Adicciones最新文献

{"title":"Impact of lockdown on the addictive behavior of university students in La Rioja.","authors":"Alicia Pérez-Albéniz,&nbsp;Cristina Nuez,&nbsp;Beatriz Lucas-Molina,&nbsp;Margarita Ezquerra,&nbsp;Eduardo Fonseca-Pedrero","doi":"10.20882/adicciones.1646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.1646","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the consequences of the COVID-19 health crisis was the general lockdown. Research shows that lockdown situations may cause changes in addictive behaviors. The objective of the present study was to analyze the impact of lockdown on the addiction pattern of university students in order to design interventions adjusted to the students' needs. The study was conducted through a non-probabilistic sample of 540 students, with a mean age of 22.3 years and a proportion of women of 69.3%. The results indicated a significant decrease in the consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and psychotropic drugs during the participants' lockdown, both in the number of users and in the amounts consumed. Regarding behaviors related to behavioral addictions, participants showed a significant increase in problematic Internet use and use of video games and eSports, although the level of gambling decreased. Despite the fact that consumption patterns were reduced due to changes in the leisure and free time patterns of this population subgroup, it was possible to identify some indicators that deserve attention due to their increase, such as relapses in smoking, an increase in the number of participants who drank alcohol on a daily basis and an increase in the level of discomfort related to the use of technology. The implications of the results are analyzed and possible actions demanded by the students are examined.</p>","PeriodicalId":55560,"journal":{"name":"Adicciones","volume":"35 3","pages":"289-302"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49694258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Substance-using adolescents admitted to inpatient treatment: Characteristics and factors associated with length of time in treatment.","authors":"Alexandre Quelho Comandule,&nbsp;Maria de Fatima Rato Padin,&nbsp;Martha Canfield,&nbsp;Ronaldo Laranjeira","doi":"10.20882/adicciones.1204","DOIUrl":"10.20882/adicciones.1204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies of adolescents receiving inpatient substance use treatment remain limited. We explored the characteristics of adolescents who received substance use treatment as inpatients in a psychiatric hospital in Brazil and factors associated with length of time in this treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective observational study was performed. Electronic treatment records of 172 young people (aged 17 and below) receiving substance use treatment at Hospital Lacan in Brazil were analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of participants was 15.18 years (SD = 1.39). The sample was characterised as predominately male (68.60%), who entered treatment involuntarily (80.81%), were out of school (89.82%), were involved with the criminal justice system (59.88%) and came from a family with substance use problems (74.67%). Re-admission to inpatient treatment for substance use problems was common. On average, adolescents received inpatient treatment for 3 months. Length of time in treatment was associated with: involuntary admission to treatment, re-admission to inpatient treatment, requests of discharge from treatment by a relative/caretaker, education level, leaving school due to aggressive behaviours and cocaine use.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings highlight the complex profiles of adolescents receiving substance use treatment in Brazil. Cross-system collaboration between mental health, educational and justice services are needed to treat adolescents' substance use.</p>","PeriodicalId":55560,"journal":{"name":"Adicciones","volume":"0 0","pages":"227-234"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38170184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 35-year follow-up study of patients admitted to methadone treatment between 1982-1984 in Asturias, Spain.","authors":"Luis Jiménez-Treviño,&nbsp;Clara Martínez-Cao,&nbsp;Fernando Sánchez-Lasheras,&nbsp;Celso Iglesias,&nbsp;María Jesús Antuña,&nbsp;Leonor Riera,&nbsp;Pilar Alejandra Sáiz,&nbsp;Julio Bobes","doi":"10.20882/adicciones.1662","DOIUrl":"10.20882/adicciones.1662","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective was to evaluate outcomes in a heroin-dependent population 35 years after first enrolment in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT).  An ad hoc protocol was used to assess drug misuse, treatment, and drug-related morbidity in the survivor sample. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated.  A total of 214 heroin-dependent patients entered MMT between 1982 and 1984 in the Asturias Public Health Service. Information was received on 195 subjects, of whom 146 were deceased.  