Cognitive Systems Research最新文献

Efficient and scalable masked word prediction using concept formation 使用概念形成的高效和可扩展的掩码词预测

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Cognitive Systems Research Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101371

Xin Lian , Zekun Wang , Christopher J. MacLellan

{"title":"Efficient and scalable masked word prediction using concept formation","authors":"Xin Lian , Zekun Wang , Christopher J. MacLellan","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces Cobweb/4L, a novel approach for efficient language model learning that supports masked word prediction. The approach builds on Cobweb, an incremental system that learns a hierarchy of probabilistic concepts. Each concept stores the frequencies of words that appear in instances tagged with the concept label. The system utilizes an attribute-value representation to encode words and their context into instances. Cobweb/4L uses an information-theoretic variant of category utility as well as a new performance mechanism that leverages multiple concepts to generate predictions. We demonstrate that its new performance mechanism substantially outperforms prior Cobweb performance mechanisms that use only a single node to generate predictions. Further, we demonstrate that Cobweb/4L outperforms transformer-based language models in a low-data setting by learning more rapidly and achieving better final performance. Lastly, we show that Cobweb/4L, which is hyperparameter-free, is robust across varying scales of training data and does not require any manual tuning. This is in contrast to Word2Vec, which performs best with a varying number of hidden nodes that depend on the total amount of training data; this means its hyperparameters must be manually tuned for different amounts of training data. We conclude by discussing future directions for Cobweb/4L.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55242,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Systems Research","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 101371"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Foxtsage vs. Adam: Revolution or evolution in optimization? Foxtsage vs. Adam：优化的革命还是进化？

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Cognitive Systems Research Pub Date : 2025-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101373

Sirwan Abdolwahed Aula , Tarik Ahmed Rashid

{"title":"Foxtsage vs. Adam: Revolution or evolution in optimization?","authors":"Sirwan Abdolwahed Aula , Tarik Ahmed Rashid","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optimisation techniques are crucial in neural network training, influencing predictive performance, convergence efficiency, and computational feasibility. Traditional Optimisers such as Adam offer adaptive learning rates but struggle with convergence stability and hyperparameter sensitivity, whereas SGD provides stability but lacks adaptiveness. We propose Foxtsage, a novel hybrid optimisation algorithm that integrates the FOX-TSA (for global search and exploration) with SGD (for fine-tuned local exploitation) to address these limitations. The proposed Foxtsage Optimiser is benchmarked against the widely used Adam Optimiser across multiple standard datasets, including MNIST, IMDB, and CIFAR-10. Performance is evaluated based on training loss, accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and computational time. The study further explores computational complexity and the trade-off between optimisation performance and efficiency. Experimental findings demonstrate that Foxtsage achieves a 42.03% reduction in mean loss (Foxtsage: 9.508, Adam: 16.402) and a 42.19% decrease in loss standard deviation (Foxtsage: 20.86, Adam: 36.085), indicating greater consistency and robustness in optimisation. Additionally, modest improvements are observed in accuracy (0.78%), precision (0.91%), recall (1.02%), and F1-score (0.89%), showcasing better generalization capability. However, these gains come at a significant computational cost, with a 330.87% increase in time mean (Foxtsage: 39.541 sec, Adam: 9.177 sec), raising concerns about practical feasibility in time-sensitive applications. By effectively combining FOX-TSA’s global search power with SGD’s adaptive stability, Foxtsage provides a promising alternative for neural network training. While it enhances performance and robustness, its increased computational overhead presents a critical trade-off. Future work will focus on reducing computational complexity, improving scalability, and exploring its applicability in real-world deep-learning tasks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55242,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Systems Research","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 101373"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reactive AI feedback Improves task performance over time 随着时间的推移，反应性AI反馈可以提高任务性能

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Cognitive Systems Research Pub Date : 2025-05-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101361

Jacquelyn H. Berry

引用次数: 0

Image-analysis-based method for exploring factors influencing the visual saliency of signage in metro stations 基于图像分析的地铁车站标识视觉显著性影响因素研究

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Cognitive Systems Research Pub Date : 2025-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101362

Mengya Yin , Xilin Zhou , Qunfeng Ji , Huairen Peng , Shize Yang , Chuancheng Li

{"title":"Image-analysis-based method for exploring factors influencing the visual saliency of signage in metro stations","authors":"Mengya Yin , Xilin Zhou , Qunfeng Ji , Huairen Peng , Shize Yang , Chuancheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many studies have been conducted on the effects of color, light, and signage location on the visual saliency of underground signage. However, few studies have investigated the influence of indoor visual environments on the saliency of pedestrian signage. To explore the factors that influence the visual saliency of signage in metro stations, we developed a novel analysis method using a combination of saliency and focus maps. Then, questionnaires were utilized to unify the various formats of results from the saliency and focus maps. The factors that influence the visual saliency of signage were explored using the proposed method at selected sites and validated through virtual reality experiments. Additionally, this study proposes an image-analysis-based method that reveals the multilevel factors affecting pedestrian attention to signage in underground metro stations, including spatial interfaces, crowd flow, and ambient light. The results indicate that crowd flow has the greatest impact on pedestrian attention to signage. The study’s findings underscore the significance of considering pedestrian dynamics in the design of railway stations, which is crucial for delivering a high-quality subway experience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55242,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Systems Research","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 101362"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144106247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analyzing aesthetics, attractiveness and color of gastronomic images for user engagement 分析美食图片的美感、吸引力和色彩，提高用户参与度

