IET Renewable Power Generation最新文献

{"title":"Towards the development of offshore wind farms in the Mediterranean Sea: A techno-economic analysis including green hydrogen production during curtailments","authors":"Riccardo Travaglini,&nbsp;Francesco Superchi,&nbsp;Francesco Lanni,&nbsp;Giovanni Manzini,&nbsp;Laura Serri,&nbsp;Alessandro Bianchini","doi":"10.1049/rpg2.13135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.13135","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bringing floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) to a real industrial maturity and reducing the levelized cost of floating wind energy are key to significantly increasing the penetration of renewables in the energy mix of Mediterranean countries, especially if in combination with suitable energy storage systems, such as those involving green hydrogen production. The present study analyses techno-economic aspects of some of the technologies related to FOWTs and hydrogen production by means of offshore-generated energy, aiming to evaluate the potential of a floating wind farm integrated with a power-to-gas energy storage system in a specific installation site near the Sardinian shores. In comparison to the pioneering studies to date, a more detailed computational model is used, able to account for several critical factors like a better description of metocean conditions, constraints on grid capacity, and a state-of-the-art model to define the farm layout. Concerning hydrogen production, a comparison between the statistical approach, which is commonly used in the field, and a fully time-dependent method is performed. Proposed results obtained with the statistic and the time-dependent approach show values ranging between 3.79 and 5.47€/kg, respectively. These outcomes are thought to provide an interesting comparison between different fidelity approaches and realistic reference values for the levelized cost of hydrogen by floating wind in the Mediterranean Sea.</p>","PeriodicalId":55000,"journal":{"name":"IET Renewable Power Generation","volume":"18 15","pages":"3112-3126"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rpg2.13135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142674144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stochastic optimal power flow framework with incorporation of wind turbines and solar PVs using improved liver cancer algorithm","authors":"Noor Habib Khan,&nbsp;Yong Wang,&nbsp;Salman Habib,&nbsp;Raheela Jamal,&nbsp;Muhammad Majid Gulzar,&nbsp;S. M. Muyeen,&nbsp;Mohamed Ebeed","doi":"10.1049/rpg2.13113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.13113","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study introduces a nature inspired improved liver cancer algorithm (ILCA) for solving the non-convex engineering optimization issues. The traditional LCA (t-LCA) inspires from the conduct of liver tumours and integrates biological ethics during the optimization procedure. However, t-LCA facing stagnation issues and may trap into local optima. To avoid such issues and provide the optimal solution, there are some modifications are implemented into the internal structure of t-LCA based on Weibull flight operator, mutation-based approach, quasi-opposite-based learning and gorilla troops exploitation-based mechanisms to enhance the overall strength of the algorithm to obtain the global solution. For validation of ILCA, the non-parametric and the statistical analysis are performed using benchmark standard functions. Moreover, ILCA is applied to resolve the stochastic renewable-based (wind turbines + PVs) optimal power flow problem using a modified RER-based IEEE 57-bus. The objective of this work is to obtain the minimum predicted power losses and enhance the predicted voltage stability. By incorporation of renewable resources into the modified IEEE57-bus network can help the system to reduce the power losses from 5.6622 to 3.8142 MW, while the voltage stability is enhanced from 0.1700 to 0.1164 p.u.</p>","PeriodicalId":55000,"journal":{"name":"IET Renewable Power Generation","volume":"18 14","pages":"2672-2693"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rpg2.13113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fractional order slide mode droop control for simultaneous voltage and frequency regulation of AC microgrid","authors":"Mohamad Issa Ibraheem,&nbsp;Mehdi Edrisi,&nbsp;Hassan Haes Alhelou,&nbsp;Mehdi Gholipour","doi":"10.1049/rpg2.13067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.13067","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This research proposes the application of fractional-order sliding mode control (FOSMC) at the primary controller level to improve the stability of an islanded microgrid by adjusting its voltage and frequency. The control strategies used in the microgrid are performed in two levels (primary and secondary) in the islanded mode. Practically, most previous studies have worked to improve the primary controller. Droop control is one of the most commonly used methods at the primary level and is adopted in this study as well. The sliding mode control (SMC) strategy is normally used to control linear equations. Thus, the non-linear microgrid equations were transformed into some linear ones using the input-output feedback linearization technique. Further, a fractional sliding surface was acquainted. The sliding surface and FOSMC were designed to reject system uncertainties and organize the voltage and frequency. Design parameters were chosen using the Lyapunov stability theorem. The validation of the proposed method using Simulink-MATLAB confirms its effectiveness in enhancing level power sharing, regulating frequency, and maintaining voltage stability across the system.