Men accounted for 77.5% of the study cohort. Over the 35-year follow-up period, the SMR was 11.75 (95% CI = 9.95 - 13.77). In the survivor sample, 5.7% were still enrolled in MMT; human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was diagnosed in 38.77% and hepatitis B/C in 73.46%. No differences were found between sexes in mortality or HIV and hepatitis B/C status. None of the female survivors were using heroin at the 35-year follow-up compared with 5.26% of males. In conclusion, our study confirms the high long-term mortality rate of heroin addicts, even after enrollment in MMT.</p>","PeriodicalId":55560,"journal":{"name":"Adicciones","volume":"0 0","pages":"303-314"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39705779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodology used to estimate alcohol-attributable mortality in Spain, 2001-2017.","authors":"Marta Donat,&nbsp;Luis Sordo,&nbsp;Juan Miguel Guerras,&nbsp;Julieta Politi,&nbsp;José Pulido,&nbsp;Gregorio Barrio","doi":"10.20882/adicciones.1611","DOIUrl":"10.20882/adicciones.1611","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective is to describe and discuss methods and assumptions to estimate the mortality attributable to alcohol in Spain in 2001-2017. The annual mean number of deaths attributable to alcohol (DAAs) was estimated based on 19 groups of alcohol-related causes of death (18 partially attributable and one directly attributable), and 20 alcohol population-attributable fractions (PAFs), resulting from combining sex, 5 age groups, and the periods 2001-2009 and 2010-2017, for each cause group. Deaths from causes were obtained from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics. For partially attributable causes, Spain-specific PAFs were calculated using the Levin formula with alcohol exposure data from health surveys and sales statistics, and relative risks from international meta-analyses. Annual prevalences of ex-drinkers and seven levels of daily alcohol consumption were considered. The underestimation of self-reported daily average consumption with respect to the sales statistics was corrected by multiplying by a factor of 1.58-3.18, depending on the calendar year. DAA rates standardized by age and standardized proportions of general mortality attributable to alcohol, according to sex, age group, calendar period, type of drinker and autonomous community were calculated. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess how the DAA estimates changed when changing some methodological options, such as the ex-drinker criterion or the introduction of a latency period.</p>","PeriodicalId":55560,"journal":{"name":"Adicciones","volume":"0 0","pages":"265-278"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39027138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drugs of abuse and epigenetics: Past, present and future.","authors":"João P Silva,&nbsp;Félix Carvalho","doi":"10.20882/adicciones.2006","DOIUrl":"10.20882/adicciones.2006","url":null,"abstract":"carbon in the cytosine base (5-mC), catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (e.g., DNMT1, DNMT3a, DNMT3b), which mainly occurs in the CpG dinucleotides within the genome, and that is often associated with the repression of transcription (Kouzarides, 2007). Histone modifications relate to post-translational changes (e.g., acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation) in the amino acid residues of these proteins, which can cause transcriptional activation, silencing, and chromatin assembly. For example, histone acetyl transferases catalyze the addition of acetyl groups, usually on a lysine (K) residue, causing chromatin relaxation, which promotes a transcriptionally accessible state. Histone methylation may cause either gene activation or repression, depending on where it occurs. For example, promoter methylation may silence gene expression, whereas methylation occurring at another site of the DNA sequence may trigger the expression of a different gene (D’Addario et al., 2013). Noncoding RNAs (e.g., miRNAs) comprise a family of small RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression in a negative manner, controlling processes like chromosome dynamics, RNA editing or mRNA degradation (Korolev et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2018). Epigenetic changes","PeriodicalId":55560,"journal":{"name":"Adicciones","volume":"35 3","pages":"219-226"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49685420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic evaluations of interventions aimed at the prevention, treatment and/or rehabilitation of alcohol-related disorders: A systematic review.","authors":"Marta Trapero-Bertran, Dolors Gil-Doménech, Ana Magdalena Vargas-Martínez","doi":"10.20882/adicciones.1649","DOIUrl":"10.20882/adicciones.1649","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this systematic literature review is to identify economic evaluations of programmes or interventions aimed at the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of alcohol use disorders, as well as to determine those types of programmes, treatments or interventions that are efficient. The systematic literature review was conducted by searching the following databases: National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED), Health Technology Assessment (HTA), MEDLINE Ovid and PubMed. The search terms used were in English. No time restriction was applied. A data extraction form was used to draw information. The