Evolution and Human Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Deep neural networks generate facial metrics that overcome limitations of previous methods and predict in-person attraction","authors":"Amy A.Z. Zhao,&nbsp;Brendan P. Zietsch","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Here we introduce deep neural networks (a form of artificial intelligence) as a novel method for quantifying facial characteristics such as averageness, masculinity, and similarity. Previous methods have quantified facial characteristics using subjective ratings, or objective landmark methods which ignore much of the information we use to perceive faces (e.g. skin colour and contrast, hair, eye colour). We obtained facial images and in-person ratings of facial attractiveness and kindness from 682 speed-dating participants. We find that facial measures derived from neural networks similarly predict in-person ratings compared to facial measures derived from both manual and automatic landmarks. Using neural network-derived measures, we find robust evidence for the attractiveness of masculinity in males, as well as some evidence for assortative preferences for masculinity. Past findings were supported regarding facial similarity as a cue of prosociality. Correlations between neural network and landmark measures were significant but small, and we found that neural network measures captured information beyond face shape. Neural network measures of masculinity had little to no correlation with facial pitch (head tilt) on measures of masculinity, overcoming a major limitation of landmark measures, which were substantially correlated with facial pitch.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106632"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in close friendships and social style","authors":"R.I.M. Dunbar ,&nbsp;Eiluned Pearce ,&nbsp;Rafael Wlodarski ,&nbsp;Anna Machin","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Friendships play a central role in human sociality, and are a major influence, both directly and indirectly, on our fitness. The two most important forms of friendship are the support clique and the best friend. Although the basis on which we choose friends and romantic partners have been studied in considerable detail, we know a great deal less about how individuals' own psychological traits affect whom they form relationships with. Here, we use an ethnically homogenous UK sample of 757 adults (aged 18–75 years; 56 % female) attending national science festivals to show that there are striking differences between men and women in both the structure of friendship groups and the psychological mechanisms that underpin their capacity to hold and maintain close friendships. Individual differences in the size and structure of women's cliques, and their likelihood of having a best friend, are underpinned mainly by prosocial tendencies, whereas in men they correlate negatively with anti-social, rather than prosocial, tendencies. These findings add to the evidence that male and female social worlds are organised in very different ways. This begs the evolutionary question as to why this is so.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106631"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Men (but not women) prefer to live in economically equal societies when it comes to mating: A five-study investigation","authors":"Xijing Wang ,&nbsp;Hao Chen ,&nbsp;Khandis R. Blake","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is generally believed that people prefer societies with economic equality. No studies thus far have systematically examined sex differences in this preference specifically concerning mating—an important life stage. Building upon theoretical frameworks of mating strategies (i.e., hypergyny), we hypothesized that men, in comparison to women, are less inclined to prefer and reside in a highly unequal society when it comes to mating. This could be because economically unequal environments lead men to expect poorer life quality after marriage than women. These hypotheses were confirmed across five studies using a mixed-method approach. In particular, we first provided evidence by focusing on fertile age populations and employing the panel data across 50 states of the USA from 2006 to 2019 (Study 1A), the most recent cross-sectional data at the county level of the USA (Study 1B), and a large-scale survey data on the individual migration records of American residents (<em>N</em> = 4,746,718, Study 2). In addition, we conducted two controlled experiments by manipulating mating motivation (Study 3) and economic inequality level (high versus low, Studies 3 and 4, <em>N</em> = 812, <em>N</em> = 418). Our studies, employing both archival data high in ecological validity and experimental evidence allowing causal inferences, show that men exhibit a stronger aversion than women toward economic inequality. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how evolutionary mating strategies and sex differences jointly influence the economic inequality preference.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106633"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptions of facial trustworthiness and dominance modulate early neural responses to male facial sexual dimorphism","authors":"Barnaby J.W. Dixson ,&nbsp;Nicole L. Nelson ,&nbsp;Eleanor Moses ,&nbsp;Anthony J. Lee ,&nbsp;Alan J. Pegna","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sexual selection may have shaped the evolution of cognitive mechanisms to assess dominance and trustworthiness among anonymous conspecifics. We tested the hypothesis that masculine facial morphology and beardedness modulate early P100, N170, P200 and N250 event related potentials (ERP) components using electroencephalography (EEG) during judgments of male facial dominance and trustworthiness. We found that facial hair drove early P100 neural effects while facial masculinity drove an N170 effect during perceptions of dominance. For perceptions of trustworthiness, there was a significant N170 peak for bearded over clean-shaven faces while no significant effects were observed when judging facial masculinity. Clean-shaven faces exerted significant effects over bearded faces for P200 amplitudes for dominance and trustworthiness perceptions. The only significant N250 amplitudes occurred for beardedness over clean-shaven faces when judging trustworthiness. There were no effects of facial masculinity on any ERPs when faces were bearded, supporting