Cognitive Systems Research最新文献

{"title":"From human explanations to explainable AI: Insights from constrained optimization","authors":"Inga Ibs ,&nbsp;Claire Ott ,&nbsp;Frank Jäkel,&nbsp;Constantin A. Rothkopf","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many complex decision-making scenarios encountered in the real-world, including energy systems and infrastructure planning, can be formulated as constrained optimization problems. Solutions for these problems are often obtained using white-box solvers based on linear program representations. Even though these algorithms are well understood and the optimality of the solution is guaranteed, explanations for the solutions are still necessary to build trust and ensure the implementation of policies. Solution algorithms represent the problem in a high-dimensional abstract space, which does not translate well to intuitive explanations for lay people. Here, we report three studies in which we pose constrained optimization problems in the form of a computer game to participants. In the game, called Furniture Factory, participants manage a company that produces furniture. In two qualitative studies, we first elicit representations and heuristics with concurrent explanations and validate their use in post-hoc explanations. We analyze the complexity of the explanations given by participants to gain a deeper understanding of how complex cognitively adequate explanations should be. Based on insights from the analysis of the two qualitative studies, we formalize strategies that in combination can act as descriptors for participants’ behavior and optimal solutions. We match the strategies to decisions in a large behavioral dataset (<span><math><mrow><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>150</mn></mrow></math></span> participants) gathered in a third study, and compare the complexity of strategy combinations to the complexity featured in participants’ explanations. Based on the analyses from these three studies, we discuss how these insights can inform the automatic generation of cognitively adequate explanations in future AI systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55242,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Systems Research","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 101297"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142572379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technology roadmap toward the completion of whole-brain architecture with BRA-driven development","authors":"Hiroshi Yamakawa ,&nbsp;Yoshimasa Tawatsuji ,&nbsp;Yuta Ashihara ,&nbsp;Ayako Fukawa ,&nbsp;Naoya Arakawa ,&nbsp;Koichi Takahashi ,&nbsp;Yutaka Matsuo","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of brain-morphic software holds significant promise for creating artificial general intelligence that exhibits high affinity and interpretability for humans and also offers substantial benefits for medical applications. To facilitate this, creating Brain Reference Architecture (BRA) data, serving as a design specification for brain-morphic software is imperative. BRA-driven development, which utilizes Brain Information Flow (BIF) diagrams based on mesoscale brain anatomy and Hypothetical Component Diagrams (HCD) for corresponding computational functionalities, has been proposed to address this need. This methodology formalizes identifying possible functional structures by leveraging existing, albeit insufficient, neuroscientific knowledge. However, applying this methodology across the entire brain, thereby creating a Whole Brain Reference Architecture (WBRA), represents a significant research and development challenge due to its scale and complexity. Technology roadmaps have been introduced as a strategic tool to guide discussion, management, and distribution of resources within such expansive research and development activities. These roadmaps proposed a manual, anatomically based approach to incrementally construct BIF and HCD, thereby systematically expanding brain organ coverage toward achieving a complete WBRA. Large Language Model (LLM) technologies have introduced a paradigm shift, substantially automating the BRA-driven development process. This is largely due to the BRA data being structured around the brain’s anatomy and described in natural language, which aligns well with the capabilities of LLMs for supporting and automating the construction and verification processes. In this paper, we propose a novel technology roadmap to largely automate the creation of WBRA, leveraging neuroscientific insights. This roadmap includes 12 activities for automating BIF construction, notably extracting anatomical structures from scholarly articles. Furthermore, it details 11 activities aimed at enhancing the integration of Hypothetical Component Diagrams (HCD) into the WBRA, focusing on automating checks for functional consistency. This roadmap aims to establish a cost-effective and efficient design process for WBRA, ensuring the availability of brain-morphic software design specifications that are continually validated against the latest neuroscientific knowledge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55242,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Systems Research","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 101300"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142560689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To the problem of digital immortality","authors":"Olga Chernavskaya","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The idea of reproducing personality by means of digital (neural network) technologies (“digital immortality”), together with the concept of Digital Twin (DT), still attracts great attention. Recent advances in the DT industry permit to expect the production of perfect “mirror” DT in the near future. We argue that the “immortality in the memory of other people” could be approached quite closely due to creating an <em>analogue</em> of personal DT by simulating the personality. For this purpose, it is necessary to compose the “constructive portrait” of a chosen person (by extracting the key features and traits of personality) and try to reproduce it by means of a chosen model. We are developing an original model Natural Constructive Cognitive Architecture (NCCA) that inherently provides the interpretation of logical and intuitive thinking, subconscious, etc. This model should be adjusted to specific set of knowledge inherent in a particular person (books, films, photographs, etc.), with an emphasis on personal <em>lexicons</em> (verbal, emotion, behavioral). NCCA contains a large set of free model parameters, which enables us to reproduce a wide range of personality features, from thinking style to temperament. It is shown that popular Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPTs) have much in common with NCCA and could be adapted and used as an analog of DT of a specific person. We argue that the proposed program would provide the possibility to create an analog of DT, which could give an impression (at least, an illusion) of communication with the desired specific person.