Fire Technology最新文献

{"title":"Can “Fire Safe” Cigarettes (FSCs) Start Wildfires?","authors":"Sara McAllister,&nbsp;Stephen Williams,&nbsp;Ian Grob","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01699-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01699-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Over the last 20 years, all states within the US have required all cigarettes sold to be “fire safe” or “fire standards compliant” meaning that they must pass ASTM standard E2187. Though these cigarettes are designed to self-extinguish, there have been recent studies suggesting that these “fire safe” cigarettes (FSCs) can still ignite mattresses and other furnishings, but there has been no guidance for fire investigators whether FSCs can ignite natural fuels, such as duff and needles, that can be the source of a wildland fire. This work sets out to investigate whether FSCs can indeed be the ignition source of wildland fuels. Experiments were conducted by placing “fire safe” cigarettes burned a fixed length (1 cm) onto fuel beds of two surrogate fuel types placed at the outlet of a wind tunnel and under a halogen lamp to mimic a sunny day. The fuel beds consisted of either a bed of partially chopped pine needles or a layer of whole needles on top of a layer of peat. Five replicates with three wind speeds were tested. Mass loss rates of the fuel beds were recorded, and the experiments documented using both a visual and infrared camera. In nearly every case, smoldering ignition was seen that sustained propagation and spread well away from the cigarette, even when the cigarette appeared to self-extinguish. These results clearly indicate that “fire safe” cigarettes can indeed still start wildland fires, particularly in dry and windy conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 4","pages":"2593 - 2620"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-025-01699-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145163204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Temperature Variation Patterns at the Apex of Asymmetric V-Slope Tunnels: Unraveling Synergistic Influences of Side Smoke Exhaust and Air Curtain Mechanisms","authors":"Qihou Zhang,&nbsp;Sicheng Li,&nbsp;Jialing Liu","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01704-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01704-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the continuous advancement of China's transportation infrastructure, numerous tunnels have been constructed through mountainous regions and across rivers and streams, predominantly exhibiting a V-shaped profile. These tunnels, while addressing practical needs, present substantial risks in the event of a fire, compounded by factors such as the chimney effect. This study utilizes the FDS model to examine the impacts of lateral smoke extraction air velocity, air curtain flow rate, and air supply angle on both the maximum temperature at the apex of V-shaped tunnels and the behavior of smoke propagation. The findings indicate that lateral smoke extraction systems effectively mitigate smoke spread on the non-fire slope and reduce the maximum temperature at the tunnel's summit. However, it was observed that at a slope of 1/3%, smoke consistently spreads across varying slopes towards the non-fire side, irrespective of side exhaust velocity or fire intensity. Conversely, at slopes exceeding 1%, smoke remains confined to the fire side and does not cross the slope point to the non-fire side. Based on the results, a predictive model for the maximum temperature at the tunnel's apex under the influence of side smoke exhaust is proposed, thereby advancing theoretical understanding of V-shaped tunnels. To address the challenge of long-distance smoke spread on low gradients, this study introduces the concept of air curtains within V-shaped slope tunnels. Results demonstrate that air curtains not only effectively limit smoke propagation on the non-fire slope but also lower temperatures at the apex on the fire side. Optimal conditions are identified with a lateral smoke extraction velocity of 6 m/s, an air curtain supply velocity of 3 m/s, and an air supply angle of 30°, which collectively enhance safety for evacuation, facilitate fire rescue operations, and protect tunnel structural integrity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 5","pages":"2797 - 2820"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Tilt Angle on the Thermal Breakage Performance of Four-Sided Shaded Glass","authors":"Yanni Zhang,&nbsp;Dan Yang,&nbsp;Luoxin Huang,&nbsp;Yunchao Hou,&nbsp;Jun Deng","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01705-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01705-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In order to study the effect of tilt angle on the four-sided shaded glass thermal breakage behavior under dynamic loading, using a self-built glass fire bench, a series of experiments were conducted on the X-axis (X-axis represents the thickness direction perpendicular to the glass surface) and Y-axis (Y-axis represents the plane direction parallel to the glass surface) of the glass, respectively. The results show that the thermal breakage behavior of glass is strongly influenced by the tilt angle. The first rupture time of the glass increases and then decreases with the increase of the tilt angle in the X-axis, and the opposite is true in the Y-axis. Among them, the first rupture time is maximum when tilted at 5° (290 s) and 0° (200 s) in the X and Y axes, respectively; By comparing the stress damage, it is found that the dynamic extension process of glass cracks mainly depends on the competing effects of brittle material properties and tensile stresses. And revealed the mechanism of thermal breakage emergence and evolutionary behavior of glass under different tilting conditions. That is, the mutual composition of the glass grains under the accumulation of thermal stresses, resulting in the dislocation of each other, macroscopically manifested in the differences of different crack patterns.