{"title":"Exploring nose-to-nose contact in mammals","authors":"Sophie Lund Rasmussen","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Only a few species perform lip kissing. However, nose-to-nose contact is a common yet less explored behaviour observed across various animal taxa. This review investigates the multifaceted suggested roles and functions of nose-to-nose contact by including existing literature describing this behaviour in combination with field observations from mammal researchers. Documentation of this behaviour in mammalian species with varying social strategies ranging from solitary to eusocial attest how these nose-to-nose interactions serve distinct, but apparently very diverse purposes. Insights from ethology and evolutionary biology suggest different adaptive advantages of nose-to-nose contact, such as enhanced social cohesion and increased reproductive success, although in some cases caused by reproductive suppression of conspecifics through nose-to-nose contact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"47 1","pages":"Article 106809"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A smart challenge but ultimately mistimed and misleading: Commentary on Baumard and André","authors":"Monique Borgerhoff Mulder","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106782","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"47 1","pages":"Article 106782"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Zombie Theories and the Quest for Consilience: A Critical Review of Hertler et al.’s The Evolution of Political Ideology","authors":"Kristen K. Knowles","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106789","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106789","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"47 1","pages":"Article 106789"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145467783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The pitfalls of an impoverished approach to culture: Commentary on Baumard and André","authors":"Gillian R. Brown","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106746","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"46 6","pages":"Article 106746"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James R. Roney , Zachary L. Simmons , Mei Mei , Rachel L. Grillot , Melissa Emery Thompson
{"title":"Decreased sexual motivation during the human implantation window","authors":"James R. Roney , Zachary L. Simmons , Mei Mei , Rachel L. Grillot , Melissa Emery Thompson","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106761","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The implantation window denotes cycle days when the endometrium is receptive to an implanting blastocyst. Research supports increased risk of some types of sexually transmitted infections at this time due to local immunosuppression that facilitates the implantation process. This heightened infection risk may have selected for downregulation of sexual motivation within the mid-luteal phase days that comprise the human window of implantation. Here, using data from three large, daily diary studies (<em>N</em> > 2500 observations) among undergraduate participants, we tested whether measures of women's sexual motivation were dampened during the implantation window. Multi-level regression analyses on the combined sample demonstrated significant drops in multiple measures of sexual motivation within the estimated implantation window relative to other cycle regions. Furthermore, for most measures, sexual motivation was significantly lower during the implantation window relative to non-menstrual cycle days outside the fertile window, such that mid-luteal drops in desire and behavior were not statistical artifacts of elevations in sexual motivation during the fertile window. These findings are consistent with evolved, functional responses to temporal fluctuations in infection risk that may help to explain cycle phase shifts in human sexual motivation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"46 6","pages":"Article 106761"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144925586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marlise K. Hofer , Tianqi Peng , Jennifer C. Lay , Frances S. Chen
{"title":"The role of testosterone in odor-based perceptions of social status","authors":"Marlise K. Hofer , Tianqi Peng , Jennifer C. Lay , Frances S. Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106752","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106752","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Awareness of the social status of conspecifics is crucial for members of social species, including humans. Given that testosterone is thought to promote status motivation in humans and may also alter body odor, the present study investigates whether perceptions of social status can be influenced by body odor cues associated with testosterone. Male scent donors (<em>N</em> = 74) provided salivary testosterone samples and scent samples from worn T-shirts. Raters (<em>N</em> = 797) smelled the worn shirts and provided ratings of the odor quality and the perceived social status of the wearer (i.e., perceived dominance, perceived prestige). Scent donors' self-rated dominance and prestige, as well as raters' perceptions of prestige, were not significantly associated with scent donor's testosterone levels. However, raters' perceptions of dominance were positively associated with the scent donors' testosterone levels. These findings suggest that hormonally based odor cues contribute to perceptions of dominance and may serve as one channel through which information about social status and personality is communicated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"46 6","pages":"Article 106752"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The evolutionary logic of anger and hatred: an empirical test","authors":"Mitchell Landers , Aaron Sell , Coltan Scrivner , Anthony Lopez","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The emotions of anger and hatred are implicated in both individual and intergroup conflict, aggression, violence, and war. Despite their significance, these emotions are often poorly defined and conflated. Following <span><span>Sell, Scrivner, Landers, & Lopez, 