Evolution and Human Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Generosity as a status signal: Higher-testosterone men exhibit greater altruism in the dictator game","authors":"Julie Novakova ,&nbsp;Petr Tureček ,&nbsp;Kamila Machová ,&nbsp;Kateřina Sýkorová ,&nbsp;Vojtěch Zíka ,&nbsp;Jaroslav Flegr","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Altruistic behavior can be modulated by many factors including hormonal levels, but their reported effects remain mixed. Understanding the proximate mechanisms of altruism such as these can help test predictions of ultimate, evolutionary explanations. We investigated the relationship of the endogenous salivary levels of testosterone and cortisol with Dictator Game (DG) offers as a proxy of altruism on a sample of general-population participants (<em>N</em> = 158, 84 F, 74 M). Bayesian data analysis and model comparison showed both testosterone and cortisol were negatively correlated with DG offers in women, while higher testosterone levels were associated with greater generosity in men. These results suggest that high testosterone may promote altruistic behavior in the service of status-seeking among men.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 5","pages":"Article 106615"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142048809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are there fitness benefits to violence? The case of medieval Iceland","authors":"R.I.M. Dunbar ,&nbsp;Anna Wallette","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Males that behave violently to achieve social and reproductive objectives are a widespread phenomenon among mammals, as well as humans. Because this kind of behaviour can be socially very disruptive, its continued survival in human populations, in particular, remains a puzzle. We use historical data on the pedigrees of medieval Icelandic Vikings to test the hypothesis that males who killed had higher fitness than other males. Whereas most studies that examine the evolutionary benefits of behaviour focus on the numbers of offspring sired, in this paper we measure fitness more directly in terms of the number of grandchildren produced both directly and indirectly via collateral relatives, as well as determining the costs of pursuing alternative strategies in terms of experienced mortality rates. We show that, on average, killers gain a very significant fitness advantage despite the often high costs they pay and, more importantly, that they had a dramatic effect on the fitness of their male kin. We suggest that such behaviour represents a phenotypic, rather than genetic, response to opportunities provided by local circumstances.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 5","pages":"Article 106614"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513824000904/pdfft?md5=5853514e10c49b4213a77b751539c61b&pid=1-s2.0-S1090513824000904-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141978271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost structures and socioecological conditions impact the fitness outcomes of human alloparental care in agent-based model simulations","authors":"Elic M. Weitzel ,&nbsp;Kurt M. Wilson ,&nbsp;Laure Spake ,&nbsp;Susan B. Schaffnit ,&nbsp;Robert Lynch ,&nbsp;Rebecca Sear ,&nbsp;John H. Shaver ,&nbsp;Mary K. Shenk ,&nbsp;Richard Sosis","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Alloparental care—care provided to children who are not one's offspring—is ubiquitous across human populations. Empirical research reveals socioecological variation in who cares for children, but less attention has been paid to the type of care provided. To better understand the fitness outcomes of different forms of alloparental care, or allocare, we categorize such care into two broad forms based on economic cost structures: additive cost and declining marginal cost allocare. Additive cost allocare requires alloparents to pay equal costs for each child to whom care is provided, while declining marginal cost allocare entails reduced costs for additional children beyond the first. Given this general typology, we investigate how fitness is impacted by the type of allocare provided in socioecological conditions of scarcity or abundance. Results of an agent-based model indicate that allocare has fitness benefits in nearly all circumstances, but the impact of cost structures depends on resource availability. In contexts of abundance, the cost structure of allocare does not matter as individuals' reproductive success is instead constrained by fertility and mortality more than the availability of resources or time. In conditions of scarcity, however, the greatest increases in reproductive success are achieved when allocare has a declining marginal cost structure. This is due to an economy of scale permitting alloparents to scale up their care at discounted rates. Consequently, we expect allocare practices to exhibit these patterns cross-culturally: in contexts of scarcity allocare is anticipated to be focused on practices with declining marginal cost structures and to be much less variable than in contexts of abundance. We discuss several ethnographic examples that are consistent with the overall findings of our simulations, and we conclude with recommendations for future modeling and empirical work on allocare.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 5","pages":"Article 106613"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141978272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Offspring and parent preferences for a spouse or in-law in an arranged marriage context","authors":"Elizabeth Agey ,&nbsp;Daniel Conroy-Beam ,&nbsp;Steven J.C. Gaulin","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Parental influence over mate choice and marriage is a norm across many cultures and throughout human history; however, more attention has been given to preferences of the mating individuals than to the preferences of parents selecting a son- or daughter-in-law. Using data collected in Nepal, a culture with a tradition of arranged marriages, we compare the preferences of unmarried adults and parents of unmarried adults using a budget allocation task in which respondents allocated two budgets (high and low) to design their ideal spouse or in-law from a set of 14 traits. To compare overall similarities and differences in allocations across all 14 traits, we calculated the Mahalanobis Distance for each dyad type (father-son, father-daughter, mother-son, and mother-daughter) for high