Turgay Ucak, Fatih Kerem Dedeli, Gizem Kol, Beyza Uysal, Semra Tiryaki Demir
{"title":"Optical Coherence Tomography & Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Biomarkers for Predicting Response to Anti-VEGF Therapy in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.","authors":"Turgay Ucak, Fatih Kerem Dedeli, Gizem Kol, Beyza Uysal, Semra Tiryaki Demir","doi":"10.1097/IAE.0000000000004702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000004702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To identify optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) biomarkers associated with persistent retinal fluid in treatment-naïve neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) following three loading doses of anti-VEGF therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective study, 60 treatment-naïve typical nAMD patients received three monthly intravitreal bevacizumab injections. Four weeks after the third injection, patients were categorized as responders (Group 1, n = 30) if no fluid was seen, or as suboptimal responders (Group 2, n = 30) if fluid persisted. Baseline OCT and OCTA parameters were assessed, including central macular thickness (CMT), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), pigment epithelial detachment (PED) height, hyperreflective foci (HF), subretinal hyperreflective material (SHRM), and macular neovascularization (MNV) morphology. OCTA features were analyzed for loop morphology, branching vessels, peripheral arcades, sea fan pattern, and hypointense halo. Vessel density (VD) was quantified in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), and choriocapillaris (CC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant differences were found between groups in baseline OCT parameters (all p > 0.05). VD in the SCP, DCP, and choriocapillaris did not differ between groups. However, OCTA revealed that loop morphology (p = 0.001), peripheral arcade (p = 0.009), and branching vessels (p = 0.032) were more frequent in suboptimal responders. On multivariate regression, only loop morphology remained a significant independent predictor of persistent fluid (OR = 4.36, p = 0.036).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Loop-shaped neovascular morphology on baseline OCTA independently predicted poor anatomical response to anti-VEGF therapy. Identifying such features may support early risk stratification and guide personalized treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":54486,"journal":{"name":"Retina-The Journal of Retinal and Vitreous Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145304210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Celine Chaaya, Sandra Hoyek, Francisco Altamirano, Colin Lemire, Omar Halawa, Jonathan Yang, Kiran Kumar Vupparaboina, Nasiq Hasan, Efren Gonzalez, Jay Chhablani, Nimesh A Patel
{"title":"Choroidal Vascularity Index, Retinal Vascularity and Hemoglobin Levels in Pediatric Sickle Cell Maculopathy.","authors":"Celine Chaaya, Sandra Hoyek, Francisco Altamirano, Colin Lemire, Omar Halawa, Jonathan Yang, Kiran Kumar Vupparaboina, Nasiq Hasan, Efren Gonzalez, Jay Chhablani, Nimesh A Patel","doi":"10.1097/IAE.0000000000004699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000004699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) and its associations with retinal thickness and vasculature.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective case series of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) and healthy age matched controls. CVI was measured using an automated machine learning algorithm. Retinal assessments included total retinal thickness along with vessel density (VD).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 184 eyes from 92 pediatric SCD patients (55.4% male) were included. Eyes with low CVI had significantly lower median VD in the inferotemporal quadrant compared to eyes with higher CVI (14.8 vs 22.2; p = 0.009). Eyes with lower CVI had higher median retinal thickness in the nasal perifovea (322 μm vs 316 μm; p = 0.003) and the inferior perifovea (293 μm vs. 290 μm; p = 0.0028). Eyes with low CVI had significantly lower mean Hgb level (9.3 vs 10; p = 0.009). The mean CVI in the control group was 69%,which was significantly higher than the CVI in the studied population with a mean CVI of 54%, p < 0.001.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In pediatric SCD patients, there was a significant decrease in CVI when compared to healthy age matched controls. Decreased CVI was associated with a loss of retinal VD in the inferotemporal macular quadrant as well as lower Hgb levels. These findings suggest a role of choroidal ischemia in the pathogenesis of sickle cell maculopathy and a potential for CVI to serve as a biomarker for systemic disease activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":54486,"journal":{"name":"Retina-The Journal of Retinal and Vitreous Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145304600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neil Sheth, John M Bryan, Reem Alahmadi, Michael J Heiferman
