Evolution and Human Behavior最新文献_第10页

In need-based sharing, sharing is more important than need 在基于需求的共享中，共享比需求更重要

IF 5.1 1区心理学

Evolution and Human Behavior Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.02.010

Aaron D. Lightner , Anne C. Pisor , Edward H. Hagen

{"title":"In need-based sharing, sharing is more important than need","authors":"Aaron D. Lightner , Anne C. Pisor , Edward H. Hagen","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.02.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.02.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cooperative resource sharing is widespread across cultures, and it was likely critical during much of human evolutionary history for pooling risk. Need-based sharing specifically pools risk by following two cooperative rules: help others when asked, and only request help when in need. In a two-part study, we first expanded an agent-based model of need-based sharing partnerships, adding two types of defection and varying partnership sizes. We show that refusing to help always has a long-term cost, which increases with larger partnerships. In contrast, “greedy” requests that are not based on survival risk carry little-to-no cost. We then conducted an experimental vignette study of osotua, a need-based sharing tradition, with Tanzanian Maasai pastoralists. We found that participants generally complied with osotua requests, but shared larger amounts for requests that were based on survival risk. We conclude by proposing an expanded framework for evolutionary models involving need and fitness interdependence, where the cost asymmetry among types of defection generally favors a decision heuristic where individuals prefer sharing with those in need, but err on the side of generosity when need is uncertain.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49176723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Cognitive foundations for helping and harming others: Making welfare tradeoffs in industrialized and small-scale societies 帮助和伤害他人的认知基础:在工业化和小规模社会中进行福利权衡

IF 5.1 1区心理学

Evolution and Human Behavior Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.01.013

Andrew W. Delton , Adrian V. Jaeggi , Julian Lim , Daniel Sznycer , Michael Gurven , Theresa E. Robertson , Lawrence S. Sugiyama , Leda Cosmides , John Tooby

{"title":"Cognitive foundations for helping and harming others: Making welfare tradeoffs in industrialized and small-scale societies","authors":"Andrew W. Delton , Adrian V. Jaeggi , Julian Lim , Daniel Sznycer , Michael Gurven , Theresa E. Robertson , Lawrence S. Sugiyama , Leda Cosmides , John Tooby","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.01.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.01.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For many abilities, such as vision or language, our conscious experience is one of simplicity: We open our eyes and the world appears; we open our mouths and grammatical sentences tumble out. Yet these abilities rely on immensely complex, unconscious computations. Is this also true of abilities related to cooperation or competition, like deciding whether to share food or spread gossip? We tested whether decisions like these are guided by precise psychological variables, called <em>welfare tradeoff ratios</em>. Welfare tradeoff ratios summarize information about multiple sources of social value (such as whether a specific other person is kin or is generous with the self) along with information about the situation (such as what's at stake or who else is watching). We evaluated these hypothesized variables in four societies: among college students in the USA and Argentina and among two groups of Amazonian forager-horticulturalists, the Shuar of Ecuador and the Tsimane of Bolivia (<em>n</em>s = 167, 131, 73, 23). In all societies people made a series of hypothetical decisions where they had to weigh help or harm for themselves versus others. We found strong evidence that people trade off their welfare for others with consistency—a signature of decisions being guided by precise variables in the mind. We also found evidence in three of the societies that people discriminate among different categories of others in their welfare tradeoffs (e.g., friends versus acquaintances). Although most decisions about helping or harming feel simple and intuitive, they appear to be underwritten by precise computations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46835931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

What does prey harvest composition signal to a social audience?: Experimental studies with Aché hunter-gatherers of Paraguay 猎物的收获构成向社会受众发出了什么信号?:对巴拉圭ach<s:1>狩猎采集者的实验研究

IF 5.1 1区心理学

Evolution and Human Behavior Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.10.001

Andrew P.C. Bishop , Amanda McGrosky , Benjamin C. Trumble , Michael Gurven , Kim Hill

{"title":"What does prey harvest composition signal to a social audience?: Experimental studies with Aché hunter-gatherers of Paraguay","authors":"Andrew P.C. Bishop , Amanda McGrosky , Benjamin C. Trumble , Michael Gurven , Kim Hill","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In small-scale societies hunting is a high-risk, high-reward activity which impacts status and reproductive success. The question of whether men hunt to provision families or as a costly signal of their phenotypic qualities has been hotly debated in the anthropological literature. To shed new light on this question, we explored audience assessments of a hunter's phenotypic quality and desirability as a function of the composition of prey acquired by the hunter. A combination of ranking and forced-choice tasks were administered to 52 informants (46% female, aged 15–76 years) from the Aché hunter-gatherer tribe of Paraguay between May and July of 2015. Ratings of a hunter's provisioning ability, strength, fighting ability, disease resistance, and desirability as a mate or ally were all positively associated with killing large and hard-to-kill prey, and negatively associated with killing hard-to-find prey. However, killing a single large animal resulted in a worse assessment of hunter phenotype and desirability than killing an equivalent biomass of small animals. These findings highlight the potential of small prey hunting as a mechanism for advertising both quality and consistent provisioning ability. Critically, no conflict was observed between the goal of advertising quality/desirability and the goal of effective provisioning, since hunters who acquired more meat, even if the source of the meat was small game, were generally perceived as having better phenotypes and as more desirable.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43722081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Editorial overview: “Dispatches from the field: insights from studies in ecologically diverse communities: Part 1” 编辑概述:“来自野外的报道:来自生态多样性社区研究的见解:第一部分”

