Evolution and Human Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Headmen, shamans, and mothers: Natural and sexual selection for computational services","authors":"Edward H. Hagen ,&nbsp;Zachary H. Garfield ,&nbsp;Aaron D. Lightner","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Computer engineers face a dilemma. They must build systems with sufficient resources to solve the most complex problems the systems are expected to solve, but the systems will only need to solve such problems intermittently, resulting in inefficient use of expensive computational resources. This dilemma is commonly resolved with timesharing, networking, multitasking, and other technologies that enable computational resources to be shared with multiple users. The human brain, which evolved to acquire, store, and process information to make beneficial decisions in situations that were periodically complex, is likewise energetically expensive to build and maintain yet plausibly has idle capacity much of the time. We propose that humans evolved to use advantages in information or computational resources to provide computational services to others via a language-based “network” in exchange for payments of various sorts that helped subsidize the energetic costs of the brain. Specifically, we argue that with the Pleistocene transition of <em>Homo</em> to a niche in open habitats with a more meat-based diet, four major selection pressures for knowledge specialists began to act on the human lineage: (1) the need to resolve conflicts and maintain cooperation in larger multilevel societies, which lead to the rise of knowledge-based leaders as decision-making and conflict resolution specialists who were “paid” with increased mating success or resources; (2) the need for greater defense against zoonotic pathogens, which lead to the rise of shamans as medical knowledge specialists, who were “paid” with increased mating success or resources; (3) the greater complexity of mothering with shorter interbirth intervals and longer periods of juvenile dependency, which led to mothers as both decision-making and medical specialists, who were “paid” with increased inclusive fitness; and (4) the need to make more efficient use of an increasingly large and energetically expensive brain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"46 1","pages":"Article 106651"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pumping the Brakes on Psychosocial Acceleration Theory: Revisiting its Underlying Assumptions","authors":"Anthony A. Volk","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Psychosocial Acceleration Theory (PAT) is a popular evolutionary psychology theory that applies the biological concept of life history theory to understanding individual differences in human behavior and development. PAT argues that during a critical period in early childhood, exposure to harsh and/or unpredictable conditions leads individuals to accelerate their pubertal maturation and engage in more mating effort alongside less parental (and potentially somatic) investment (and vice versa in response to benign or predictable cues.) A large body of literature has found small, but significant, empirical effects in support of these patterns. However, a separate body of research has increasingly revealed a number of significant challenges to the underlying assumptions of PAT. The goal of my paper was to therefore review PAT’s assumptions and any challenges to those assumptions. My review shows that all of PAT’s underlying assumptions have at least modest challenges to their validity, with the majority of those assumptions facing more severe challenges to their validity. I therefore suggest that future research on PAT should focus on addressing these potential challenges to the theory so as to offer a stronger theoretical framework with which to explain current empirical data about human life histories.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"46 1","pages":"Article 106657"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is mate-choice copying a female phenomenon?","authors":"Robert Ian Bowers,&nbsp;Verda Pınar,&nbsp;Selime Selay Sarıyıldız,&nbsp;Duru Parlak","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106653","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mate-choice copying is where the probability of being chosen as a mate increases when there is evidence that others have already chosen that mate. Previous studies have shown that humans of both sexes are subject to such effects. This study asks whether the sexes differ in the extent that they are so affected, raising several considerations that push expectations in either direction. University students (<em>N</em> = 243) rated profile cards about real daters obtained from a prior speed dating event. Profiles included positive, negative or mixed mate choice information about the daters. Both males and females changed their ratings in the direction of others' choices, and to comparable extents. These ratings changes correlated with neither rejection sensitivity nor attachment style scale scores. The present results challenge theories that lead to the expectation that human females will rely more heavily than males on social mate-choice heuristics, and loan credence to several factors that motivate expectation of no sex difference in mate-choice copying.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"46 1","pages":"Article 106653"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Men's but not women's risk proneness in early adulthood is associated with lifetime reproductive success: evidence for sexual selection in modern environments","authors":"Ryotaro Sakamoto,&nbsp;Yohsuke Ohtsubo","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106654","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106654","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two studies were conducted in Japan (Study 1) and the US (Study 2) to test whether sexual selection acts on risk proneness in modern environments. Participants aged 45 to 55 years (total <em>N</em> = 2887) reported their risk proneness in early adulthood (20s to 30s) and the number of children they had. In both studies, the number of children was significantly correlated with risk proneness in early adulthood only among men. Although men's correlation was weak (smaller than 0.15), women's correlation was virtually zero in both countries. More importantly, the correlation was significantly stronger for men than for women. These results suggest that sexual selection still acts on men's risk proneness in modern environments (in this case, contemporary Japan and the US), whereas women's risk proneness is not under selection in either country.