previous research demonstrating that facial hair may mask sexually dimorphic structural facial traits. Masculine faces augmented judgments of dominance and trustworthiness over less masculine faces. Likewise, bearded faces enhanced dominance and trustworthiness judgments over clean-shaven faces. Our findings suggest facial masculinity activates neural responses involved in face processing when judging assertiveness and status seeking involved in same-sex competition, but not socially affiliative attributes prioritised in more communal behaviours. In contrast, facial hair acts as a low-level visual feature that rapidly communicated dominance and latterly communicated trustworthiness, suggesting a role of competence for facial hair when assessing male sociosexual attributes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106629"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can race be replaced? Ecology and race categorization","authors":"Oliver Sng ,&nbsp;Krystina A. Boyd-Frenkel ,&nbsp;Keelah E.G. Williams","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Why do people categorize others by race? Building on recent work integrating affordance management with a life history perspective, we propose that one reason perceivers categorize others by race is because race is a cue to the environments/ecologies in which groups live. In the U.S., because Black and White individuals differentially live in environments that vary in ecological harshness/unpredictability, race may be used as a cue of a person's home ecology. In three experiments (undergraduate and online U.S. samples; <em>N</em> = 1260) with the memory confusion paradigm (“who-said-what”), when American perceivers are presented with information on both a person's race (i.e., Black/White) and the ecologies in which they live (i.e., harsh/hopeful), racial categorization decreases, and ecology categorization emerges (Studies 1–3). Hence, in the minds of perceivers, the ecologies that others come from “replaces” others' race. However, counter to expectations, instructing perceivers to form social impressions of others on traits linked to ecological harshness (i.e., “planfulness”) led to ecology categorization disappearing (Study 3). We discuss implications of our findings for race perception and for social perception at large.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106630"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142241837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The evolution of between-sex bonds in primates","authors":"Elisabeth H.M. Sterck ,&nbsp;Catherine Crockford ,&nbsp;Julia Fischer ,&nbsp;Jorg J.M. Massen ,&nbsp;Barbara Tiddi ,&nbsp;Susan Perry ,&nbsp;Cédric Sueur ,&nbsp;Oliver Schülke ,&nbsp;Julia Ostner","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Social bonds can be a way for individuals to gain access to crucial resources and services that cannot be taken by force and are therefore subject to leverage. Bonds between the sexes can provide access to services that are specific to the other sex. Females exert leverage over males in terms of mating access, males have leverage over females in terms of the service protection, and both sexes exert leverage over the other sex in terms of tolerance and agonistic support. While mating access can be coerced in some circumstances, most services cannot be forced. Here, we use theoretical considerations to explore when sources of leverage over the opposite sex lead to between-sex bonds. Focussing on primates living in multi-male multi-female groups, we predict that leverage over the other sex will be higher, when 1) the receiver benefits on average more than the provider, 2) receivers cannot share the resource, and 3) the resource is rare and valuable. If these conditions are fulfilled, and given the mutual nature of a social bond, we expect bonds to be found, 4) when long-term targeting of the same partner yields benefits. We argue that a female's main source of leverage is mating access, whereas males mainly exert leverage over females in terms of protection of females and offspring. The combination of female mate choice with male protection and care for young is expected to promote between-sex bonds; reduced female cohesion and/or secondary female dispersal are expected to further increase the strength of between-sex bonds. The investment in shared offspring results in interdependency between male and female strategies, but the different services provided by females and males indicate that affiliative exchanges associated with bonds between the sexes will be typically asymmetric and vary over time. Thus, bonds between the sexes are expected to form in a limited number of circumstances where both sexes have leverage over the other sex in terms of their respective sex-specific services. While a systematic test of this proposal is hampered by the dearth of data on species lacking social bonds between the sexes, the data currently available are consistent with our hypothesis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106628"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513824001041/pdfft?md5=d27cea174fb7b445c10efc3ea4c0111f&pid=1-s2.0-S1090513824001041-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142228639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex and cross-cultural comparison of self-enhancement practices: Data from four distinct societies","authors":"Marta Kowal ,&nbsp;Piotr Sorokowski ,&nbsp;Sayra M. Cardona ,&nbsp;Andrea Castañeda ,&nbsp;C.M. Nadeem Faisal","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>People worldwide invest substantial resources in improving their physical attractiveness. We employed a qualitative approach to investigate the ‘what’, ‘how intensely’, and ‘why’ behind this phenomenon. We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 96 members of four distinct societies, including the Cook Islands, Guatemala, Pakistan, and Poland. The thematic analysis, guided by the four Tinbergen's questions, provided valuable insight on the beauty-enhancing practices across the studied societies. Commonly shared practices included maintaining hygiene, using make-up, cosmetics, accessories, perfumes, exercising, and caring for clothing and hair. Additionally, interviewees from different countries placed particular importance on some distinctive characteristics, such as flowers in the Cook Islands, fashionable clothing in Guatemala, beards and golden jewelry in Pakistan, and body shape in Poland. Conforming with