Fire Technology最新文献_第6页

Research on Quantitative Assessment Method for Fire Spread Risk in Enclosed Buildings 封闭式建筑火灾蔓延风险定量评估方法研究

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01588-8

Haodong Sun, Jihong Ye

{"title":"Research on Quantitative Assessment Method for Fire Spread Risk in Enclosed Buildings","authors":"Haodong Sun, Jihong Ye","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01588-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01588-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The main objective of this research is to establish a quantitative risk assessment method for fire spread in enclosed building scenarios. The enclosed building fire spread process is divided into three stages: fire fully developed in the fire compartment, failure of weak barrier, and combustibles ignited in the target compartment. The calculation method for fire spread is established, where the time for fire fully developed is calculated based on the t<sup>2</sup> fire, the barrier failure time is calculated based on the finite difference method, and the combustible ignition time is calculated based on the zone model. The linear regression model is formulated to ensure computational efficiency for fire spread time prediction. The enclosed building fire spread quantitative risk assessment method is proposed based on the Probit model. The effectiveness of the risk assessment method is validated through the enclosed building fire spread experiment, and the method is applied to assess the risk of fire spread in an office. The results demonstrate that the method could quantitatively assess fire spread risk under different conditions with high computational efficiency and excellent versatility, and it could provide guidance for fire prevention, building fire design, and fire rescue.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 5","pages":"3709 - 3738"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Tube Furnace with Online Mass Loss Measurement as a New Bench Scale Test for Pyrolysis 带有在线质量损失测量功能的管式炉作为热解的新基准试验

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01590-0

Karen De Lannoye, Alexander Belt, Ernst-Arndt Reinecke, Lukas Arnold

{"title":"The Tube Furnace with Online Mass Loss Measurement as a New Bench Scale Test for Pyrolysis","authors":"Karen De Lannoye, Alexander Belt, Ernst-Arndt Reinecke, Lukas Arnold","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01590-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01590-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, a new gram scale experiment with well characterised boundary conditions is proposed for pyrolysis experiments. The set-up consists of a tube furnace, based on ISO19700, with a newly designed concept for a balance within the oven, allowing for online mass loss measurements. Samples with a length up to 50 cm can be investigated in this apparatus. The oven allows for experiments at fixed temperatures or at fixed heating rates, under controlled atmosphere, w.r.t. gas composition and flow rate. A thorough characterisation of the set-up is presented, including aspects like reproducibility of the heating rate or the precision of the balance. The functionality of the balance has been demonstrated with calcium carbonate (CaCO<span>(_{3})</span>) experiments. This material was chosen because it decomposes in a single reaction, which only releases CO<span>(_{2})</span>. This allows for comparison between the mass loss rate of the balance and the CO<span>(_{2})</span> production rate, measured by a gas analyser. Results for two different heating rates: 3 K/min and 5 K/min and for different masses (25 g and 8.5 g) are presented. The two measurement methods are in excellent agreement. Finally, the data obtained from the new experimental set-up is compared to results from thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) experiments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 5","pages":"3689 - 3707"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-024-01590-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141529033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Special Issue on Structures in Fire 2022 火灾中的结构特刊 2022

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-06-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01597-7

Liming Jiang, Xinyan Huang, Anwar Orabi, Chao Zhang

引用次数: 0

A Probabilistic Evaluation of Surface Loading and Concentration as Metrics for Post Structural Fire Assessment Soot Sampling Data 将表面负荷和浓度作为结构火灾后评估烟尘采样数据的指标进行概率评估

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-06-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01592-y

