Evolution and Human Behavior最新文献

{"title":"I will hold a weapon if you hold one: Experiments of preemptive strike game with possession option","authors":"Hiroki Ozono ,&nbsp;Daisuke Nakama","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Force possession in an inter-personal or inter-group context has been a familiar issue in human evolution and continues to be important today. The puzzle around force possession is that it may result in escalation of force and increase the risk of being attacked even if the force possession is originally intended for self-defense. However, there are few relevant empirical studies. This study examined the determinants of force possession by developing the preemptive strike game to include a possession option. In this game, each player (who is matched with one opponent) decides whether to possess an attack button and, if they possess, they can decide whether to push the button (attack the opponent). If neither the player nor the opponent attack, nothing happens, but if a player attacks first, the player loses a small amount of resources, but the one who is attacked loses significant resources. In this situation, possessing the button raise the potential risk of being attacked due to fear. In Study 1, 182 participants (online crowd workers) played the game, and the results showed the tendency to seek a balance of forces, that is, the higher the opponent's expected probability of possession, the more likely participants were to decide to possess. However, the opponent's probability of possession was the measured expectations by the participants. To clarify the causality, in Study 2 with 131 participants (online crowd workers), we experimentally manipulated the probability of the opponent's possession, and confirmed the same tendency. We discuss the implications and the limitations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106635"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic markers of cousin marriage and honour cultures","authors":"Olympia L.K. Campbell ,&nbsp;Cecilia Padilla-Iglesias ,&nbsp;Grégory Fiorio ,&nbsp;Ruth Mace","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Honour cultures, characterized by violent responses to perceived threats to personal or family honour, are widespread. Honour killings, one of the manifestations of honour cultures, claims the lives of thousands of women each year, often at the hands of close relatives, representing not only a social problem but also an evolutionary puzzle. They typically follow accusations of sexual impropriety and are the most extreme manifestation of a range of punishments that control the sexual and marital choices of women. The origins of such practises remain unclear, though honour cultures frequently occur where cousin marriage is common. We propose that cousin marriage offers kin benefits through wealth consolidation yet may also generate parent-offspring conflict over marriage choices. In response, norms and punitive measures, including aspects of honour codes, may have evolved to enforce cousin marriage. To test this, we use the average genomic inbreeding coefficient of an ethnic group, as a measure of the historical practice of cousin marriage, to show that this is associated with the likelihood of endorsing honour killings across 52 ethnic groups. We interpret our findings within the context of parent-offspring conflict over consanguineous marriage and we contribute to the growing body of research exploring the relationship between intensive kinship and cultural traits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106636"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142650751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Even small differences in attractiveness and formidability affect the probability and speed of selection: An online study and an offline replication","authors":"Vít Třebický ,&nbsp;Petr Tureček ,&nbsp;Jitka Třebická Fialová ,&nbsp;Žaneta Pátková ,&nbsp;Dominika Grygarová ,&nbsp;Jan Havlíček","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Facial and bodily features represent salient visual stimuli upon which people spontaneously attribute various fitness-relevant characteristics such as attractiveness or formidability. While existing evidence predominantly relies on sequential stimuli presentation tasks, real-world social comparisons often involve assessing two or multiple individuals. In studies using two-alternative forced-choice tasks, participants usually perform at rates above the chance to select the expected option. However, these tasks use dichotomized and artificially manipulated stimuli that lack generalizability in situations where the differences between individuals are less likely to be ‘clear-cut’. We tested whether the probability of selection will proportionally increase with increasing degrees of difference between the stimuli or whether there is a discrimination threshold if the stimuli are perceived as too similar. In two registered studies comprising online (<em>N</em> = 446) and onsite (<em>N</em> = 56) participants, we explored the influence of the degree of difference in attractiveness and formidability ratings between stimuli pairs on both the probability of selection and selection speed. Participants were presented with randomly selected pairs of men (30 pairs of faces, 30 pairs of bodies) and tasked with choosing the more attractive or formidable target. Applying Bayesian inference, our findings reveal a systematic impact of the degree of difference on both the selection probability and speed. As differences in attractiveness or formidability increased, both men and women exhibited a heightened propensity and speed in selecting the higher-scoring stimuli. Our study demonstrates that people discriminate even slight differences in attractiveness and formidability, indicating that cognitive processes underlying the perception of these characteristics had undergone natural selection for a high level of discrimination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106634"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep neural networks generate facial metrics that overcome limitations of previous methods and predict in-person attraction","authors":"Amy A.Z. Zhao,&nbsp;Brendan P. Zietsch","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Here we introduce deep neural networks (a form of artificial intelligence) as a novel method for quantifying facial characteristics such as averageness, masculinity, and similarity. Previous methods have quantified facial characteristics using subjective ratings, or objective landmark methods which ignore much