</p>","PeriodicalId":55000,"journal":{"name":"IET Renewable Power Generation","volume":"18 14","pages":"2629-2640"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rpg2.13067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A soft switching non-isolated bidirectional DC–DC converter with improved voltage conversion ratio and minimum number of switches","authors":"Nasrin Asadi Madiseh,&nbsp;Ehsan Adib","doi":"10.1049/rpg2.13114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.13114","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A soft switching non-isolated bidirectional DC–DC converter with an improved voltage conversion ratio without any additional auxiliary switch is presented in this paper. In the proposed converter, improved step-up/step-down gain conversion is achieved by employing the coupled inductors method. Also, the auxiliary circuit provides soft switching conditions for all the semiconductor elements, regardless of the power flow direction and without any extra voltage stress. The other switch helps provide soft switching conditions for the main switch. Moreover, the switch used for providing soft switching conditions operates as a synchronous rectifier as well. The additional circuit added to attain soft switching is composed of an inductor, coupled with the converter's main inductor, and two auxiliary diodes. The auxiliary diodes benefit from zero-current-switching conditions. Fully soft switching conditions for all semiconductor devices, removing the reverse recovery problem, and a low number of components have led to mitigating switching losses and improving efficiency. Detailed operating principles and a theoretical analysis of the proposed converter are presented. Also, the experimental results of a 220 W prototype circuit are provided to confirm the validity of the proposed topology.</p>","PeriodicalId":55000,"journal":{"name":"IET Renewable Power Generation","volume":"18 14","pages":"2694-2705"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rpg2.13114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A modified synchronverter for a weak grid with virtual power circles-based PQ decoupling scheme","authors":"Daniel Angelo Kisinga,&nbsp;Peter Makolo,&nbsp;Paul Trodden","doi":"10.1049/rpg2.13118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.13118","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) results in a low-inertia, weak power grid. To mitigate this and restore system inertia, it has been widely proposed to operate the inverters of RES units to mimic synchronous generators; this technology is known as a virtual synchronous generator (VSG). In weak grids there is, however, strong coupling between active power (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$P$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) and reactive power (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;Q&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$Q$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;), and any VSG technique therefore requires &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;Q&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$PQ$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; decoupling in order to operate effectively. This article proposes a new &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;Q&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$PQ$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; decoupling technique based on the transformation of the &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;Q&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$PQ$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; power circle of a VSG connected to a weak grid: first, the power circle is &lt;i&gt;translated&lt;/i&gt; from its designed position to that of a conventional synchronous generator (SG) connected to a &lt;i&gt;strong&lt;/i&gt; grid, achieving &lt;i&gt;partial&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;Q&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$PQ$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; decoupling. Then, to achieve full &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;Q&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$PQ$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; decoupling, the authors propose further to modulate the radius of the translated &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;Q&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$PQ$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; power circle; this is achieved using a series resistance-capacitance–inductance (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":55000,"journal":{"name":"IET Renewable Power Generation","volume":"18 14","pages":"2723-2736"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rpg2.13118","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of reversible solid oxide cell system capacity combined with an offshore wind farm for hydrogen production and energy storage using the PyPSA power system modelling tool","authors":"Jessica Guichard,&nbsp;Robert Rawlinson-Smith,&nbsp;Deborah Greaves","doi":"10.1049/rpg2.13134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.13134","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Eight scenarios where high efficiency reversible solid oxide cells (rSOC) are combined with an offshore wind farm are identified. Thanks to the PyPSA power system modelling tool combined with a sensitivity study, optimized rSOC system capacities, hydrogen storage capacities, and subsea cable connection capacities are investigated under various combinations of rSOC system capital cost, prices paid for hydrogen, and electricity prices, which give indications on the most profitable scenario for offshore hydrogen production from a 600 MW wind farm situated 60 km from shore. Low electricity prices (yearly average 45 £/MWh) combined with mild fluctuations (standard deviation 6 or 13 £/MWh) call for dedicated hydrogen production when the hydrogen price exceeds 4 £/kg. High electricity prices (yearly average 118 or 204 £/MWh), combined with extreme fluctuations (standard deviation between 73 and 110 £/MWh), make a reversible system economically profitable. The amount of hydrogen which is recommended to be reconverted into electricity depends on the price paid for hydrogen. Comparison of the optimized cases to the default case of a wind farm without hydrogen production improved profit by at least 3% and up to 908%. Comparison to the default case of dedicated hydrogen production, showed that in the case of low hydrogen prices, an unprofitable scenario can be made profitable, and improvement of profit in the case of a profitable default case starts at 4% and reaches numbers as high as 324%.