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55242,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Systems Research","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 101303"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142526111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing resource allocation in home care services using MaxSAT","authors":"Irene Unceta ,&nbsp;Bernat Salbanya ,&nbsp;Jordi Coll ,&nbsp;Mateu Villaret ,&nbsp;Jordi Nin","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In large urban areas, enhancing the personal care and quality of life for elderly individuals poses a critical societal challenge. As the population ages and the amount of people requiring assistance grows, so does the demand for home care services. This will inevitably put tremendous pressure on a system that has historically struggled to provide high-quality assistance with limited resources, all while managing urgent, unforeseen additional demands. This scenario can be framed as a resource allocation problem, wherein caregivers must be efficiently matched with services based on availability, qualifications, and schedules. Given its scale and complexity, traditional computational approaches have struggled to address this problem effectively, leaving it largely unresolved. Currently, many European cities emphasize geographical and emotional proximity, offering a model for home care services based on reduced social urban sectors. This new paradigm provides opportunities for tackling the resource allocation problem while promoting desirable pairings between caregivers and elderly people. This paper presents a MaxSAT-based solution in this context. Our approach efficiently allocates services across various configurations, maximizing caregiver-user pairings’ similarity and consistency while minimizing costs. Moreover, we show that our method solves the resource allocation problem in a reasonable amount of time. Consequently, we can either provide an optimal allocation or highlight the limits of the available resources relative to the service demand.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55242,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Systems Research","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 101291"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142525957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SimplifEx: Simplifying and Explaining Linear Programs","authors":"Claire Ott,&nbsp;Frank Jäkel","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Linear Programming is one of the most common methods for finding optimal solutions to complex problems. Despite its extensive use, solutions are not usually accompanied by explanations, especially explanations for non-experts. Our new tool SimplifEx combines well-known preprocessing techniques with cognitively adequate heuristics to simplify a given linear program, structure its variables, and explain the optimal solution that was found. SimplifEx is meant to improve intuitive understanding of linear programs. In addition, we introduce a generalization of the classical dominance relation in Linear Programming. The order of dominant and dominated variables in an optimal solution can give valuable insights into the structure of a problem and fits well with how humans approach linear programs. The resulting, automatically generated explanations include detailed step-wise listings of processing steps and graphs that provide an overview. The heuristics are based on historical and experimental observations of people solving linear programs by hand. We apply SimplifEx to Stigler’s diet problem as a running example.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55242,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Systems Research","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 101298"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142526106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supporting risk management through cyberspace: An adaptive network model simulating AI coach effects by inducing adherence to guidelines in neonatal medical protocols","authors":"Raghav Chawla ,&nbsp;Fakhra Jabeen ,&nbsp;Jan Treur ,&nbsp;H. Rob Taal ,&nbsp;Peter H.M.P. Roelofsma","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article, it is shown how second-order adaptive agent-based network models can be used to support a medical team in healthcare institutions to adhere to specific Neonatal Hypoglycemia and Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia treatment guidelines through the integration of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) Virtual Coach. The proposed AI Coach is designed to provide timely interventions and correct deviations when lapses in the health care practitioner’s internal mental model occur. Through simulating three different scenarios, the internal dynamics of these mental models, adaptive changes of these mental models (learning and forgetting), and the interaction between health care practitioners and the world is shown when: (1) There is perfect adherence to guidelines, (2) There is imperfect adherence to guidelines and (3) There is both perfect and imperfect adherence to guidelines alongside interventions of the AI Coach in the latter case.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55242,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Systems Research","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 101290"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142433332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deconstructing emotions in self-control through computational modeling","authors":"Andriani Nikodemou,&nbsp;Chris Christodoulou","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Positive and negative emotions have a determining role in self-control, a vital aspect of human decision-making, defined as the dilemma between a smaller sooner reward and a larger later reward. Self-control, as an internal conflict between the higher (pre-frontal cortex) and the lower (limbic system) parts of the brain, has already been simulated using the Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma game with learning in a computational model. However, the concept of emotions, defined as states elicited by positive and negative reinforcers, is absent from the existing self-control model. By increasing and decreasing the values of the reinforcement signals in the Prisoner’s Dilemma payoff matrix in-between the rounds, we simulated the increment or decrement of positive or negative emotions’ intensity and thus the effects of the presence of emotions, rather than the emotions per se. Our results reflect the restorative role of positive emotions on self-control, the necessity of negative emotions for successful self-control and the impairment of self-control due to intense negative emotions. Furthermore, our results reveal the importance of parameters in self-regulation, such as the intensity of emotions and the frequency it changes. In conclusion, we incorporated the effect of emotions in a computational model of self-control, and with our results complying with cognitive science literature, we demonstrated the cognitive adequacy of our model. We anticipate in this way to provide novel approaches for comprehending self-control behaviour, and to contribute to the general attempt of modeling human behaviour.