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"46 1","pages":"Article 106654"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trustworthiness: an adaptationist account","authors":"Laureon A. Merrie ,&nbsp;Jaimie Arona Krems ,&nbsp;Daniel Sznycer ,&nbsp;Nina N. Rodriguez","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The concept of <span>trustworthiness</span> plays a role in the formation, maintenance, and dissolution of friendships, marriages, and cooperative relationships from small to large scales. Here, we analyze <span>trustworthiness</span> under the assumption that such concepts evolved to guide action adaptively. Intuition and research suggest that actors trust targets who have not engaged in betrayals. However, this perspective fails to capture certain real-world behaviors (e.g., when two people cheating on their spouses enter a relationship with each other and expect mutual fidelity). Evolutionary task analysis suggests that <span>trustworthiness</span> is structured to help actors address challenges of extending trust, where actors may gain or lose from doing so. In six experiments with American adults (<em>N</em> = 1718), we test the hypothesis that <span>trustworthiness</span> tracks not only (i) whether targets refrain from betraying trust when given opportunities, but also (ii) the impact of betrayal on the actor. Data generally support this hypothesis across relationships (friendships, romantic, professional): Actors deem non-betrayers more trustworthy than betrayers, but also deem betrayers more trustworthy when betrayals benefit actors. T<span>rustworthiness</span> may incline actors to trust to those who refrain from betraying others—a potent signal of reluctance to betray oneself—while also favoring those who betray others if it serves oneself.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"46 1","pages":"Article 106648"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An evolutionary perspective on homosexuality: Testing the sexually antagonistic genes hypothesis through familial fertility analysis","authors":"Jakub Fořt ,&nbsp;Jaroslava Varella Valentova ,&nbsp;Kateřina Hudáčová ,&nbsp;Benjamin Kunc ,&nbsp;Jan Havlíček","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is robust evidence to the effect that homosexual individuals have systematically less offspring. The sexually antagonistic genes hypothesis claims that this fitness-related disadvantage of homosexual individuals is compensated by their other-sex relatives exhibiting greater fertility than the relatives of straight individuals. It would allow explain how genetic variants associated with homosexuality persist in the human population. Nevertheless, previous studies yielded conflicting results and, moreover, they focused almost solely on the fertility of gay men's relatives. We present the results of a large preregistered study based on data on fertility of both gay men's and lesbian women's relatives. We have analyzed the fertility and biological kin fertility of 693 gay men, 843 straight men, 265 lesbian women, and 331 straight women from Czechia and Slovakia. As expected, gay men and lesbian women sired significantly less offspring than straight individuals. However, we also found no evidence supporting the sexually antagonistic genes hypothesis, i.e., no difference between the fertility of other-sex relatives of homosexual and heterosexual individuals. Interestingly, though, paternal grandparents of gay men had more offspring than the paternal grandparents of straight men did. The mothers of lesbian women had a higher fertility than the mothers of straight women, but that could be attributed to intervening effects, such as the excess of older brothers in homosexual individuals. Our results suggest that mechanisms other than those predicted by the sexually antagonistic genes hypothesis are involved in the evolution of human homosexual orientation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"46 1","pages":"Article 106649"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strength, mating success, and immune and nutritional costs in a population sample of US women and men: A registered report","authors":"Caroline B. Smith,&nbsp;Edward H. Hagen","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Theory and evidence suggest that the mating benefits of muscle mass in human males trade off with costs of increased energy intake and decreased measures of innate immunity, likely due to an evolutionary history of sexual selection. Lassek and Gaulin (2009) demonstrated a positive association between male fat-free mass and limb muscle volume and mating success but did not investigate women. It is therefore unknown if females experience a similar tradeoff. Using data from the 2013–2014 phase of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a large nationally representative sample of US adults (<em>N</em> = 4316), we tested the prediction from the sexual selection hypothesis that the association of upper-body strength, proxied by grip strength, with mating success is significantly positive for males and significantly less so for females. We found a main effect of strength on mating success proxied by lifetime number of sexual partners and current partnered status, but not past-year number of sexual partners or age at first intercourse. We found consistent evidence for a grip strength X sex interaction on partnered status, such that strength was significantly more important for male partnered status than female (but no significant interaction for lifetime sexual partners). We also tested for tradeoffs of upper-body strength with immune and dietary intake and found a positive relationship between grip strength and protein and energy intake, but no significant relationship between grip strength and innate immune function. Our results suggest that sexually dimorphic upper-body strength might have evolved, in part, by increasing male long-term mating success.