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 5","pages":"2821 - 2842"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Real-Time Flame Detection and Situation Assessment Algorithm for Firefighting Robots","authors":"Weili Ding,&nbsp;Tao Yang,&nbsp;JingXiao Li,&nbsp;ChangChun Hua,&nbsp;DianRui Mu","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01698-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01698-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Currently, flame detection algorithms used in firefighting robots are primarily limited to identifying the presence of flames for monitoring and alert purposes. To enhance their utility in firefighting and rescue operations, this paper introduces a real-time flame detection and situation assessment algorithm based on an improved YOLOv8 algorithm. Initially, we defined flame keypoints and designed an algorithm for the automatic annotation of these keypoints to aid in pre-training the algorithm.Subsequently, we improved the network structure of YOLOv8 to enhance flame detection performance, enabling the detection of flames and their keypoints. We further accomplished 3D localization of flame keypoints and a preliminary assessment of the flame situation. Finally, we collected data from the internet, virtual environments, and real environments separately to construct datasets for experiments, validating the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.Experiments have shown that the accuracy of our flame detection can reach 94.6%, which is 1.5 times that of the original algorithm. The errors in flame width, height, and distance calculated in our fire situation assessment are all within the centimeter level.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 4","pages":"2571 - 2591"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-Fire Performance of Binary-Blended Geopolymer Concrete Structural Members","authors":"Balamurali Kanagaraj,&nbsp;N. Anand,&nbsp;Diana Andrushia,&nbsp;Katherine A. Cashell","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01693-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01693-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Owing to the ever-increasing climate crisis, it is essential that the construction sector endeavors to reduce its contribution to global carbon emissions. The cement and associated by-products used in the production of concrete are a significant contributor to the carbon footprint in construction, and there should be replaced by suitable and more sustainable materials if and where possible. Such materials, sometimes called ‘green’ materials, include geopolymer concrete (GPC), which can reduce or eliminate the use of cement in concrete mix design. Although significant research focus has been given to GPC in recent years, there is very limited data on the post-fire behaviour. Accordingly, in the current paper, three different types of binary-blended GPC elements were cast and subjected to a standard fire for various durations. These included a mix made up of 100% fly ash (FA), another using FA and ground granulated blast furnace slag (FG) and a third combination comprising FA and metakaolin (FM). The test specimens were examined under a variety of conditions, after cooling. The test results illustrate that GPC beams deform in a similar manner to cement-based concrete beams at ambient temperature and therefore, the deformations can be evaluated through a strain compatibility methodology. However, the same does not apply to GPC beams following exposure to fire conditions as the structural behaviour was shown to degrade with increased temperature exposure. All of the post-fire tests were supplemented with image analysis to measure the influence that elevated temperature has on the concrete quality. The results show that the FG blended mix provides an effective yet more sustainable concrete mix compared to the FA and FM blended mixes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 4","pages":"2493 - 2524"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-024-01693-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145165936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Critical Flame Spread Along Inclined and Discrete Thermally-Thin Paper","authors":"Xiaoliang Zhang,&nbsp;Shibing Kuang,&nbsp;Yanli Zhao,&nbsp;Yikang Deng,&nbsp;Shengfeng Luo,&nbsp;Pengfei Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01695-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01695-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Flame spread over discrete solids with different inclination angles is a typical phenomenon in fire scenarios. In this study, the phenomenon of flame spread over thin fuels separated by critical air gaps with different inclination angles is experimentally investigated. In this paper, experiments with inclinations angles from 0° to 75°were designed to capture the critical gap sizes, the flame morphology, the gap temperature, the hot air flow around the fuel, and the flame spread rate during the flame spread process. The results show that the critical fuel coverages are from 0.5 to 0.95 for different inclination angles. There is a special phenomenon of flame splitting during critical flame spread. The temperature variations within the gap are analyzed and the rate of temperature rise increased with the increase of tilt angle. Visualizing the flow field around the fuel using a schlieren system enhances the understanding of flame-spreading mechanisms influenced by tilt angle and critical gap. The size of the hot gas flow layer above and below the fuel both increases with the increase of inclination angle. The proposed model reveals a correlation between flame spread rate at critical fuel coverage and fuel tilt angle, alongside flame pyrolysis length.