Annotation of Doors in High-Rise Residential Building Models Using Machine Learning 更正：使用Revit对BIM模型进行语义丰富：使用机器学习对高层住宅模型中的门进行自动标注

IF 2.4 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-025-01712-2

Soheila Bigdeli, Pieter Pauwels, Steven Verstockt, Nico Van de Weghe, Bart Merci

引用次数: 0