Evolution and Human Behavior最新文献

{"title":"Sibling competition and dispersal drive sex differences in religious celibacy","authors":"Alberto J.C. Micheletti,&nbsp;Ruth Mace","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Religious practices vary greatly worldwide. Lifelong celibacy is present in many world religions, but it remains unclear why the frequency of monks and nuns (male and female celibates) varies at different times and places. Here, we develop a two-sex inclusive fitness model of lifelong celibacy. We find that the sex that competes more over parental resources is favoured to have more celibates, that is more monks than nuns are expected when brother-brother competition is higher than sister-sister competition. Moreover, the extent to which brothers and sisters compete over the same parental resources influences these patterns: intermediate sibling competition leads to more extreme differences in the proportion of monks and nuns. The sex that disperses less is also favoured to have more celibates. We show how our model can explain variation in the frequency of monks and nuns in three populations that differ in post-marital residence, marriage systems and inheritance rules.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 2","pages":"Pages 144-152"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513824000114/pdfft?md5=82ced1e4fe7740dda8eb95cad38f9e32&pid=1-s2.0-S1090513824000114-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139555463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of costly commitment signals in assorting cooperators during intergroup conflict","authors":"Martin Lang ,&nbsp;Radim Chvaja ,&nbsp;Benjamin G. Purzycki","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>A reliable assortment of committed individuals is crucial for success in intergroup conflict due to the danger of shirking. Theory predicts that reliable communication of commitment is afforded by costly signals that track cooperative intent. Across four pre-registered studies (total </span><em>N</em> = 1440, general US population), we used the public goods game where groups competed for resources to investigate whether and how costly signals function to assort cooperators. We found that costly signals assorted more cooperative participants, creating groups that would win most of the between-group clashes. The same effects were not observed when participants were assigned to signal, implying that signaling tracks but does not create cooperative intent. However, contrary to costly signaling theory, we found that low cost signals were more effective in cooperator assortment compared to high cost signals and suggest that future studies need to focus on signaler perception of cost/benefit trade-off of signaling.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 2","pages":"Pages 131-143"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139586982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing disgust sensitivity in women in early pregnancy and non-pregnant women in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle","authors":"Daniela Dlouhá ,&nbsp;Jana Ullmann ,&nbsp;Lea Takács ,&nbsp;Kamila Nouzová ,&nbsp;Hana Hrbáčková ,&nbsp;Jan Šeda ,&nbsp;Šárka Kaňková","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Considered a part of the behavioral immune system<span>, disgust functions as a protective mechanism against potential pathogen threat. There is evidence that disgust sensitivity varies depending on immunological and hormonal changes, including those occurring during the menstrual cycle<span> or pregnancy. Although some studies indicate that disgust is elevated in early pregnancy, no study has yet compared disgust sensitivity in pregnant and non-pregnant women. This study aimed to examine differences in disgust sensitivity in pregnant versus non-pregnant women, while investigating whether disgust sensitivity differs depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle in non-pregnant women. The sample included 172 women (aged 21–40) in the first trimester of pregnancy and 354 non-pregnant, naturally cycling women (aged 20–40), out of whom 218 (61.6%) were in the luteal phase. All women filled out the Disgust Scale-Revised and the Three Domains of Disgust Scale. Non-pregnant women also completed the Culpepper Disgust Image Set. We observed that pregnant women<span> had significantly higher pathogen-related and sexual disgust sensitivity than their non-pregnant counterparts (in both the follicular and luteal cycle phases). In non-pregnant women, there was no difference in disgust sensitivity between women in the follicular and luteal phases. When comparing pregnant women, women in the follicular phase, and those in the luteal phase, pathogen-related disgust sensitivity was lowest in the follicular, then in the luteal phase, and the highest in early pregnancy, although the difference between women in the follicular and luteal phase was not significant. Our results provide further evidence for the hypothesis that disgust is elevated when there is a need for increased protection, such as in the critical period of organogenesis in the first trimester of pregnancy.