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55242,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Systems Research","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 101294"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142526110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuromodulatory developmental learning of the mobile robots corresponding to the unexpected obstacles","authors":"Hongyan Zhao ,&nbsp;Dongshu Wang ,&nbsp;Lei Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the gradual expansion of robot applications, the operating environment is becoming more and more complex, and various uncertainty may be encountered. Investigating how to efficiently respond to various uncertainty in the environment has become an important challenge in the field of robotics research. For the autonomous obstacle avoidance of mobile robots in case of sudden appeared obstacles, a dynamic obstacle avoidance algorithm with a motivated developmental network that simulates the visual attention mechanism is proposed. Simulating the response mechanism of biological vision, a depth camera is used to achieve the detection and recognition of obstacles. To enhance the behavioral regulation of mobile robots, the response mechanism of the human brain attention network is simulated, and an attention model containing the ventral attention network and dorsal attention network is proposed, then a motivated developmental network is designed to simulate this attention mechanism. Furthermore, the working mechanism of the neuromodulation system is simulated to better regulate the robot’s motion and improve its ability to quickly respond to dynamic obstacles suddenly appeared in the environment. A new collision risk is designed by considering the influence of the obstacle’s speed, direction, and distance to the mobile robot. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method is verified by the experimental results in different physical environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55242,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Systems Research","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 101296"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Context-dependent communication under environmental constraints","authors":"Krzysztof Główka,&nbsp;Julian Zubek,&nbsp;Joanna Rączaszek-Leonardi","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is significant evidence that real-world communication cannot be reduced to sending signals with context-independent meaning. In this work, based on a variant of the classical Lewis (1969) signalling model, we explore the conditions for the emergence of context-dependent communication in an agent-based situated model. In particular, we demonstrate that pressure to minimise the vocabulary size is sufficient for such emergence. At the same time, we study the environmental conditions and cognitive capabilities that enable contextual disambiguation of symbol meanings. We show that (a) regularities in the context are not necessary for context-dependent communication and that (b) environmental constraints on the receiver’s referent choice can be unilaterally exploited by the sender, without disambiguation capabilities on the receiver’s end. Consistent with common assumptions, the sender’s awareness of the context appears to be required for contextual communication. Our results further demonstrate the crucial role of the environment in the seemingly multilayered phenomenon of context-dependent communication — where language is influenced not only by the distribution of objects in the context, as indicated by previous studies, but also by the very presence of environmental constraints on referent choice. The computational model developed in this work is a demonstration of how signals may be ambiguous out of context, but still allow for near-perfect communication accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55242,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Systems Research","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 101293"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142525958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing cognitive abilities through the POE teaching strategy in a virtual learning environment","authors":"Ancheng Jiang ,&nbsp;Gaofeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2024.101295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the introduction of information technology into education, the educational environment has undergone qualitative changes, that is, from a real learning environment to a digital learning environment. In a virtual learning environment (VLE), learners not only perceive themselves in new ways but also construct themselves in new ways. However, the POE (Prediction-Observation-Explanation) teaching strategy includes prediction, observation, and explanation. At the entry point of the learning strategy, the effective interaction between teachers and students can promote the development of cognitive ability. Therefore, this paper analyzed the perceptual entropy and matching degree through the radar target tracking algorithm, aiming at analyzing the current situation of the classroom and the advantages of POE teaching strategies. The findings of the study indicate that the POE teaching strategy greatly enhances students’ cognitive ability by teaching through prediction, observation, and interpretation. The research offers a novel contribution to the field of POE teaching strategy under a virtual cultural learning environment by expanding the comprehensive benefits of its students’ cognitive ability cultivation, exploring its impact on students’ academic performance, and offering practical recommendations for its implementation in the learning environment. The research demonstrates that POE strategies have positive effects on students’ academic performance and attitudes toward physics. Under the radar target tracking algorithm, the model matching degree and simplified entropy of the POE teaching strategy were both increasing. The mean of the model fit was 0.61, which was 0.40 higher than that of the first day, and the mean of the simplified entropy was 0.38, which was 0.12 higher than that of the first day. Finally, the cognitive ability and cognitive regulation ability of students under the POE teaching strategy were higher than those of the traditional teaching strategy. Compared with the traditional teaching strategy, cognitive ability was 9% higher, and cognitive regulation ability was 6% higher.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55242,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Systems Research","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 101295"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142526107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}