systematic review follows the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) on reporting systematic reviews. The interventions were classified into three categories: \"A\" treatments for people with alcohol use disorders (tertiary prevention); \"B\" treatments for people at risk for alcohol-related problems (secondary prevention); \"C\" policy legislation and enforcement interventions (primary prevention). Furthermore, the \"A\" interventions were subclassified into psychological, pharmacological and combined interventions. The review included 63 papers. In terms of treatments for people with alcohol use disorders, any psychosocial intervention compared to no intervention appeared to be a dominant strategy. In terms of treatments for people at risk of alcohol-related problems, brief intervention appears to be dominant or cost-effective when compared to no intervention. Advertising controls, tax increases, licensing, legal drinking age, and mass media campaigns seem to be dominant or cost-effective strategies compared to no intervention or random breath testing. Previous reviews have been extended by depicting alcohol programmes according to their efficiency. Despite this, the available studies in this regard have heterogeneous approaches and most do not adequately define the costs included in their analyses. Therefore, it is necessary to encourage the evaluation of the efficiency of these types of interventions to aid decision-making in public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":55560,"journal":{"name":"Adicciones","volume":"0 0","pages":"325-348"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39039099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of drug poisonings treated in eleven Spanish emergency departments: Differentiated analysis by sex.","authors":"Miguel Galicia,&nbsp;Dima Ibrahim-Achi,&nbsp;Òscar Miró,&nbsp;August Supervía,&nbsp;Jordi Puiguriguer,&nbsp;María Ángeles Leciñena,&nbsp;María José Venegas de L'Hotellerie,&nbsp;Beatriz Martín-Pérez,&nbsp;Ana Ferrer,&nbsp;Guillermo Burillo-Putze","doi":"10.20882/adicciones.1670","DOIUrl":"10.20882/adicciones.1670","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to identify the sociodemographic, clinical, emergency management and severity differences of drug poisoning treated in Emergency Departments (ED) from a gender perspective, data on patients from 11 Spanish EDs were recorded over 24 months (August 2017-July 2019). The severity of intoxication was compared by sex and was based on the combined adverse event (orotracheal intubation, cardiorespiratory arrest, intensive care hospitalization, and death). We included 4,526 patients (men 75.5%), with a mean age of 33 years. The most frequent drugs were: cocaine (47.8%), cannabis (44.4%) and amphetamines (25.5%). Men consumed more GHB (5.6% vs. 1.9%, p < .001) and less benzodiazepines (8.0% vs. 11.1%, p = .002) and alcohol (57.2% vs. 61.2%, p = .028) than women, with no differences in other types of drugs. Men presented significantly more severe bradycardia (OR = 4.39, 95%CI = 1.03-18.7), chest pain (OR = 1.72, 95%CI = 1.27-2.35) and symptomatic hypertension (OR = 1.56, 95%CI = 1.06-2.30) and less anxiety (OR = 0.74, 95%CI = 0.61-0.89) and vomiting (OR = 0.64, CI95% = 0.51-0.80). Men had more combined adverse events (3.1% vs. 2.0%, p = .047) and a greater intubations (1.9% vs. 1.0%, p = .044), with no significant differences in the adjusted model (OR = 1.349, 95%CI = 0.827-2.202 and OR = 1.371, 95%CI = 0.700-2.685, respectively). Twelve patients died (0.3%), with no differences according to sex. Drug intoxications attended in the ED differ according to sex. GHB, benzodiazepines and alcohol are more frequently involved in men than women. Cardiovascular symptomatology is more prevalent in men, while anxiety and vomiting are more frequent in women, which cannot be explained by differences in sociodemographic characteristics or the drugs used. There were no differences in the severity of the intoxication episodes.</p>","PeriodicalId":55560,"journal":{"name":"Adicciones","volume":"0 0","pages":"315-324"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39705781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tecnotest: A screening tool for technological addictions and gambling disorder.","authors":"Marta Marcos,&nbsp;Mariano Chóliz","doi":"10.20882/adicciones.1380","DOIUrl":"10.20882/adicciones.1380","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the most pressing social and scientific issues, as reflected in the current priority lines of the National Drugs Plan (PNSD), is the development of screening tools for the early detection of addictions, particularly behavioral addictions, due to the impact that these problems are having on the growth of addictions in recent years, especially in adolescents and young people.</p><p><strong>Goal: </strong>The main goal of this research was to develop a screening tool for technological addictions (video games, mobile and social networks) and gambling for early detection in people suffering this kind of behavioral addiction.