2021</span></span>, we provide theoretical groundwork for understanding anger and hatred from an adaptationist perspective, unpacking the evolved functional logic of each emotion that ultimately explains how and why each works the way it does. From this logic, we derive predictions about anger and hatred's behavioral and cognitive outputs and terminating conditions. Using a first person recall design, we then test these predictions across two countries (the United States and United Kingdom) in online participant pools (<em>n</em> = 725). In line with theoretically derived predictions, we find striking consistency in the distinctiveness of anger and hatred: Anger produces behaviors functionally designed to bargain for better treatment through recalibration, while hatred produces behaviors functionally designed to neutralize targets costly to the hater. Accurately distinguishing anger from hatred is crucial, as mistaking one for the other can derail conflict resolution and lead to misguided interventions. Viewing anger and hatred through an adaptationist lens not only explains their distinct evolutionary functions but can also guide interventions aimed at reducing conflict at both the individual and societal level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"46 6","pages":"Article 106776"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The evolution of human lip-to-lip kissing","authors":"William H. Gilbert","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106775","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106775","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Throughout this paper ‘LL’ = lip-to-lip kissing, ‘LN’ = lip-to-non-lip, and ‘TK’ = tongue- kissing. This paper focuses on romantic/sexual (LL and TK) kissing. Romantic kissing is best analyzed not as an adaptation in itself but as part of a behaviorally-constructed niche common among humans that repeatedly brings two faces into high-sensory- bandwidth proximity. Selection cannot target the act itself, rather, it acts on heritable components recruited into this niche: lip features; chemosensory and touch-endocrine couplings; context-sensitive decision rules for approach, mutuality, escalation, and stopping; and social signaling to a larger community. Bovid head-butting and horns provide a useful analogy of trait–behavior coevolution from which we can derive concrete predictions, and then apply the framework to the evolutionary dimensionality of kissing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"46 6","pages":"Article 106775"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Are heritable individual differences just genetic noise? What the architecture of quantitative traits says about their evolution","authors":"Marco Del Giudice","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106757","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106757","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The evolution of heritable individual differences (for example in personality, cognition, and the risk for psychopathology) is the subject of a long-running debate between proponents of adaptive and non-adaptive explanations. Newly available genomic data show that most quantitative traits conform to what I label the “default genetic architecture,” characterized by extreme polygenicity with contributions from both common and rare variants, with large-effect variants that tend to be rarer and younger than small-effect ones. Furthermore, targeted tests of balancing selection return largely null or negative results. These findings indicate widespread purifying selection at the genetic level; they have led some scholars to argue that heritable individual differences are essentially non-adaptive or maladaptive, and that evolutionary hypotheses that invoke balancing selection are inconsistent with the data. Here I show that this strong interpretation is not warranted. I distinguish between four questions about the evolution of heritable individual differences, and explain why the data do not support sweeping inferences about their adaptive function (or lack thereof). I also discuss why tests of balancing selection are much less informative than is often believed. While the pervasive role of purifying selection is beyond dispute, the default architecture of complex traits is potentially compatible with a broad range of evolutionary scenarios, including scenarios in which heritable individual differences can be adaptive and functional rather than just manifestations of neutral/maladaptive noise.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"46 6","pages":"Article 106757"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144908491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Offloading punishment to karma: Thinking about karma reduces the punishment of transgressors","authors":"Kai Wen Zhou , Adam Baimel , Cindel J.M. White","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Punishment and the threat thereof can help enforce social norms, but enacting punishment is often costly. To avoid these costs, individuals may prefer to offload the responsibility of punishment to others or to cultural institutions. We propose that shared beliefs about supernatural punishment contribute to minimizing the costs of interpersonal punishment by allowing people to offload punishment to supernatural entities. In a Third Party Punishment Game, we specifically test in a pre-registered experiment (<em>N</em> = 1603 Americans and Singaporeans adults, recruited through Qualtrics' online panels) whether thinking about karma (a supernatural force that punishes misdeeds) reduces punishment. Results confirm that being prompted to consider karma reduces inclinations to punish selfishness in a Third Party Punishment Game. A second pre-registered study using a subtler prime of karma replicated this effect. These findings suggest that karma beliefs may have played a role in the cultural evolution of human cooperation by reducing the costs of human norm enforcement while maintaining incentives for prosocial behaviour through the threat of supernatural punishment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"46 6","pages":"Article 106785"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}