of the information we use to perceive faces (e.g. skin colour and contrast, hair, eye colour). We obtained facial images and in-person ratings of facial attractiveness and kindness from 682 speed-dating participants. We find that facial measures derived from neural networks similarly predict in-person ratings compared to facial measures derived from both manual and automatic landmarks. Using neural network-derived measures, we find robust evidence for the attractiveness of masculinity in males, as well as some evidence for assortative preferences for masculinity. Past findings were supported regarding facial similarity as a cue of prosociality. Correlations between neural network and landmark measures were significant but small, and we found that neural network measures captured information beyond face shape. Neural network measures of masculinity had little to no correlation with facial pitch (head tilt) on measures of masculinity, overcoming a major limitation of landmark measures, which were substantially correlated with facial pitch.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106632"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in close friendships and social style","authors":"R.I.M. Dunbar ,&nbsp;Eiluned Pearce ,&nbsp;Rafael Wlodarski ,&nbsp;Anna Machin","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Friendships play a central role in human sociality, and are a major influence, both directly and indirectly, on our fitness. The two most important forms of friendship are the support clique and the best friend. Although the basis on which we choose friends and romantic partners have been studied in considerable detail, we know a great deal less about how individuals' own psychological traits affect whom they form relationships with. Here, we use an ethnically homogenous UK sample of 757 adults (aged 18–75 years; 56 % female) attending national science festivals to show that there are striking differences between men and women in both the structure of friendship groups and the psychological mechanisms that underpin their capacity to hold and maintain close friendships. Individual differences in the size and structure of women's cliques, and their likelihood of having a best friend, are underpinned mainly by prosocial tendencies, whereas in men they correlate negatively with anti-social, rather than prosocial, tendencies. These findings add to the evidence that male and female social worlds are organised in very different ways. This begs the evolutionary question as to why this is so.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106631"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Men (but not women) prefer to live in economically equal societies when it comes to mating: A five-study investigation","authors":"Xijing Wang ,&nbsp;Hao Chen ,&nbsp;Khandis R. Blake","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is generally believed that people prefer societies with economic equality. No studies thus far have systematically examined sex differences in this preference specifically concerning mating—an important life stage. Building upon theoretical frameworks of mating strategies (i.e., hypergyny), we hypothesized that men, in comparison to women, are less inclined to prefer and reside in a highly unequal society when it comes to mating. This could be because economically unequal environments lead men to expect poorer life quality after marriage than women. These hypotheses were confirmed across five studies using a mixed-method approach. In particular, we first provided evidence by focusing on fertile age populations and employing the panel data across 50 states of the USA from 2006 to 2019 (Study 1A), the most recent cross-sectional data at the county level of the USA (Study 1B), and a large-scale survey data on the individual migration records of American residents (<em>N</em> = 4,746,718, Study 2). In addition, we conducted two controlled experiments by manipulating mating motivation (Study 3) and economic inequality level (high versus low, Studies 3 and 4, <em>N</em> = 812, <em>N</em> = 418). Our studies, employing both archival data high in ecological validity and experimental evidence allowing causal inferences, show that men exhibit a stronger aversion than women toward economic inequality. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how evolutionary mating strategies and sex differences jointly influence the economic inequality preference.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106633"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptions of facial trustworthiness and dominance modulate early neural responses to male facial sexual dimorphism","authors":"Barnaby J.W. Dixson ,&nbsp;Nicole L. Nelson ,&nbsp;Eleanor Moses ,&nbsp;Anthony J. Lee ,&nbsp;Alan J. Pegna","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sexual selection may have shaped the evolution of cognitive mechanisms to assess dominance and trustworthiness among anonymous conspecifics. We tested the hypothesis that masculine facial morphology and beardedness modulate early P100, N170, P200 and N250 event related potentials (ERP) components using electroencephalography (EEG) during judgments of male facial dominance and trustworthiness. We found that facial hair drove early P100 neural effects while facial masculinity drove an N170 effect during perceptions of dominance. For perceptions of trustworthiness, there was a significant N170 peak for bearded over clean-shaven faces while no significant effects were observed when judging facial masculinity. Clean-shaven faces exerted significant effects over bearded faces for P200 amplitudes for dominance and trustworthiness perceptions. The only significant N250 amplitudes occurred for beardedness over clean-shaven faces when judging trustworthiness. There were no effects of facial masculinity on any ERPs when faces were bearded, supporting previous research demonstrating that facial hair may mask sexually dimorphic structural facial traits. Masculine faces augmented judgments of dominance and trustworthiness over less masculine faces. Likewise, bearded faces enhanced dominance and trustworthiness judgments over clean-shaven faces. Our findings suggest facial masculinity activates neural responses involved in face processing when judging assertiveness and status seeking involved in same-sex competition, but not socially affiliative attributes prioritised in more communal behaviours. In contrast, facial hair acts as a low-level visual feature that rapidly communicated dominance and latterly communicated trustworthiness, suggesting a role of competence for