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Cognitive Systems Research Pub Date : 2025-04-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101358

Vicente Casales-Garcia , Lledó Museros , Ismael Sanz , Luis Gonzalez-Abril

{"title":"Analyzing aesthetics, attractiveness and color of gastronomic images for user engagement","authors":"Vicente Casales-Garcia , Lledó Museros , Ismael Sanz , Luis Gonzalez-Abril","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101358","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Foodstragramming</em> refers to how people share images of food through social media in order to have an impact on potential consumers. Hence, <em>foodstragramming</em> images is a way for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to create loyal customers and promote gastronomic tourism.</div><div>An approach for analyzing <em>foodstragramming</em> images is presented in this paper and also their related comments published by the <em>Getcookingcanada</em> Instagram account, which belongs to a cooking school. The S-O-R (Stimulus-Organism-Response) model is used to study the emotions and impact on viewers of these Instagram images. Our approach evaluates the user’s preferences according to the gastronomic images and their comments and number of <em>likes</em>. The approach suggests possible moods or emotions that a user can have when looking at these gastronomic images based in the colors of the images, and also it studies the sentiment elicited from the comments. The analysis was performed using a variance-based structural equation modeling method called Partial Least Squares (PLS).</div><div>The obtained results show a structural model between the sentiment associated to the comments, the number of <em>likes</em>, and moods or emotions that can be extracted from each image. Images that evoke a positive sentiment also have a higher number of <em>likes</em> and comments. Also, it is shown that gastronomic images evoke the adjectives <em>Romantic</em> and <em>Healthy</em> due to the food color of the images. These adjectives produce a positive sentiment, which drive a positive behavioral intention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55242,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Systems Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 101358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Trust, distrust, and appropriate reliance in (X)AI: A conceptual clarification of user trust and survey of its empirical evaluation (X)人工智能中的信任、不信任和适当依赖：用户信任的概念澄清及其实证评估调查

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Cognitive Systems Research Pub Date : 2025-04-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357

Roel Visser , Tobias M. Peters , Ingrid Scharlau , Barbara Hammer

{"title":"Trust, distrust, and appropriate reliance in (X)AI: A conceptual clarification of user trust and survey of its empirical evaluation","authors":"Roel Visser , Tobias M. Peters , Ingrid Scharlau , Barbara Hammer","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A current concern in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is to ensure the trustworthiness of AI systems. The development of explainability methods is one prominent way to address this, which has often resulted in the assumption that the use of explainability will lead to an increase in the trust of users and wider society. However, the dynamics between explainability and trust are not well established and empirical investigations of their relation remain mixed or inconclusive.</div><div>In this paper we provide a detailed description of the concepts of user trust and distrust in AI and their relation to appropriate reliance. For that we draw from the fields of machine learning, human–computer interaction, and the social sciences. Based on these insights, we have created a focused study of empirical literature of existing empirical studies that investigate the effects of AI systems and XAI methods on user (dis)trust, in order to substantiate our conceptualization of trust, distrust, and reliance. With respect to our conceptual understanding we identify gaps in existing empirical work. With clarifying the concepts and summarizing the empirical studies, we aim to provide researchers, who examine user trust in AI, with an improved starting point for developing user studies to measure and evaluate the user’s attitude towards and reliance on AI systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55242,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Systems Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 101357"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The interplay of hot and cool executive functions: Implications for a unified executive framework 冷热执行职能的相互作用：对统一执行框架的启示

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Cognitive Systems Research Pub Date : 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101360

Stjepan Sambol, Emra Suleyman, Michelle Ball

{"title":"The interplay of hot and cool executive functions: Implications for a unified executive framework","authors":"Stjepan Sambol, Emra Suleyman, Michelle Ball","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Executive functions (EFs) are integral to emotion regulation, yet current models often overlook the interactions between hot and cool EFs. This study aimed to develop a new framework by incorporating both hot and cool EF constructs. A sample of 150 participants (18–58 years, <em>M</em> = 25.87; <em>SD</em> = 7.48) completed assessments of hot EF (Iowa Gambling Task, Columbia Card Task, and the Understanding Emotions branch of the MSCEIT) and cool EF (Digit Span, N-Back, Keep Track, Modified Card Sorting Task, Colour-Shape Task, and Stop-Signal Task). A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) tested a three-factor model: hot EF, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Results partially supported this structure: while a robust working memory factor emerged and the hot EF construct was upheld, albeit with weaker loadings, item loadings for the cognitive flexibility factor were non-significant, indicating inadequate measurement. The hot EF and working memory latent factors were shown to be significantly related, supporting notions that hot and cool EFs interact. Subsequent regression analyses revealed that only the cognitive flexibility factor significantly predicted planning performance on later, more difficult Tower of Hanoi trials. This pattern suggests that demanding planning tasks appear to rely particularly on the cognitive flexibility aspect of avoiding perseverative errors—a relationship largely driven by the MCST. However, because the cognitive flexibility factor was generally weakly measured, these findings should be interpreted with caution. Ultimately, integrating hot EF into EF assessments remains essential, yet existing hot EF tasks must be further refined to more accurately reflect real-world executive demands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55242,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Systems Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 101360"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hidden rules of visual perception in the Rorschach test 罗夏测验中视觉感知的隐藏规则