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 4","pages":"2525 - 2545"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145165937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dimensioning a Firebreak Under the Influence of Wind and Flame Burning Time: A Mathematical Model for Bushfire Control","authors":"Akahoua David Vincent Brou,&nbsp;Kolé Keita","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01688-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01688-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, we propose a technique for sizing the width of a firebreak influenced by wind speed and flame burning time. The model used is based on a logistic regression technique, which is trained using data generated by a semi-physical 2D bushfire propagation model. The results of the logistic model were compared with those of an empirical model based on experimental data. The predictions of the model and those from the literature are consistent. The simulations carried out with the model showed, unsurprisingly, that the probability of the fire passing through the firebreak increases with the wind speed and with the burning time of the flames. If the width of the firebreak is twice the length of the flame, the probability of the fire passing through the firebreak exceed 30% when the wind speed is greater than 5 m/s and the burning time is greater than 35 s. The risk of the firebreak being breached increases rapidly. Consequently, the sizing rule, which takes twice the length of the flame as the width of the firebreak, becomes ineffective when the wind increases and/or the burning time of the flames lengthens. However, simulations have shown that this sizing rule becomes effective when this width is increased by 4 m. This result is valid for wind speeds of 10 m.s⁻¹ or less. Further studies are required for higher wind speeds, taking into account windblown embers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 4","pages":"2415 - 2440"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145166056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Special Issue: Fire Safety & Sustainability—Challenges & Opportunities—Guest Editorial","authors":"Margaret McNamee,&nbsp;Brian Meacham,&nbsp;Wojciech Węgrzyński,&nbsp;Hideki Yoshioka","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01697-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01697-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143108669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Wildland Fire Detection Methods Using Expert Input","authors":"Johan Björck,&nbsp;Margaret McNamee","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01696-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01696-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recently the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released their 6th Assessment reports which confirm that the impact of climate change is visible, e.g. through an increased weather volatility leading both to hotter drier weather and increased flooding in some regions globally. One clear example of this is the increased prevalence of wildfires in recent years and increasing wildfire potential in the future in some regions. Sweden is in the northern most part of Europe and has the highest forest density in the European Union. In total, nearly 17 percent of all forests in Europe are located in Sweden. Even in a global sense, Sweden has extensive forestry, and provides 10 percent of the sawn timber, pulp and paper that is traded on the global market. Given these preconditions, in 2020 the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) identified the need to investigate the conditions for current and possible future detection methods for wildfires in Sweden. An overview of common current methods was made and review of these methods was conducted through interviews with national experts. The expert evaluation indicated an opportunity to build wildfire detection in Sweden based on weather radar, radar/satellite combinations, and/or airborne radar. The development of such detection systems could repurpose existing infrastructure and reduce the overall investment needs, implying that Sweden could adopt such methods rapidly provided there is sufficient political will. The methodology shows the advantage of using expert input to identify appropriate technical measures for further research investments given limited resources.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 4","pages":"2547 - 2569"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-024-01696-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145164036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Water-Based Fire Suppression Systems on Combustion Products","authors":"Lei Jiang,&nbsp;Davood Zeinali,&nbsp;Kemal Sarp Arsava,&nbsp;Dag Olav Snersrud","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01689-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01689-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to experimentally investigate the combustion products of fires suppressed/extinguished by two water-based fire suppression systems, namely, sprinklers and water mist systems. A total of thirteen experiments were conducted with various suppression system configurations, i.e., with a sprinkler, a low-pressure (LP) water mist, and a high-pressure (HP) water mist, at operating pressures ranging from 2 to 60 bar and water flow rate ranging from 10 to 206 L/min. Each experiment was conducted twice, except for the baseline experiment with no suppression. The fuel was a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pallet placed on two wood pallets. During all the stages of fire development, suppression with water, and post-suppression, the combustion products were sampled through Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) using a gas analyzer capable of operating in high humidity. The main combustion products identified were CO₂, CO, and H₂O. In addition, NO_x (nitrogen oxides), C_xH_y (light-weight hydrocarbons)_, and HCN were present in relatively high concentrations. All the tested fire suppression systems were effective in reducing the fire size and cooling down the gases. However, when the fire could not be immediately extinguished, the NO_x, C_xH_y, and HCN concentrations were higher than those in the baseline experiment. Moreover, it is observed that the HP water mist system was more effective than the sprinkler and low-pressure water mist systems in reducing the amount of combustion gases during suppression, resulting in lower Fractional Effective Doses (FED). It was observed that the combustion products returned to ambient conditions after five minutes of deactivation. The results from this study provide much-needed validation data for the effectiveness of water-based suppression systems, not only in reducing the fire size but also in reducing the production of acute toxic gases, which is important for considerations regarding evacuation, firefighting, and post-extinguishment conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 4","pages":"2441 - 2465"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-024-01689-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145164035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}