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 2","pages":"Pages 164-174"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139882378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sibling aggression is surprisingly common and sexually egalitarian","authors":"Amanda P. Kirsch ,&nbsp;Douglas T. Kenrick ,&nbsp;Ahra Ko ,&nbsp;Cari M. Pick ,&nbsp;Michael E.W. Varnum","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two well-supported generalizations from aggression research are that: a) people are less likely to commit homicide against close kin compared to non-kin, and b) females are less likely to engage in direct aggression than are males. Aggression between siblings, however, is somewhat more complicated than one might surmise from those two generalizations. Data from 3 studies collected using undergraduate and Prolific samples (<em>N</em> = 1640) reveal classic sex differences in direct aggression between non-relatives, but not between sisters and brothers. Whereas only a small minority of females have hit a friend or an acquaintance, the majority of females, like the majority of males, have hit a sibling. Although reputational aggression is substantially less likely between siblings than between friends or acquaintances, mild forms of direct aggression (such as hitting) are quite frequent between siblings. Discussion considers several possible limitations of the findings reported here and considers results in light of Trivers' theory of parent-offspring conflict.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 2","pages":"Pages 214-227"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140129797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Choosing to help others at a cost to oneself elevates preschoolers' body posture","authors":"Sveinung Sundfør Sivertsen ,&nbsp;Daniel Haun ,&nbsp;Robert Hepach","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Young children sometimes help others at a cost to themselves, but little is known about the emotional mechanisms underlying this behaviour. Here, 5-year-old children (<em>n</em> = 96, 45 girls, mean age = 5.57 years, SD = 1.79 months, range = 5.19 years to 5.9 years, families recruited from a local database based in a medium-sized German city) were engaged in one task and then asked either to help (child-helps) or watch (child-watches) an adult complete another task. Children would lose (cost) or not lose (no-cost) the progress they had made on their own task if they engaged with the adult. Children were more likely to interrupt their own task in the helping condition and were overall faster to do so when helping was not costly. Children who chose to incur a cost to help showed more positive emotions after helping—as measured via changes in their postural elevation—compared to helping at no cost. This pattern was not found in the child-watches condition. This suggests that costly helping holds emotional rewards for children in ways that non-costly helping does not.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 2","pages":"Pages 175-182"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513824000205/pdfft?md5=c329d6e77c1585731bc702b7103955c5&pid=1-s2.0-S1090513824000205-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140129868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dyads in networks: We (dis)like our partners' partners based on their anticipated indirect effects on us","authors":"Laureon A. Merrie ,&nbsp;Jaimie Arona Krems ,&nbsp;Daniel Sznycer","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Research on close relationships often focuses on the dyad (e.g., dyads of romantic partners) and on how dyad members affect each other's welfare. But dyads exist embedded in broader, densely-interconnected social networks, and less research attention has been paid to the myriad ways in which people outside the dyad impact one's welfare through their interactions with, or even their attitudes about, <em>the other</em> member of the dyad. What drives our feelings toward such extra-dyadic individuals? Balance Theory, an influential formalist theory in social psychology, suggests that our feelings are driven by the need for affective balance, achieved by, for example, liking strangers who share our feelings toward our existing partners or by disliking strangers who do not. We propose an alternative theory, the Embedded Dyad Framework, which foregrounds the substantive effects that strangers can have on our welfare through their interactions with our dyadic partners. Across four experiments (<em>N</em> = 1589) with U.S.-residing participants we predict and find, consistent with the Embedded Dyad Framework, that we like strangers who share our hatred for our rivals and our love for our friends (consistent with Balance Theory); but we dislike strangers who share our love for our spouses (contradicting Balance Theory). Further supporting predictions from an Embedded Dyad Framework, (a) greater perceived exclusivity in welfare-enhancing dyadic relationships (e.g., friendships) drives our lesser liking of strangers who share our love for our partners, and (b) greater perceived welfare suppression by our antagonistic partners (e.g., rivals) drives our liking of strangers who share our hatred of our antagonists. This framework outpredicts cognitive consistency views by emphasizing the real threats and opportunities that dyadic relationships afford people when dyads are embedded in social networks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 2","pages":"Pages 203-213"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140129639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why do people make noises in bed?","authors":"Andrey Anikin","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Many primates produce copulation calls, but we have surprisingly little data on what human sex sounds like. I present 34 h of audio recordings from 2239 authentic sexual episodes shared online. These include partnered sex or masturbation, but each recording has only one main vocalizer (1950 female, 289 male). Both acoustic features and arousal ratings from an online perceptual experiment with 109 listeners recruited on Prolific follow an inverted-U curve, revealing the likely time of orgasm. Sexual vocalizations become longer, louder, more high-pitched, voiced, and unpredictable at orgasm in both men and women. Men are not less vocal