{"title":"Fire-Induced Thermal Gradients in Cold-Formed Steel Flexural Members: A Numerical Parametric Study for Structural Application","authors":"Ravikant Singh, Avik Samanta","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01710-4","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The cold-formed steel (<i>CFS)</i> members are highly susceptible to the fire and the presence of full or partial insulation can significantly influence the overall thermal profile of the member. Unlike uniformly heated members, a gradient thermal exposure can reduce the member’s mechanical properties unevenly. This study investigated the effects of uniform and gradient thermal exposure on the structural behaviour of flexural members. The non-linear finite element (<i>FE</i>) model is developed and validated with the experimental and numerical results available in the existing literature. A series of numerical <i>FE</i> parametric studies on 1425 members is performed considering several member geometry and spans ranging for different beams covering non-dimensional slenderness ranging from 0.28 to 1.81. Two common loading patterns (4-point loading and uniform moment) and five thermal distribution patterns are considered, covering thermal bowing in the direction of loading as well as in opposite to that. Results of the extensive parametric study indicate the fact that the failure temperature of the member is largely dependent on the applied thermal profile of the member. Parameters like depth of the member cross-section, non-dimensional slenderness and thermal bowing of the member, which largely influenced the critical temperature of the CFS flexural member, are studied in detail. In several cases, the failure temperature of a partially heated member can be lower than that of the member fully exposed to fire. Parametric study results also highlighted the fact that the existing limiting temperature of 350° of the European design rules (Eurocode 3, Part 1.2) for CFS members is highly over-conservative.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 5","pages":"2925 - 2955"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Fire Technology","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10694-025-01710-4","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The cold-formed steel (CFS) members are highly susceptible to the fire and the presence of full or partial insulation can significantly influence the overall thermal profile of the member. Unlike uniformly heated members, a gradient thermal exposure can reduce the member’s mechanical properties unevenly. This study investigated the effects of uniform and gradient thermal exposure on the structural behaviour of flexural members. The non-linear finite element (FE) model is developed and validated with the experimental and numerical results available in the existing literature. A series of numerical FE parametric studies on 1425 members is performed considering several member geometry and spans ranging for different beams covering non-dimensional slenderness ranging from 0.28 to 1.81. Two common loading patterns (4-point loading and uniform moment) and five thermal distribution patterns are considered, covering thermal bowing in the direction of loading as well as in opposite to that. Results of the extensive parametric study indicate the fact that the failure temperature of the member is largely dependent on the applied thermal profile of the member. Parameters like depth of the member cross-section, non-dimensional slenderness and thermal bowing of the member, which largely influenced the critical temperature of the CFS flexural member, are studied in detail. In several cases, the failure temperature of a partially heated member can be lower than that of the member fully exposed to fire. Parametric study results also highlighted the fact that the existing limiting temperature of 350° of the European design rules (Eurocode 3, Part 1.2) for CFS members is highly over-conservative.
期刊介绍：
Fire Technology publishes original contributions, both theoretical and empirical, that contribute to the solution of problems in fire safety science and engineering. It is the leading journal in the field, publishing applied research dealing with the full range of actual and potential fire hazards facing humans and the environment. It covers the entire domain of fire safety science and engineering problems relevant in industrial, operational, cultural, and environmental applications, including modeling, testing, detection, suppression, human behavior, wildfires, structures, and risk analysis.
The aim of Fire Technology is to push forward the frontiers of knowledge and technology by encouraging interdisciplinary communication of significant technical developments in fire protection and subjects of scientific interest to the fire protection community at large.
It is published in conjunction with the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE). The mission of NFPA is to help save lives and reduce loss with information, knowledge, and passion. The mission of SFPE is advancing the science and practice of fire protection engineering internationally.
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