IF 5.1 1区心理学

Evolution and Human Behavior Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.09.001

Aaron W. Lukaszewski , Elizabeth G. Pillsworth

引用次数: 0

The impact of gossip, reputation, and context on resource transfers among Aka hunter-gatherers, Ngandu horticulturalists, and MTurkers 八卦、声誉和背景对阿卡狩猎采集者、恩甘杜园艺师和MTurkers之间资源转移的影响

IF 5.1 1区心理学

Evolution and Human Behavior Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.02.013

Nicole H. Hess, Edward H. Hagen

{"title":"The impact of gossip, reputation, and context on resource transfers among Aka hunter-gatherers, Ngandu horticulturalists, and MTurkers","authors":"Nicole H. Hess, Edward H. Hagen","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.02.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.02.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Theoretical models of gossip's role in the evolution of cooperation in ancestral human communities, and its role in within-group competition for resources, require gossip to cause changes in individuals' reputations, which then cause changes in the likelihood of their receiving benefits. However, there is scant experimental evidence from small-scale societies supporting such causal relationships. There is also little experimental evidence that, when making decisions about the transfer of resources, gossip receivers weigh gossip according to its relevance to the social context in which such transfers occur. Using an experimental vignette study design, in a sample from MTurk (</span><em>N</em> = 120) and another sample from a remote horticultural population, the Ngandu of the Central African Republic (CAR) (<em>N</em><span> = 160), we test whether positive and negative gossip increase and decrease the likelihood of transferring resources, respectively, mediated by their effects on reputation. We also test whether gossip that is relevant to the context of the resource transfer has a larger impact on reputation than other gossip. We found strong significant, context-relevant effects of gossip on participant willingness to transfer benefits, mediated by gossip's effects on reputation. Then, in an exploratory observational study of Aka hunter-gatherers of CAR using peer-reports (</span><em>N</em><span> = 40), we investigate whether providing benefits to the group (such as working hard, parenting or alloparenting<span>, or sharing) and genetic relatedness to the group, were associated with reputations and receiving benefits. We found that, although having a good reputation was associated with receiving more benefits, there was a stark sex difference, with almost all women scoring higher than almost all men on a dimension involving better parenting, good reputations, and receipt of more benefits.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41853071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Tit for tattling: Cooperation, communication, and how each could stabilize the other 偷梁换柱:合作，沟通，以及双方如何稳定对方

IF 5.1 1区心理学

Evolution and Human Behavior Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.06.002

Victor Vikram Odouard, Michael Holton Price

{"title":"Tit for tattling: Cooperation, communication, and how each could stabilize the other","authors":"Victor Vikram Odouard, Michael Holton Price","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Indirect reciprocity is a mechanism by which individuals cooperate with those who have cooperated with others. This creates a regime in which repeated interactions are not necessary to incent cooperation (as would be required for direct reciprocity). However, indirect reciprocity creates a new problem: how do agents <em>know</em> who has cooperated with others? To know this, agents would need to access some form of <em>reputation</em> information. Perhaps there is a communication system to disseminate reputation information, but how does it remain truthful and informative? Most papers assume the existence of a truthful, forthcoming, and informative communication system; in this paper, we seek to explain how such a communication system could remain evolutionarily stable in the absence of exogenous pressures. Specifically, we present three conditions that together maintain both the truthfulness of the communication system and the prevalence of cooperation: individuals (1) use a norm that rewards the behaviors that it prescribes (an aligned norm), (2) can signal <em>not only</em> about the actions of other agents, but also about their truthfulness (by acting as third party observers to an interaction), and (3) make occasional mistakes, demonstrating how error can create stability by introducing diversity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42599302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

No effects of exposure to women's fertile window body scents on men's hormonal and psychological responses 暴露于女性可生育的窗户气味对男性荷尔蒙和心理反应没有影响

IF 5.1 1区心理学

Evolution and Human Behavior Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.03.003