</p><p><strong>Procedure: </strong>With technologies, in the absence of agreed clinical criteria, those participants who perceived themselves as having problems and, in addition, had received treatment for it, were selected. Regarding gambling, the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-5 were used. The three items that scored the highest Positive Predictive Values (PPV) in each of the four validated tests were selected. These indicators serve to distinguish those who use the technologies and/or gamble in a functional way and do not have any problems from those who already have an addictive problem with video games, mobile, social networks or gambling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This paper shows the finished screening tool with its main psychometric properties, which can be used by professionals working with adolescents in order to detect people who could have some addictive problem, in which case the psychologist can refer them to a specialized healthcare resource.</p>","PeriodicalId":55560,"journal":{"name":"Adicciones","volume":"0 0","pages":"235-248"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39705777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the legalisation of recreational cannabis use.","authors":"Manuel Isorna,&nbsp;Francisco Pascual,&nbsp;Ester Aso,&nbsp;Francisco Arias","doi":"10.20882/adicciones.1694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.1694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, there have been important legislative changes in many countries regarding the use of cannabis for medicinal and/or recreational purposes, which have facilitated access to it.  Uruguay, Canada and some of the US states are the only jurisdictions that have legalised recreational consumption, applying different legislative models. The aim of this review is to analyse the effects that the legalisation of recreational cannabis has had on its use and its consequences. In general, the evidence accumulated to date indicates that the legalisation of cannabis has been associated with a decrease in the price of the substance, higher concentration of THC (potency), greater diversity of presentations for consumption, lower risk perception and an increase in consumption in adults and moderately in adolescents (even though it is illegal for them to consume), as well as an increase in the adverse consequences derived from cannabis consumption on public health. There has been a decrease in drug-related arrests, but the illegal market continues to be frequently used. No increase in the demand for treatment due to cannabis consumption has been detected. Therefore, these legislative changes have so far failed to achieve their main objectives, which were to suppress the illegal market and protect the most vulnerable groups, while on the contrary, they seem to imply an increase in some of the negative aspects associated with cannabis consumption. However, taking into account that most of these legislative changes have entered into force relatively recently, a longer follow-up period is required to be able to draw definitive conclusions.</p>","PeriodicalId":55560,"journal":{"name":"Adicciones","volume":"35 3","pages":"349-376"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49694259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An approach to the evaluation of the potency of cannabis resin in Madrid: A health hazard?","authors":"Inmaculada Santos-Álvarez,&nbsp;Pilar Pérez-Lloret,&nbsp;Juncal González-Soriano,&nbsp;Manuel Pérez-Moreno","doi":"10.20882/adicciones.1630","DOIUrl":"10.20882/adicciones.1630","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study investigates the concentration of Delta (9)-tetrahidrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN) in 60 samples of cannabis resin acquired on the streets of Madrid region and its potential danger to consumers' health. Additionally, we study the possible correlation between the potency of samples and their organoleptic characteristics. The analysis of cannabinoids was carried out using a high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC-UV). To classify samples, a strength scale based on THC content was established. THC content in 76.7% of the samples was higher than 15%. This potency allows these samples to be classified as Schedule I or drugs with \"unacceptable risk\" for human health. THC content in 36.7% of the samples was 28.8% on average, which means very high potency. The mean CBD content was 5%, while the correlation between the CBD/THC ratio and potency was negative. The mean content of CBN was 1.74% and the CBN/THC ratio also showed a negative correlation in respect to potency. When investigating the possible correlation between sample potency and organoleptic characteristics, those samples which simultaneously presented sticky texture, high elasticity and light brown colour had very high potency, with an average THC content of 28.7%. Our study shows that the THC content of most of the cannabis that can be purchased in Madrid region is over 15% and poses a health hazard. Additionally, we demonstrate for the first time that only those samples with very high potency can be directly associated with certain organoleptic characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":55560,"journal":{"name":"Adicciones","volume":"0 0","pages":"279-288"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25528282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}