overall in this sample, but women start moaning at an earlier stage; speech or even minimally verbalized exclamations are uncommon. While excessive vocalizing sounds inauthentic to listeners, vocal bursts at peak arousal are ubiquitous and less verbalized than in the build-up phase, suggesting limited volitional control. Human sexual vocalizations likely include both consciously controlled and spontaneous moans of pleasure, which are perhaps best understood as sounds of <em>liking</em> rather than signals specific to copulation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 2","pages":"Pages 183-192"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513824000217/pdfft?md5=5fdcfb76da04ce19c481f7e16fcb7230&pid=1-s2.0-S1090513824000217-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140006061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Victims of misfortune may not “deserve” help: A possible factor in victim-devaluation","authors":"Pascal Boyer ,&nbsp;Eric Chantland ,&nbsp;Lou Safra","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Why do people blame, devalue or derogate the victims of misfortune? The literature suggests general factors like a belief in a just world or a desire to distance oneself from misfortune, but the empirical results are often unclear. Here we suggest another potential factor in victim-devaluation in particular. Attitudes to victims should be seen in the context of human cooperation, as victims can be a source of costs for others and, therefore, may constitute poor potential cooperation partners. If that is the case, devaluation should be associated with a reluctance to offer help to victims. As predicted, across six pre-registered studies, we found that participants' reluctance to donate their own money (their bonus for participation), or allocate other people's money to a victim predicted the devaluation of the victim's character. Both devaluation and willingness to help were influenced by manipulating the victim's apparent competence, and the victim's concern for other people's possible costs, two crucial dimensions of cooperative potential. These results are consistent with the overall hypothesis that people's intuitions about a victim's cooperation potential are relevant to victim-devaluation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 2","pages":"Pages 153-163"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139668709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Costly inductions as a commitment-selection strategy: Assessing hazing's relationship with attrition in a college fraternity","authors":"Aldo Cimino ,&nbsp;Joshua Pollock ,&nbsp;Benjamin J. Thomas","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Social scientists have often claimed or implied that hazing selects out uncommitted newcomers in voluntary associations. Because groups that engage in hazing are generally secretive about their practices, there has never been a real-world, in situ test of this claim. Using an American social fraternity, we report the first real-world, longitudinal test of hazing's relationship with selective newcomer attrition. Our data are derived from six sets of fraternity inductees who experienced the fraternity's hazing induction process (<em>N</em> = 126). Our analyses suggest that experienced hazing severity is a predictor of attrition and that hazing severity differentially predicts the attrition of low-commitment newcomers. However, real-world fraternity inductions (and measurements thereof) are complex in ways that add important caveats to our findings. Our discussion focuses on the best means by which to confirm or disconfirm our results through future replications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 1","pages":"Pages 66-74"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135389701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in birth weight depending on the mother's condition: testing the Trivers-Willard hypothesis in Indian twins","authors":"Ryoko Takikawa ,&nbsp;Yasuyuki Fukukawa","doi":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2023.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>According to the Trivers-Willard hypothesis, mothers who give birth to sons when their general condition is good and daughters when their condition is bad have an advantage in fitness. The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesis in humans by examining sex differences in birth weight according to maternal age based on a comparison of the birth weights of twins. A total of 2138 Indian twins (668 opposite sex, 2940 same sex) from the 2015–2016 National Family Health Survey IV database were identified for analysis. In total, 3700 mothers were at low risk for having low-birth-weight babies in terms of maternal age (ages 20–34 years) and 576 mothers were at high risk in terms of maternal age (20 years younger or 35 years or older). The results of the </span>analysis of covariance showed that: 1) the birth weight ratio of opposite-sex twins is small (female newborns are heavier) when the mothers are at a high risk age. 2) At a high risk age, female newborns in opposite-sex twins, who can receive sex-based discriminatory investments, are heavier at birth than female babies in same-sex twins. These results remained significant after controlling for variables potentially related to birth weight. This study provides potential evidence that in utero selection is retained by the mother as a countermeasure against threats in terms of fitness.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55159,"journal":{"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","volume":"45 1","pages":"Pages 41-47"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135588607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}