{"title":"Correlation of Retinal Imaging Utilization with Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Panretinal Photocoagulation Usage from 2013-2021.","authors":"Neil Sheth, John M Bryan, Reem Alahmadi, Michael J Heiferman","doi":"10.1097/IAE.0000000000004703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000004703","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To analyze trends in retinal imaging utilization and assess whether there is a correlation with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) and panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) usage.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a cross-sectional study utilizing the publicly available Medicare Physician & Other Practitioners - by Provider and Service database. Data were identified using procedural codes for ocular coherence tomography (OCT), fundus photography (FP), fluorescein angiography (FA), ICGA (indocyanine green angiography), ophthalmic ultrasound (US), intravitreal anti-VEGF agents, and PRP from 2013-2021. Time-based analyses were also conducted for the individual periods 2013-2016 and 2017-2021 in order to account for changes in the billing of FA from unilateral to unilateral or bilateral after 2016.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>While OCT increased in relative utilization (p < 0.001 across 2013-2021, 2013-2016, and 2017-2021), there was a decline in relative utilization for FA, FA+ICGA, US, and FP (p < 0.001 for all modalities across 2013-2021, 2013-2016, and 2017-2021). For PRP, positive associations in annual volume were observed with FA (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.81) and FA+ICGA (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.87), while a negative association in annual volume was observed with OCT (p = 0.028, R2 = 0.52). For anti-VEGF injections, a positive association in annual volume was observed with OCT (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.84), while negative associations were observed with FA (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.89) and FA+ICGA (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.90). Although anti-VEGF use returned to 2019 levels by 2021, PRP use declined by 30% during the same time period.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>OCT continues to rise as a percentage of all retinal imaging ordered, while FA has declined. This trend corresponds to an increase in anti-VEGF injections and a decline in PRP in the treatment of retinal diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":54486,"journal":{"name":"Retina-The Journal of Retinal and Vitreous Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145304099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Furkan Kirik, M Giray Ersoz, Furkan Atalay, Ersin Akbulut, Mehmet Kucuk, Arif Koytak, Hakan Ozdemir
{"title":"OUTER RETINAL LAYER DETERIORATION PATTERNS IN EYES WITH DIABETIC SEROUS MACULAR DETACHMENT.","authors":"Furkan Kirik, M Giray Ersoz, Furkan Atalay, Ersin Akbulut, Mehmet Kucuk, Arif Koytak, Hakan Ozdemir","doi":"10.1097/IAE.0000000000004698","DOIUrl":"10.1097/IAE.0000000000004698","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To classify the outer retinal layer (ORL) deterioration patterns in eyes with diabetic serous macular detachment (SMD), and to determine their impact on visual and anatomical prognosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective case series, optical coherence tomography images of patients with diabetic macular edema between January 2015 and June 2024 were reviewed. Eyes exhibiting SMD were evaluated for ORL integrity, and five different ORL deterioration patterns were identified according to their structural characteristics: DIFFUSE, PATCH, WEDGE, FISTULA, and SMD-DROL. The relationship of these patterns with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and post-treatment external limiting membrane (ELM) and ellipsoid zone (EZ) status was analyzed with regression models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1018 eyes of 592 patients were reviewed, and 168 eyes of 131 patients exhibited at least one ORL deterioration pattern. WEDGE was the most common pattern (31.75%), while DIFFUSE was the least detected (5.29%). WEDGE was associated with better BCVA, as well as with a decreased risk of alterations in the ELM/EZ (p<0.001). ELM/EZ alterations were observed in all eyes with the DIFFUSE, and post-treatment ELM alteration width was associated with poorer visual outcome (p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Diabetic SMD may present various ORL deterioration patterns associated with heterogeneous clinical and anatomical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54486,"journal":{"name":"Retina-The Journal of Retinal and Vitreous Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145294331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The role of en face imaging of retinal pigment epithelium alterations in rapid classification of central serous chorioretinopathy using widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography.","authors":"Zhengwei Zhang, Callie Deng, Jialiang Duan, Suming Wu, Shui Lu, Tiantian Chen, Wei Tang","doi":"10.1097/IAE.0000000000004693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000004693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purposes: </strong>To investigate the role of widefield en face imaging of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) alterations using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) for rapid classification of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional, single-center study, eyes diagnosed with unilateral CSCR were included. Volume SS-OCT scans (12-mm ×12-mm) were obtained for all the participants. High-quality structural en face images were automatically generated at the level of Bruch's membrane based on artificial intelligence to evaluate the RPE alterations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 122 affected eyes from patients with unilateral CSCR, with a mean age of 46.3 ± 9.1 years. In 51 out of the 122 cases, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), and en face imaging were assessed simultaneously. Among these, 17 eyes were categorized as complex CSCR. FAF exhibited the highest detection rate of RPE abnormalities (94.1%). En face imaging revealed RPE abnormalities in 15 out of 17 eyes (88.2%), while ICGA detected RPE abnormalities in 12 out of 17 eyes (70.6%). Only 6 out of 17 eyes (35.3%) showed RPE abnormalities in FFA. The RPE alterations in the remaining 71 eyes with CSCR were evaluated solely using en face imaging, wherein 17 eyes were designated as complex CSCR and 54 eyes were categorized as simple CSCR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Evaluation of RPE alterations using widefield en face imaging has potential as a reliable, noninvasive approach to rapid classification of CSCR using the latest classification system, particularly when combined with contralateral eye imaging results.</p>","PeriodicalId":54486,"journal":{"name":"Retina-The Journal of Retinal and Vitreous Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145253711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matteo Mario Carlà, Gianmarco Oreste, Mattia Cusato, Francesco Mottola, Fiammetta Catania, Stanislao Rizzo
{"title":"Perforating Scleral Vessels In High Myopia: Overview Of Imaging Features, Clinical Implications And Future Directions.","authors":"Matteo Mario Carlà, Gianmarco Oreste, Mattia Cusato, Francesco Mottola, Fiammetta Catania, Stanislao Rizzo","doi":"10.1097/IAE.0000000000004690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000004690","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This review aims to consolidate current knowledge on the role of perforating scleral vessels (PSVs) in high myopia (HM), providing an updated overview of their clinical significance, imaging characteristics, and potential therapeutic implications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Literature review up to July 2025.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PSVs, originating from the short posterior ciliary arteries, penetrate the sclera and may contribute to biomechanical stress, ischemic alterations, and neovascular proliferation in highly myopic eyes. Increasing evidence suggests their complex role in the development and progression of myopic maculopathy, particularly in lacquer cracks (LCs), myopic choroidal neovascularizations (mCNVs), chorioretinal atrophy, and focal scleral ectasia. Advanced imaging techniques, such as enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) and swept-source OCT (SS-OCT), have enabled better visualization of PSVs and their anatomical relationship with structural changes in highly myopic eyes. However, recent studies have revealed contradictory findings regarding PSVs' role in mCNV pathogenesis, with some studies suggesting a pathogenic association while others propose a protective effect. The relationship between PSVs and mCNV appears complex and context-dependent, potentially involving both mechanical stress mechanisms and hemodynamic factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite their increasing recognition, the precise mechanisms by which PSVs influence myopic disease remain incompletely understood. Standardized quantification methods and prospective studies are needed to clarify their complex role in disease progression and to explore novel treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":54486,"journal":{"name":"Retina-The Journal of Retinal and Vitreous Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145240294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gail M Teagle, Avery W Zhou, Thomas M Aaberg, Charles C Wykoff