evolutionary theories, all interviewees unanimously agreed that women devote more time than men to the pursuit of beauty, albeit with variations across the four societies. Furthermore, aligning with basic principles of mate choice, the present research delineated fundamental motives driving appearance enhancement, that is, inter-sexual and intra-sexual competition. We also shed more light on other motives, seldomly investigated in the past, including, for instance, religious reasoning. By juxtaposing perspectives from culturally and geographically diverse societies, we offer a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted nature of self-enhancement practices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106627"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142158073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disqualifiers or preferences? How humans incorporate dealbreakers into mate choice","authors":"Kathryn V. Walter ,&nbsp;Jared Kliszewski ,&nbsp;Krystal Duarte ,&nbsp;Daniel Conroy-Beam","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Interest in dealbreakers has blossomed over the last decade, but we do not know how dealbreakers are used in mate choice. Here, we propose that some dealbreaker traits may act as disqualifiers, traits that we use to recognize others as potential mates. Alternatively, other dealbreaker traits may act like mate preferences and influence how attractive we find a potential mate relative to other potential mates. We use agent-based modeling and two samples of real-life couples, <em>n</em> = 1044, and <em>n</em> = 518, collected through Qualtrics' panel service, to test between these two possibilities. We find evidence that many of the traits colloquially considered to be dealbreakers, such as smoking status, height, and religion, are not used by the mind as disqualifiers, rather they act like preferences and are integrated into overall assessments of mate value. However, we find evidence that a person's sex is incorporated into mate choice like a disqualifier. Overall, considering and testing the evolved function of dealbreakers in the long-term mating process illuminates new directions for future research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106617"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142149493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The controversial origins of war and peace: apes, foragers, and human evolution","authors":"Luke Glowacki","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106618","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106618","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The role of warfare in human evolution is among the most contentious topics in the evolutionary sciences. The debate is especially heated because many assume that whether our evolutionary ancestors were peaceful or warlike has important implications for modern human nature. One side argues that warfare has a deep evolutionary history, possible dating to the last common ancestor of bonobos, chimpanzees, and humans, while the other views war as a recent innovation, primarily developing with the rise of sedentism and agriculture. I show that although both positions have some support warranting consideration, each sometimes ignores uncertainties about human evolution and simplifies the complex reality of hunter-gatherer worlds. Many characterizations about the evolution of war are partial truths. Bonobos and chimpanzees provide important insights relevant for understanding the origins of war, but using either species as a model for human evolution has important limitations. Hunter-gatherers often had war, but like humans everywhere, our ancestors likely had a range of relationships depending on the context, including cooperative intergroup affiliation. Taken together, the evidence strongly suggests that small-scale warfare is part of our evolutionary history predating agriculture and sedentism, but that cooperation across group boundaries is also part our evolutionary legacy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106618"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142149492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Core principles of melodic organisation emerge from transmission chains with random melodies","authors":"Tudor Popescu ,&nbsp;Martin Rohrmeier","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Music is a product of both biological and cultural evolution. Cultural transmission is the engine of cultural evolution and may play a role in the establishment of musical universals. Here, we examined how transmission dynamics can shape melodic features in music. Specifically, we tested whether random melodic seeds, in their transformation, take on properties known to characterise music within or even across cultures. Using an iterated learning paradigm, we investigated the transmission of random melodic seeds through a chain of non-musician participants (<em>N</em> = 64). We found that melodies reproduced vocally between “generations” became more similar to known musical scales, exhibited a predominance of consonant intervals, and reduced the number of scale degrees used. Additionally, we observed the previously documented tendency for large intervals to be followed by a change in direction, as well as features common to both music and speech including phrase-final lengthening and the Zipfian distribution of signalling units. As participants' vocalisations converged towards greater memorability, they exhibited decreased entropy, and their contours became smoother and more consistent. Finally, certain short melodic patterns became prominent motifs within the incipient musical “traditions” simulated by the chains. These emerging features may reflect a process shaped by (i) cognitive bottlenecks such as learnability; (ii) statistical properties of the processes and structures involved in inter-generational vocal transmission; but also by (iii) idiosyncratic cultural artefacts specific to the lab samples employed. Overall, our results demonstrate that fundamental aspects of melodic structure emerge naturally through the process of cultural transmission, as simulated in the lab.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106619"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513824000953/pdfft?md5=9776a8d21dff0cfe7719d2183bd1def4&pid=1-s2.0-S1090513824000953-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142128440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}