James R. Roney , Mei Mei , Rachel L. Grillot , Melissa Emery Thompson

{"title":"No effects of exposure to women's fertile window body scents on men's hormonal and psychological responses","authors":"James R. Roney , Mei Mei , Rachel L. Grillot , Melissa Emery Thompson","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Do men respond to women's peri-ovulatory body odors in functional ways? Prior studies reported more positive changes in men's testosterone and cortisol after exposure to women's scents collected within the putative fertile window (i.e., cycle days when conception is possible) compared to comparison odors, and also psychological priming effects that were differentially larger in response to the fertile window odors. We tested replication of these patterns in a study with precise estimation of women's ovulatory timing. Both axillary and genital scent samples were collected from undergraduate women on six nights spaced five days apart. Here, we tested men's responses to a subset of these samples that were chosen strategically to represent three cycle regions from each of 28 women with confirmed ovulation: the follicular phase prior to the start of the fertile window, the fertile window, and the luteal phase. A final sample of 182 men were randomly assigned to each smell one scent sample or plain water. Saliva samples were collected before and after smelling to assess changes in testosterone and cortisol, and psychological measures of both sexual priming and social approach motivation were assessed after stimulus exposure. Planned comparisons of fertile window to other stimuli revealed no statistically significant effects for any dependent variable, in spite of sufficient power to detect effect sizes reported in prior studies. Our findings thus failed to replicate prior publications that showed potentially adaptive responses to women's ovulatory odors. Discussion addresses the implications of these findings for the broader question of concealed ovulation in humans.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43410017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

In it together: evidence of a preference for the fair distribution of effort in joint action 综上所述:在联合行动中，人们倾向于公平分配努力

IF 5.1 1区心理学

Evolution and Human Behavior Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.04.002

Marcell Székely , John Michael

{"title":"In it together: evidence of a preference for the fair distribution of effort in joint action","authors":"Marcell Székely , John Michael","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A growing body of theoretical and empirical work suggests that our sense of fairness implies a preference for divisions of rewards that are proportional to contributions. However, there has been no study testing whether people distribute effort costs according to the expected reward distribution. We hypothesized that when people expect to share the reward of the joint task equally, they will ensure fairness by calibrating their effort investment such as to reduce inequity with respect to joint action partners' effort investment. We developed a task in which participants traded off effort costs against reward. Before making their decision, they observed as their partner performed an effort task. We examined how the perception of the partner's effort modulated effort-based decision-making in joint action, depending on whether participants were in a joint or separate reward structure, and on whether the available reward was known or unknown. Across two lab-based, pre-registered experiments (<em>N</em> = 57), we found support for our hypothesis, and we controlled for other candidate explanations for the observed effort matching effect such as a preference for acting jointly, learning about the value of opportunities afforded by the environment, learning the value of effort and competition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45655075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Decades of Trivers-Willard research on humans: What conclusions can be drawn? 几十年的特里弗斯-威拉德人类研究:可以得出什么结论?

IF 5.1 1区心理学

Evolution and Human Behavior Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.03.005

Valentin Thouzeau , Jeanne Bollée , Alejandrina Cristia , Coralie Chevallier

{"title":"Decades of Trivers-Willard research on humans: What conclusions can be drawn?","authors":"Valentin Thouzeau , Jeanne Bollée , Alejandrina Cristia , Coralie Chevallier","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.03.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The Trivers-Willard hypothesis predicts that parents in good condition are positively biased towards sons, while parents in poor condition are positively biased towards daughters. An extensive literature testing this hypothesis has accumulated in the last five decades. We take stock of results concerning humans in a systematic review, which yielded 87 articles, reporting a total of 821 hypothesis tests. A p-curving analysis did not reveal a pattern of </span><em>p</em>-values consistent with p-hacking. Effects are consistent with the Trivers-Willard hypothesis overall. We then went on to check whether there was a difference between sex ratio and post-birth investment. Theoretical work suggests that, the conditions under which the Trivers-Willard hypothesis is verified should be more restrictive in the case of post-birth investment than for sex ratio. We explored this question in two ways and obtained mixed results. We put forward recommendations for future studies that aim to further assess the validity of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis or mechanisms subtending it, and we discuss the implications of different ways of measuring parental status and investment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49721205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The influence of language on the evolution of cooperation 语言对合作演变的影响

IF 5.1 1区心理学

Evolution and Human Behavior Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.04.003

Megan E. Bishop, Brian A. Lerch

{"title":"The influence of language on the evolution of cooperation","authors":"Megan E. Bishop, Brian A. Lerch","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Humans' sophisticated language system and advanced ability to cooperate with non-relatives are unique amongst animals. Verbal arguments have asserted that language, in particular, facilitated the evolution of large-scale cooperation—but the specific mechanisms by which language influences cooperation have not been tested in formal models. Here we develop a mathematical model that explicitly considers three possible influences of language on the evolution of cooperation: 1) increasing the payoff of cooperative interactions, 2) allowing cooperation to succeed with fewer cooperators in the group, and 3) promoting the positive assortment of cooperators. Our results show that the role of language in the evolution of cooperation is not as straightforward as often believed, with each model variant showing a different effect of language. Notably, when language decreases the number of cooperators needed to successfully reach a positive group payoff, the equilibrium frequency of cooperators can actually decrease with increasing language proficiency. Language does consistently favor the evolution of cooperation when it leads to higher payoffs of cooperation or facilitates the positive assortment of cooperators. However, language cannot lead to the evolution of cooperation in a population of only defectors, except when it leads to positive assortment in both cooperators and defectors. Overall, our results demonstrate that the way that language alters cooperative interactions determines its effect on social evolution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47545718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0