R. Christopher Spicer

{"title":"A Probabilistic Evaluation of Surface Loading and Concentration as Metrics for Post Structural Fire Assessment Soot Sampling Data","authors":"R. Christopher Spicer","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01592-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01592-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Surface sampling and laboratory analysis for soot/combustion particulates was conducted following a fire at an education/research facility in the southwest United States. This provided a bank of data by which to probabilistically evaluate the behavior of soot loading (counts/mm<sup>2</sup>) and relative soot concentration (percent ratio; %R) as useful metrics for quantifying differences in soot impact across a building. Surface tape sampling and analysis via light microscopy were conducted via industry standard protocols, and resulting data from various building zones were selected to construct various comparisons. The performance of counts/mm<sup>2</sup> and %R as metrics to identify differences in soot impact for each comparison was assessed by comparing inference generated by traditional Student’s <i>t</i> test, Mann Whitney <i>U</i> rank comparison (MW), and the directly calculated axiomatic probability associated with difference in detection (pΔf<sub>d</sub>). The fourteen (14) comparisons in which a significant difference was inferred via pΔf<sub>d</sub> was similarly indicated via Student’s <i>t</i> and/or MW in only four (4) instances. Further, approximately one half of the comparisons generated different inference via pΔf<sub>d</sub> for counts/mm<sup>2</sup> and %R, with the former demonstrating better discriminatory ability. In broad view, the heuristic concept of comparing numerical “soot levels” (e.g., average) by either metric was not generally suitable for the distribution of the data. In contrast, pΔf<sub>d</sub> avoids the statistical bias imposed by traditional statistical inference, and ultimately the efficacy of post fire comparative surface sampling is as dependent upon the metric and inference model utilized as it is on the sampling and laboratory analytical protocols.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 5","pages":"3649 - 3670"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-024-01592-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141351419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Flame Retardancy of Densified Wood Modified by Bio-Material Based Flame Retardant 经生物材料阻燃剂改性的致密化木材的阻燃性能

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-06-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01594-w

Yuxin Gao, Saiya Feng, Long Yan, Tianyang Chu, ZongCheng Wang, Jianren Xiao, Hong Xie, Jin Zhang, Zhengyang Wang

{"title":"Flame Retardancy of Densified Wood Modified by Bio-Material Based Flame Retardant","authors":"Yuxin Gao, Saiya Feng, Long Yan, Tianyang Chu, ZongCheng Wang, Jianren Xiao, Hong Xie, Jin Zhang, Zhengyang Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01594-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01594-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Densified wood (DW) is a carbon-negative and energy-saving structural material with promising applications in high-rise timber buildings. However, its fire safety issues restrict its applications. In this paper, a bio-material, phytic acid, based flame retardant PPBNOH was prepared to improve the flame retardancy of DW. The structure characteristics, thermal stability, flammability, combustion behavior and mechanical performance of flame-retardant DW (PPBNOH/DW) were studied. Results show that the decomposition of PPBNOH catalyzes char formation and enhances thermal stability. Thus, PPBNOH/DW has a 57% reduced peak mass loss rate and a 27.9% increased char yield. Both the wood dense structure and PPBNOH catalyzation synergistically promote the formation of phosphorus-containing, crosslinked and aromatic char during wood combustion, which hinders heat/mass transfers and enhances flame retardancy. Thus, PPBNOH/DW has a 53.2% limiting oxygen index, a V-0 rating of UL-94 test. It presents delayed ignition time, reduced heat release characteristics and lower heat of combustion (5.37 MJ kg<sup>−1</sup>) in the cone calorimeter test. BNOH improves the smoke suppression performance of PPBNOH/DW with a 38.6% reduced total smoke production. The compatible and thermally insulating char also enhances the high-temperature heating resistance of PPBNOH/DW as it has the highest remaining mechanical strengths after heating.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 5","pages":"3671 - 3688"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141352517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental Investigation of Water-Based Fire Suppression Systems on External Façade Fires 水基灭火系统对外墙火灾的实验研究