</p>","PeriodicalId":55000,"journal":{"name":"IET Renewable Power Generation","volume":"18 15","pages":"3091-3111"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rpg2.13134","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142674299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active protection scheme based on high-frequency current for distribution networks with inverter-interfaced distributed generators","authors":"Haifeng Li,&nbsp;Huamin Liang,&nbsp;Zhidong Wang,&nbsp;Zhenggang Zhang,&nbsp;Yuansheng Liang","doi":"10.1049/rpg2.13119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.13119","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the high penetration and flexible access of inverter-interfaced distributed generators (IIDGs), it is gradually becoming difficult for traditional protection schemes to meet the requirements for the safe operation of distribution networks (DNs). Active protection schemes based on power electronic equipment provide a new approach. On the basis of the controllability of voltage source converters, a method for active high-frequency signal injection and a selection principle for the corresponding control parameters are proposed. Considering the impact of T-connected load branches on the protected line, the high-frequency current characteristics at the three terminals during internal and external faults are analysed. On this basis, an active protection scheme based on high-frequency current is proposed for DNs with IIDGs. The performance of the proposed scheme is verified via PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software. The test results show that the proposed scheme can reliably trip during internal faults and identify faulty phases, which has better endurance to fault resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":55000,"journal":{"name":"IET Renewable Power Generation","volume":"18 14","pages":"2737-2750"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rpg2.13119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maximizing wind farm production through pitch control using graph neural networks and hybrid learning methods","authors":"Yuchong Huo,&nbsp;Chang Xu,&nbsp;Qun Li,&nbsp;Qiang Li,&nbsp;Minghui Yin","doi":"10.1049/rpg2.13133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.13133","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article presents a novel methodology to maximize wind farm power generation by integrating graph neural networks (GNN), supervised learning, and reinforcement learning techniques. First, the article introduces a graph-based representation of the wind farm, capturing wind turbines as vertices and the inter-turbine wake interactions as edges. The construction of this graph representation integrates the Jensen wake model, which includes insights derived from prior knowledge of wind farm aerodynamics. Subsequently, a detailed description of the GNN model's architecture, incorporating a message passing mechanism, is outlined. This GNN model is trained initially with supervised learning using a dataset of optimal pitch angles generated from the analytical results derived from Jensen wake model. Moreover, to improve the GNN model's accuracy and adaptability, reinforcement learning techniques are employed. The GNN model interacts with a high-fidelity wind farm simulation environment, receiving feedback in the form of rewards derived from the wind farm's actual power output. Through a policy gradient approach, the GNN parameters undergo iterative updates, enabling the model to learn and adapt to dynamic wind conditions and intricate turbine interactions. The effectiveness and advantages of the proposed methodology are demonstrated through comprehensive case studies across various wind farm layouts.</p>","PeriodicalId":55000,"journal":{"name":"IET Renewable Power Generation","volume":"18 15","pages":"3301-3316"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rpg2.13133","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142674036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of temperature on seasonal wind power and energy potential estimates in Nordic climates","authors":"Salmelin Markus,&nbsp;Karjunen Hannu,&nbsp;Lassila Jukka","doi":"10.1049/rpg2.13110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.13110","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A major obstacle standing in the way of full-scale adoption of renewable energy sources is their intermittency and seasonal variability. To better understand the power generation dynamics, the effect of air density due to temperature on power and energy generation figures was modelled. The model uses historical ERA5 data and considers changes in weather patterns in a subarctic climate where seasonal changes are most pronounced. The power generation figures of using a mean and a dynamic air density value were compared and the results show that power generation estimates may be under- and overestimated by on average 5% up to 10% in winter and summer, respectively. This can have implications for the sizing of power transmission infrastructure and energy storage in both on-grid and off-grid applications as well as power availability. The topic is highly relevant in the Nordic countries where roughly 10% of new global added wind capacity is installed annually.</p>","PeriodicalId":55000,"journal":{"name":"IET Renewable Power Generation","volume":"18 14","pages":"2658-2671"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rpg2.13110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of spatial representation in energy transition modelling on systemwide energy return on investment","authors":"Hasret Sahin,&nbsp;Abebe Asfaw Solomon,&nbsp;Arman Aghahosseini,&nbsp;Christian Breyer","doi":"10.1049/rpg2.13117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.13117","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Adopting aggregation techniques in power sector modelling led to disregarding the key characteristics of regions in terms of resource use, which may not completely capture the bottlenecks in the energy transition. This study provides a holistic approach to estimate its impact on the transition of the European power system from the perspective of energy return on investment (EROI) by using six energy transition scenarios based on three different spatial representations. The findings indicate that EROI trends are highly dependent on the spatial representation, technology selection and energy mix. Further additional capacities of complementary technologies along with an upsurge in renewable capacities drive EROI values down. Disregarding the physical distances in the energy modelling results in large EROI enhancement due to the artificial smoothing effect of the aggregation method. EROI values of the aggregated scenarios remain between 18 and 24 by 2050. In the case of 20 independent sub-regions, the lowest EROI is obtained at about 14 by 2050, due to the limitation on optimal resource utilisation. Interconnection of the sub-regions, which represents the best proximation to the real situation, increases the EROI to 17 by 2050.</p>","PeriodicalId":55000,"journal":{"name":"IET Renewable Power Generation","volume":"18 14","pages":"2706-2722"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rpg2.13117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}