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"46 1","pages":"Article 106647"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"I will hold a weapon if you hold one: Experiments of preemptive strike game with possession option","authors":"Hiroki Ozono ,&nbsp;Daisuke Nakama","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Force possession in an inter-personal or inter-group context has been a familiar issue in human evolution and continues to be important today. The puzzle around force possession is that it may result in escalation of force and increase the risk of being attacked even if the force possession is originally intended for self-defense. However, there are few relevant empirical studies. This study examined the determinants of force possession by developing the preemptive strike game to include a possession option. In this game, each player (who is matched with one opponent) decides whether to possess an attack button and, if they possess, they can decide whether to push the button (attack the opponent). If neither the player nor the opponent attack, nothing happens, but if a player attacks first, the player loses a small amount of resources, but the one who is attacked loses significant resources. In this situation, possessing the button raise the potential risk of being attacked due to fear. In Study 1, 182 participants (online crowd workers) played the game, and the results showed the tendency to seek a balance of forces, that is, the higher the opponent's expected probability of possession, the more likely participants were to decide to possess. However, the opponent's probability of possession was the measured expectations by the participants. To clarify the causality, in Study 2 with 131 participants (online crowd workers), we experimentally manipulated the probability of the opponent's possession, and confirmed the same tendency. We discuss the implications and the limitations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106635"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic markers of cousin marriage and honour cultures","authors":"Olympia L.K. Campbell ,&nbsp;Cecilia Padilla-Iglesias ,&nbsp;Grégory Fiorio ,&nbsp;Ruth Mace","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Honour cultures, characterized by violent responses to perceived threats to personal or family honour, are widespread. Honour killings, one of the manifestations of honour cultures, claims the lives of thousands of women each year, often at the hands of close relatives, representing not only a social problem but also an evolutionary puzzle. They typically follow accusations of sexual impropriety and are the most extreme manifestation of a range of punishments that control the sexual and marital choices of women. The origins of such practises remain unclear, though honour cultures frequently occur where cousin marriage is common. We propose that cousin marriage offers kin benefits through wealth consolidation yet may also generate parent-offspring conflict over marriage choices. In response, norms and punitive measures, including aspects of honour codes, may have evolved to enforce cousin marriage. To test this, we use the average genomic inbreeding coefficient of an ethnic group, as a measure of the historical practice of cousin marriage, to show that this is associated with the likelihood of endorsing honour killings across 52 ethnic groups. We interpret our findings within the context of parent-offspring conflict over consanguineous marriage and we contribute to the growing body of research exploring the relationship between intensive kinship and cultural traits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106636"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142650751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Even small differences in attractiveness and formidability affect the probability and speed of selection: An online study and an offline replication","authors":"Vít Třebický ,&nbsp;Petr Tureček ,&nbsp;Jitka Třebická Fialová ,&nbsp;Žaneta Pátková ,&nbsp;Dominika Grygarová ,&nbsp;Jan Havlíček","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Facial and bodily features represent salient visual stimuli upon which people spontaneously attribute various fitness-relevant characteristics such as attractiveness or formidability. While existing evidence predominantly relies on sequential stimuli presentation tasks, real-world social comparisons often involve assessing two or multiple individuals. In studies using two-alternative forced-choice tasks, participants usually perform at rates above the chance to select the expected option. However, these tasks use dichotomized and artificially manipulated stimuli that lack generalizability in situations where the differences between individuals are less likely to be ‘clear-cut’. We tested whether the probability of selection will proportionally increase with increasing degrees of difference between the stimuli or whether there is a discrimination threshold if the stimuli are perceived as too similar. In two registered studies comprising online (<em>N</em> = 446) and onsite (<em>N</em> = 56) participants, we explored the influence of the degree of difference in attractiveness and formidability ratings between stimuli pairs on both the probability of selection and selection speed. Participants were presented with randomly selected pairs of men (30 pairs of faces, 30 pairs of bodies) and tasked with choosing the more attractive or formidable target. Applying Bayesian inference, our findings reveal a systematic impact of the degree of difference on both the selection probability and speed. As differences in attractiveness or formidability increased, both men and women exhibited a heightened propensity and speed in selecting the higher-scoring stimuli. Our study demonstrates that people discriminate even slight differences in attractiveness and formidability, indicating that cognitive processes underlying the perception of these characteristics had undergone natural selection for a high level of discrimination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 6","pages":"Article 106634"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}