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01595-9

Christoph Meraner, Ellen S. Skilbred, Kemal S. Arsava

{"title":"Experimental Investigation of Water-Based Fire Suppression Systems on External Façade Fires","authors":"Christoph Meraner, Ellen S. Skilbred, Kemal S. Arsava","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01595-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01595-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of external fire suppression systems can reduce the risk of fire spreading between buildings. This study investigated the effectiveness and efficiency of different externally placed water-based fire suppression systems on façade fire safety. A series of large-scale experiments comprising an SP Fire 105 setup equipped with sprinklers and high-pressure water mist nozzles have been performed. A combustible façade, consisting of 2.5 cm thick oriented strand board (OSB) plates, was installed to provide challenging conditions and allow a visual assessment of the post-fire damage. The temperature profile on the façade surface was measured with 34 thermocouples, while five heat flux gauges and two fast-response plate thermocouples were used to measure the heat flux on the façade surface and emitted to the ambient. The sprinklers and the high-pressure water mist system effectively suppressed the upwards flame migration and reduced the heat flux toward adjacent buildings. It was observed that the sprinklers acted as a water curtain and kept the façade wet during the fire, promoting minor damage (the burnt area is less than 1% of the total area). The temperature and heat flux measurements demonstrated that the sprinkler system was the most effective suppression system. However, the high-pressure water mist systems achieved similar effectiveness but a much higher efficiency concerning water consumption. The sprinkler nozzles used four times as much water as the high-pressure water mist nozzles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 5","pages":"3629 - 3648"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-024-01595-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141359801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Impact of Air-Tightness on Smoke Transport During High-Rise Building Fires Under Low-Temperature Conditions 低温条件下高层建筑火灾中气密性对烟雾传播的影响

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01583-z

Haoyou Zhao, Zhaoyang Yu, Fei Liu, Wen Han, Yanhai Liu, Yunpeng Zhou

{"title":"The Impact of Air-Tightness on Smoke Transport During High-Rise Building Fires Under Low-Temperature Conditions","authors":"Haoyou Zhao, Zhaoyang Yu, Fei Liu, Wen Han, Yanhai Liu, Yunpeng Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01583-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01583-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study employs a combination of theoretical analysis, Similarity simulation, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to examine the airflow caused by the stack effect under different leakage conditions in high-rise buildings and the transport of fire smoke. Building on previous research, we quantify the leakage area using a formula and classify it into two categories, \"tight\" and \"leaky.\" Based on the analysis results, we conduct a similarity simulation experiment in a small-scale high-rise building experimental platform with a height of 5.2 m to create a certain size of leakage area at the bottom and record carbon monoxide concentration at different locations and times. The obtained result is then compared with the numerical simulation result, and the similarity simulation results match well with the numerical simulation results. The findings demonstrate that increasing the leakage area accelerates the transport of smoke due to the stack effect, particularly at higher floors. This paper also discusses strategies to impede smoke diffusion, providing valuable references for the safety design of high-rise buildings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 5","pages":"3571 - 3603"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141357803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

3D Location of Indoor Fire Ignition with a Multilevel Constraint Based on Monocular Vision 基于单目视觉的多级约束室内点火的 3D 定位

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01586-w

Yakun Xie, Ni Zhan, Jun Zhu, Yukun Guo, Dejun Feng, Sung Wook Baik

{"title":"3D Location of Indoor Fire Ignition with a Multilevel Constraint Based on Monocular Vision","authors":"Yakun Xie, Ni Zhan, Jun Zhu, Yukun Guo, Dejun Feng, Sung Wook Baik","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01586-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01586-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate fire ignition spatial location methods can serve the automatic fire suppression based on video. Although current fire detection systems based on monocular surveillance videos can quickly detect fires, it is impossible to obtain the 3D position due to the polysemy of 2D images. To further promote the universal application of automatic fire suppression, we propose a 3D indoor fire ignition location method based on monocular vision. This is the first study on spatial orientation of fire based on monocular vision. First, the indoor scene is quickly reconstructed as the basis of the scene. Second, based on our previous research on fire detection, the refined position of the fire in 2D images and its topological relationship with the space object are analyzed. The hierarchical constraints from 2 to 3D are established for the spatial orientation of the indoor fire ignition point. The experimental results show that the average absolute error is only 4.82 cm and that the average relative error is 1.71%. In addition, our method can be embedded into the existing fire prevention and control system at a low cost, further promoting the development of intelligent fire prevention and control.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 5","pages":"3605 - 3628"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141356262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental Study on Foam Properties of Mixtures of Organic Silicon and Hydrocarbon Surfactants Regulated by Nano-SiO2 Particles 纳米二氧化硅颗粒调节有机硅和烃类表面活性剂混合物泡沫特性的实验研究