and low budgets separately. Parents and offspring disagreed more in high budget allocations than in low budget allocations, indicating that they may agree more on the minimally necessary traits in a spouse/in-law. Parents and offspring showed the largest divergence in allocations over same caste/ethnicity (preferred more by parents) and physical attractiveness (preferred more by offspring), in line with previous comparisons of parent and offspring preferences. Differences in the preferences of parents and offspring were at least as large as differences in preferences between men and women in this sample, indicating that parent-offspring disagreement is substantial and should be given more consideration in the literature on mate choice. Additional research is needed to investigate how parents and offspring negotiate their preferences in arranged marriage contexts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 5","pages":"Article 106612"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513824000886/pdfft?md5=b47ccaaf221264cac69ad5c577434df4&pid=1-s2.0-S1090513824000886-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141978273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Female gorillas compete for food and males","authors":"Nikolaos Smit,&nbsp;Martha M. Robbins","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As most organisms, humans and other apes compete for access to fitness-determining resources and competition is expected to increase with the competitor-to-resource ratio. We use 23 years of behavioural data on five wild groups from the two gorilla species which live in different socioecological environments, to test if female gorillas compete simultaneously for food, mates and/or protectors. Females were more aggressive to each other in medium-sized groups (∩ − shaped relationship) and when the groups contained more females but fewer males (lower sex ratio). Contrarily, female-female aggression was not influenced by the operational sex ratio and female mating activity. Hence, our results support the competition for food and protectors hypotheses but cast doubt on the competition for mates hypothesis. Yet, despite female western gorillas (<em>Gorilla gorilla gorilla</em>) experiencing higher monopolization potential of food and a lower abundance of food and males, they did not exhibit higher aggression rates than female mountain gorillas (<em>Gorilla beringei beringei</em>). Altogether, these results suggest that female competition for males outside the mating context is not unique to humans and might have common evolutionary origins in humans and other apes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 5","pages":"Article 106611"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513824000874/pdfft?md5=35e3fac6fed5469fa275282063a9d92f&pid=1-s2.0-S1090513824000874-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Venting makes people prefer—and preferentially support—us over those we vent about","authors":"Jaimie Arona Krems ,&nbsp;Laureon A. Merrie ,&nbsp;Nina N. Rodriguez ,&nbsp;Keelah E.G. Williams","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106608","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106608","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>People vent, as when airing grievances about one mutual friend to another. Contrary to a Freudian account, such <em>social venting</em> does not alleviate anger. So, what function might it serve? That people bestow more and more likely support on relatively better-liked friends—support which is associated with greater health, happiness, and economic mobility—highlights a largely overlooked challenge in social groups: competing within the group for certain group members' affections and support. Social venting might be one effective tool for meeting this challenge. We test this—and also compare venting's efficacy with other forms of communication, including a well-studied tactic of partner competition (competitor derogation). In six experiments with U.S. CloudResearch participants (<em>N</em> = 1723), venting causes listeners (people vented to) to prefer venters over targets (people vented about) and to preferentially benefit better-liked venters over targets in a modified Dictator Game. By obscuring the venters' intent to aggress against the target, venting might communicate target-harming information in a way that buffers venters from being perceived unfavorably. Effective venting might thus manipulate listeners' attitudes and behavior in venters' favor.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 5","pages":"Article 106608"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The cultural evolution of witchcraft beliefs","authors":"Sarah Peacey ,&nbsp;Baihui Wu ,&nbsp;Rebecca Grollemund ,&nbsp;Ruth Mace","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106610","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Witchcraft beliefs are historically and geographically widespread, but little is known about the cultural inheritance processes that may explain their variation between populations. A core component of witchcraft belief is that certain people (‘witches’) are thought to harm others using supernatural means. Various traits, which we refer to as the ‘witchcraft phenotype’ accompany these beliefs. Some can be classified as ‘symbolic culture’, including ideas about the typical behaviour of witches and concepts such as familiars (witches' magical helpers), and demographic traits such as the age and sex of those likely to be accused. We conducted an exploratory study of the cultural evolution of 31 witchcraft traits to examine their inferred ancestry and associations with historic population movements. We coded a dataset from ethnographic accounts of Bantu and Bantoid-speaking societies in sub-Saharan Africa (<em>N</em> = 84) and analysed it using phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs). Our results estimate that while some traits, such as an ordeal to test for witchcraft, have deep history, others, such as accusations of children, may have evolved more recently, or are limited to specific clusters of societies. Demographic and symbolic cultural traits do not typically co-evolve. Our findings suggest traits have different transmission patterns, and these may result from benefits they provide or from universal psychological mechanisms that produce their recurrent evolution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 5","pages":"Article 