facial hair when assessing male sociosexual attributes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106629"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can race be replaced? Ecology and race categorization","authors":"Oliver Sng ,&nbsp;Krystina A. Boyd-Frenkel ,&nbsp;Keelah E.G. Williams","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Why do people categorize others by race? Building on recent work integrating affordance management with a life history perspective, we propose that one reason perceivers categorize others by race is because race is a cue to the environments/ecologies in which groups live. In the U.S., because Black and White individuals differentially live in environments that vary in ecological harshness/unpredictability, race may be used as a cue of a person's home ecology. In three experiments (undergraduate and online U.S. samples; <em>N</em> = 1260) with the memory confusion paradigm (“who-said-what”), when American perceivers are presented with information on both a person's race (i.e., Black/White) and the ecologies in which they live (i.e., harsh/hopeful), racial categorization decreases, and ecology categorization emerges (Studies 1–3). Hence, in the minds of perceivers, the ecologies that others come from “replaces” others' race. However, counter to expectations, instructing perceivers to form social impressions of others on traits linked to ecological harshness (i.e., “planfulness”) led to ecology categorization disappearing (Study 3). We discuss implications of our findings for race perception and for social perception at large.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106630"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142241837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The evolution of between-sex bonds in primates","authors":"Elisabeth H.M. Sterck ,&nbsp;Catherine Crockford ,&nbsp;Julia Fischer ,&nbsp;Jorg J.M. Massen ,&nbsp;Barbara Tiddi ,&nbsp;Susan Perry ,&nbsp;Cédric Sueur ,&nbsp;Oliver Schülke ,&nbsp;Julia Ostner","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Social bonds can be a way for individuals to gain access to crucial resources and services that cannot be taken by force and are therefore subject to leverage. Bonds between the sexes can provide access to services that are specific to the other sex. Females exert leverage over males in terms of mating access, males have leverage over females in terms of the service protection, and both sexes exert leverage over the other sex in terms of tolerance and agonistic support. While mating access can be coerced in some circumstances, most services cannot be forced. Here, we use theoretical considerations to explore when sources of leverage over the opposite sex lead to between-sex bonds. Focussing on primates living in multi-male multi-female groups, we predict that leverage over the other sex will be higher, when 1) the receiver benefits on average more than the provider, 2) receivers cannot share the resource, and 3) the resource is rare and valuable. If these conditions are fulfilled, and given the mutual nature of a social bond, we expect bonds to be found, 4) when long-term targeting of the same partner yields benefits. We argue that a female's main source of leverage is mating access, whereas males mainly exert leverage over females in terms of protection of females and offspring. The combination of female mate choice with male protection and care for young is expected to promote between-sex bonds; reduced female cohesion and/or secondary female dispersal are expected to further increase the strength of between-sex bonds. The investment in shared offspring results in interdependency between male and female strategies, but the different services provided by females and males indicate that affiliative exchanges associated with bonds between the sexes will be typically asymmetric and vary over time. Thus, bonds between the sexes are expected to form in a limited number of circumstances where both sexes have leverage over the other sex in terms of their respective sex-specific services. While a systematic test of this proposal is hampered by the dearth of data on species lacking social bonds between the sexes, the data currently available are consistent with our hypothesis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106628"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513824001041/pdfft?md5=d27cea174fb7b445c10efc3ea4c0111f&pid=1-s2.0-S1090513824001041-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142228639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex and cross-cultural comparison of self-enhancement practices: Data from four distinct societies","authors":"Marta Kowal ,&nbsp;Piotr Sorokowski ,&nbsp;Sayra M. Cardona ,&nbsp;Andrea Castañeda ,&nbsp;C.M. Nadeem Faisal","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>People worldwide invest substantial resources in improving their physical attractiveness. We employed a qualitative approach to investigate the ‘what’, ‘how intensely’, and ‘why’ behind this phenomenon. We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 96 members of four distinct societies, including the Cook Islands, Guatemala, Pakistan, and Poland. The thematic analysis, guided by the four Tinbergen's questions, provided valuable insight on the beauty-enhancing practices across the studied societies. Commonly shared practices included maintaining hygiene, using make-up, cosmetics, accessories, perfumes, exercising, and caring for clothing and hair. Additionally, interviewees from different countries placed particular importance on some distinctive characteristics, such as flowers in the Cook Islands, fashionable clothing in Guatemala, beards and golden jewelry in Pakistan, and body shape in Poland. Conforming with evolutionary theories, all interviewees unanimously agreed that women devote more time than men to the pursuit of beauty, albeit with variations across the four societies. Furthermore, aligning with basic principles of mate choice, the present research delineated fundamental motives driving appearance enhancement, that is, inter-sexual and intra-sexual competition. We also shed more light on other motives, seldomly investigated in the past, including, for instance, religious reasoning. By juxtaposing perspectives from culturally and geographically diverse societies, we offer a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted nature of self-enhancement practices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106627"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142158073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}