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-06-08 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01596-8

Jiaqing Zhang, Fengju Shang, Xin Liu, Kaiyuan Li, Yunpeng Yang, Yanyan Zou

{"title":"Experimental Study on Foam Properties of Mixtures of Organic Silicon and Hydrocarbon Surfactants Regulated by Nano-SiO2 Particles","authors":"Jiaqing Zhang, Fengju Shang, Xin Liu, Kaiyuan Li, Yunpeng Yang, Yanyan Zou","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01596-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01596-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nano SiO<sub>2</sub> particles (NPs) combined with organosilane surfactants present a promising avenue for the development of stable fluorine-free firefighting foams. In this study, hydrophilic nano SiO<sub>2</sub> particles, non-ionic organosilane surfactant (SiCare2238), and amphoteric hydrocarbon surfactant (LAMC) were prepared as a mixed dispersion to investigate the interactions between nano particles and surfactants, foaming ability, and foam stability of the mixed dispersion. Results indicated that the surface activity, electrical conductivity, and foaming ability of the mixed dispersion decreased with increasing NPs concentration. The impact of NPs on foam stability depended on the filling and blocking mechanisms within the platform boundary of the formed liquid film. At NPs concentrations below 1.5%, strong electrostatic interactions among surfactant molecules resulted in the adsorption of surfactant molecules on the nano particle surface, preventing the formation of a network structure at the platform boundary, thereby reducing foam stability. At NPs concentrations above 1.5%, a significant number of NPs formed a network structure, filling and blocking the platform boundary, leading to delayed foam drainage, coarsening, and enhanced foam stability. This study provides theoretical guidance for the application of nano particles in fluorine-free.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 5","pages":"3553 - 3570"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141369800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermal Runaway Characteristics and Fire Behaviors of Lithium-Ion Batteries Corroded by Salt Solution Immersion 盐溶液浸泡腐蚀的锂离子电池的热失控特性和起火行为

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01589-7

Qingjie Zhao, Zhi Wang, Shaojia Wang, Bobo Shi, Zhihua Li, Hang Liu

{"title":"Thermal Runaway Characteristics and Fire Behaviors of Lithium-Ion Batteries Corroded by Salt Solution Immersion","authors":"Qingjie Zhao, Zhi Wang, Shaojia Wang, Bobo Shi, Zhihua Li, Hang Liu","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01589-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-024-01589-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Salt solution immersion experiments are crucial for ensuring the safety of lithium-ion batteries during their usage and recycling. This study focused on investigating the impact of immersion time, salt concentration, and state of charge (SOC) on the thermal runaway (TR) fire hazard of 18,650 lithium-ion batteries. The results indicate that corrosion becomes more severe with an increase in immersion time, salt concentration, and SOC. Shorter immersion durations or lower salt concentrations may lead to an increase in the maximum surface temperature of the battery during TR. Within a specific range of immersion time and salt concentration, the immersion can cause TR to happen earlier than usual. Among batteries immersed in a 3.5% NaCl solution for different durations (immersion 2 h in various NaCl concentrations), the earliest instance of TR was observed at a 4 h immersion time (5% immersion concentration). The onset temperature (<i>T</i><sub><i>TR</i></sub>) of TR increases with longer immersion times, a higher salt concentration, and a lower SOC, while the total mass loss during TR, as well as the rebound force, decreases. Furthermore, the maximum flame temperature and flame radiant heat flux saw significant reductions after immersion. The rapid decrease in the maximum heat release rate during stable combustion is attributed to the hydrolysis of the electrolyte and the depletion of the electrode active material following the corrosion failure of the safety valve. These findings provide valuable insights into the TR risks to batteries after salt solution immersion.</p>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141258901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0