106610"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141882636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Children's evolved cues to promote caregiving: Are voices more powerful than thoughts in signaling young children's attributes and needs to adults?","authors":"Carlos Hernández Blasi ,&nbsp;David F. Bjorklund ,&nbsp;Sonia Agut ,&nbsp;Francisco Lozano Nomdedeu ,&nbsp;Miguel Ángel Martínez","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Children have evolved “psychological weapons” to endear them to adults, enhancing their chances of surviving. Earlier research has shown that, during early childhood, caregivers feel positively attracted by children's vocal and cognitive cues of immaturity, which in turn provide adults with information about children's attributes and needs. The purpose of this study was to disentangle which of these two cues (vocal or cognitive), if either, might be more relevant for adults in assessing children's attributes and needs. College students (<em>n</em> = 273) listened to four pairs of children reasoning either in a mature or an immature manner about two types of thinking, one we labeled <em>supernatural</em> that reflects “magical thinking” (e.g., “The sun's not out because it's mad”) and the other we labeled <em>natural</em> that reflects abilities such as estimating one's cognition abilities or inhibition (e.g., “I can remember all the words you showed me”). In one condition (<em>Consistent</em>), the immaturity/maturity of children's reasoning matched the immaturity/maturity of their voices, whereas in the other condition (<em>Inconsistent</em>) they did not. Results revealed that, regardless of the type of reasoning, children's vocal cues prevailed over cognitive cues for assessing attributes of positive affect and helplessness. Conversely, children's cognitive cues prevailed over vocal cues for assessing intelligence (but only for supernatural thinking), and negative affect (but only for natural thinking). The results reveal natural selection's use of different cues of immaturity to promote caregiving during early childhood and reflect the complexity of multimodal features when adults evaluate young children.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 5","pages":"Article 106609"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513824000850/pdfft?md5=f1efee7fcf5b8676c619e7bbb95045b7&pid=1-s2.0-S1090513824000850-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141637678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Religious signaling and prosociality: A review of the literature","authors":"Stefanie B. Northover ,&nbsp;Tadeg Quillien ,&nbsp;Daniel Conroy-Beam ,&nbsp;Adam B. Cohen","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.06.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The costly signaling theory of religion states that costly religious behaviors, badges, and bans (“religious practice” for short) are signals of commitment to the ingroup and its moral code. Such signals are proposed to increase cooperation. Here we review the empirical literature, which suggests that religious actors are often perceived as especially trustworthy and may be more likely recipients of help and cooperation. The evidence does not present a clear picture regarding the actual trustworthiness nor prosocial tendencies of religious actors<em>.</em> Limited available evidence suggests that routine forms of religious behavior are associated with ingroup favoritism. High-cost, infrequent, highly social forms of religious practice are associated with an increase in religious identity, but also an expanded social identity and greater tolerance for outgroup members. Following the literature review, we provide a discussion of proposed future research directions pertaining to the costs and benefits of religious practice, moderators, secular versus religious practice, and mediation of the relationship between observed religious practice and perceptions of religious actors' trustworthiness.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 5","pages":"Article 106593"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141606889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why women cheat: testing evolutionary hypotheses for female infidelity in a multinational sample","authors":"Macken Murphy ,&nbsp;Caroline A. Phillips ,&nbsp;Khandis R. Blake","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>While scholars largely agree men's infidelity evolved by increasing offspring quantity, the evolutionary drivers of women's infidelity remain debated. The “good genes” (dual mating strategy) hypothesis posits infidelity allows women to pair the preferred genes of an affair partner with the preferred investment of their primary partner (Gangstad &amp; Thornhill, 1998). The mate-switching hypothesis instead argues infidelity helps women obtain a new mate without a period of deprivation (Buss et al., 2017). To test these hypotheses, we conducted a pre-registered survey of 254 individuals from 19 countries and 6 continents who were previously or currently engaged in infidelity. We measured individuals' perception of their primary partner and their affair partner across four domains: physical attractiveness, personal attractiveness, attractiveness as a co-parent, and overall desirability (mate value). We also asked participants to report their motivations for the affair. Consistent with a dual mating strategy, women experienced stronger physical attraction to their affair partners and stronger parental attraction to their primary partners. Contrary to the mate-switching hypothesis, women did not prefer their affair partners overall, parentally, or personally. There were no significant gender differences in these findings, suggesting strategic dualism in men as well. Our qualitative data revealed a more nuanced story at the individual level, with participants reporting motives consistent with a variety of evolutionarily coherent strategies. While our quantitative results speak to the relevance of the dual-mating hypothesis to understanding infidelity, our findings also suggest that seeking infidelity's primary explanation in either gender is, perhaps, too simple an approach to the issue.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 5","pages":"Article 106595"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513824000710/pdfft?md5=17fac63b8dd7bb1c5f853c1541025986&pid=1-s2.0-S1090513824000710-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141539191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}