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Cognitive Systems Research Pub Date : 2025-04-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101359

Stanislav Matousek , Pavel Skobrtal , Radim Badosek

{"title":"Hidden rules of visual perception in the Rorschach test","authors":"Stanislav Matousek , Pavel Skobrtal , Radim Badosek","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101359","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101359","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the ongoing controversy, the Rorschach remains one of the most popular tests among professionals conducting personality assessments. The present study focuses on using eye tracking to obtain gaze density maps of 20 healthy participants on standardized visual material, offering insight into the patterns of visual attention distribution during the examination of standard Rorschach inkblots. Specifically, our analysis shows that gaze density confirms our empirical experience and exhibits considerable symmetry around the central axis of symmetry of the inkblots. In addition, inkblots commonly interpreted as depicting human or animal figures show increased human attention to the ‘head’ and upper ‘torso’ regions. These hypotheses are supported by the significance testing results, except the symmetry hypothesis, which suggests considerable but incomplete symmetry. Interpreting these findings in the context of current cognitive research, we consider them evidence for an evolutionarily rooted system governing automatic perception and attention. These findings could enhance psychologists’ understanding of their responses to the Rorschach test. They may also help in the development of more efficient systems, particularly in the field of artificial intelligence learning. This approximation of knowledge regarding human behavior in visuomotor preferences could also benefit other disciplines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55242,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Systems Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 101359"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multimodal metaphor recognition based on chain-of-cognition prompting 基于认知链提示的多模态隐喻识别

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Cognitive Systems Research Pub Date : 2025-04-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101356

Dongyu Zhang , Xingyuan Lu , Mulin Zhuang , Senqi Yang , Hongjun Chen

{"title":"Multimodal metaphor recognition based on chain-of-cognition prompting","authors":"Dongyu Zhang , Xingyuan Lu , Mulin Zhuang , Senqi Yang , Hongjun Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metaphor is a way of thinking and cognition prevalent in human language. With the development of social media and multimodal data, metaphor recognition research has expanded from the traditional unimodal scope (such as text or images) to the multimodality. However, current multimodal metaphor processing methods mainly focus on fusion techniques for multiple modalities such as text and image, but neglect the cognitive mechanism of metaphor as a way of thinking, and are deficient in utilizing pre-trained information from large language models. Therefore, this paper proposes a chain-of-cognition prompting (CoC) method to address multimodal metaphor recognition task, which makes full use of the pre-training information of the large model in order to better recognize metaphors. The method utilizes prompting words to construct inputs that guide the large language model to reason about potential metaphorical source and target domain related entities and associations between entities in the sample. At the same time, visual information is obtained through image caption extraction and a visual encoder to enable the model to reason and produce metaphor recognition results. The experimental results show that the method performs well on the metaphor recognition task, which is better than the existing baseline model, verifying the effectiveness of the method on the metaphor recognition task.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55242,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Systems Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 101356"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Eliciting metaknowledge in Large Language Models 大型语言模型中元知识的提取

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Cognitive Systems Research Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101352

Carmelo Fabio Longo , Misael Mongiovì , Luana Bulla , Antonio Lieto

{"title":"Eliciting metaknowledge in Large Language Models","authors":"Carmelo Fabio Longo , Misael Mongiovì , Luana Bulla , Antonio Lieto","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The introduction of Large Language Models (LLMs) able to exhibit a number of linguistic and extra-linguistic capabilities has represented, in the last years, one of the main frontiers in Artificial Intelligence (AI) research. Researcher from various disciplines debate about whether or not, among the capabilities of LLMs, there is the one of using <em>knowledge about knowledge</em> – usually considered one of the antechambers of <em>meta-cognition</em> in cognitive agents – about a particular task in order to improve or self-correct previous errors. In this work we propose a novel fine-tuning approach for LLMs, named <span>exar</span>, based on a multi-stage process leveraging past predictions from an early version of the same, and aimed at <em>injecting</em> metacognitive features for the task of Question-Answering. The conducted experiments on <span>Llama-2-7B-chat</span> showed promising improvements on the quality of the outcomes, due to the fact that the LLM acquired the ability to detect its own wrong predictions forcing itself to repeat submissions, thorough a prompt designed to fix inadmissible predictions, whenever detected. Such detection is achieved by enquiring the same LLM acting as meta-validator, through another prompt specifically designed for such purpose.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55242,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Systems Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 101352"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0