{"title":"Updated Surgical Technique for Implantation of Revakinagene Taroretcel.","authors":"Gail M Teagle, Avery W Zhou, Thomas M Aaberg, Charles C Wykoff","doi":"10.1097/IAE.0000000000004694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000004694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Present an updated technique for surgical implantation of revakinagene taroretcel.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The surgical technique is described with supplemental video included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Surgical implantation of revakinagene taroretcel was safely performed without adverse events. The capsule was positioned into the vitreous cavity, the associated fixation loop was appropriately secured to the sclera using a double-armed 9-0 polypropylene suture, the sclerotomy was closed with 9-0 nylon sutures, and the conjunctiva was closed to ensure proper coverage of the sutures and insertion site.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The described surgical implantation technique was developed using learnings from the associated phase 2 and 3 trials and implemented to maximize the likelihood of long-term capsule stability and minimize the risk of adverse events including device extrusion.</p>","PeriodicalId":54486,"journal":{"name":"Retina-The Journal of Retinal and Vitreous Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145253761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Edward S Lu, Ying Cui, Krystal K Phu, Xinyi Ding, Kayla N Nodecker, Rongrong Le, Ying Zhu, Itika Garg, Grace Baldwin, Jocelyn Rodriguez, Matthew J Finn, Peyman Razavi, Inês Laíns, David M Wu, Deeba Husain, Leo A Kim, Nimesh A Patel, Demetrios G Vavvas, John B Miller
{"title":"Expanded Field OCTA Biomarkers Associated with Future Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy.","authors":"Edward S Lu, Ying Cui, Krystal K Phu, Xinyi Ding, Kayla N Nodecker, Rongrong Le, Ying Zhu, Itika Garg, Grace Baldwin, Jocelyn Rodriguez, Matthew J Finn, Peyman Razavi, Inês Laíns, David M Wu, Deeba Husain, Leo A Kim, Nimesh A Patel, Demetrios G Vavvas, John B Miller","doi":"10.1097/IAE.0000000000004695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000004695","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To explore associations among expanded field swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) metrics and the development of myocardial infarction (MI), congestive heart failure (CHF), and all-cause mortality in diabetic patients with and without diabetic retinopathy (DR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Baseline SS-OCTA images (6×6mm, Montage 15×15mm ) were assessed for quantitative and qualitative metrics to identify parameters associated with MI, CHF, and all-cause mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>178 eyes from 119 adults with diabetes without DR or with NPDR or PDR were included (median 44 months, range 3-57). 11 participants (9.2%) had a cardiovascular event (6 MI, 5 CHF), and 7 (5.9%) died. Neovascularization vessel density (HR=44.0, 95% CI: 1.0-1,861.2, P=0.048) and vitreous hemorrhage (HR=39.7, 95% CI: 4.0-392.8, P=0.002) were associated with CHF. Vitreous hemorrhage (HR=13.5, 95% CI: 3.0-61.2, P=0.001) and prior treatment with anti-VEGF injections and panretinal photocoagulation (HR=11.4, 95% CI: 2.0-66.3, P=0.007) were associated with cardiovascular disease (CHF or MI). Increased skeletonized vessel density of the deep capillary plexus (DCP) (HR=1.2, 95% CI: 1.0-1.5, P=0.026) was associated with mortality.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Neovascularization vessel density and skeletonized vessel density of the DCP on SS-OCTA are associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients with DR. These exploratory findings suggest SS-OCTA may be a useful non-invasive tool to identify diabetic patients at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and death.</p>","PeriodicalId":54486,"journal":{"name":"Retina-The Journal of Retinal and Vitreous Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145240287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rui Wang, Palak R Patel, Prithvi R Bomdica, Yi-Chia Chen, Bradley T Smith
{"title":"Modified Technique for Sutured Intraocular Lens.","authors":"Rui Wang, Palak R Patel, Prithvi R Bomdica, Yi-Chia Chen, Bradley T Smith","doi":"10.1097/IAE.0000000000004692","DOIUrl":"10.1097/IAE.0000000000004692","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe a novel scleral fixation technique for the Akreos AO60 intraocular lens (IOL) using Gore-Tex sutures buried within the sclera to minimize long-term exposure-related complications and improve cosmetic outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Four eyes of four patients underwent scleral fixation of the Akreos AO60 lens using the modified ab externo approach. Outcomes included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), IOL centration, and suture-related complications.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Preoperative BCVA ranged from 20/60 to 20/300. Postoperative BCVA ranged from 20/30 to 20/90 at final follow-up. All IOLs remained well-centered with no visible suture on external exam. One patient developed transient postoperative hypotony and a macula-off retinal detachment one month after lens fixation, which was successfully repaired with pars plana vitrectomy. No patients required additional surgery related to the IOL or suture material.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The described technique allows secure scleral fixation of the Akreos AO60 IOL while minimizing the risk of Gore-Tex suture exposure. This modification may improve long-term outcomes and cosmesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":54486,"journal":{"name":"Retina-The Journal of Retinal and Vitreous Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145193545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}