Tydskrif Vir Die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg最新文献

{"title":"Die matigende rol van die waardes onderliggend aan die grondwet in die Suid-Afrikaanse kontraktereg","authors":"S. Cornelius","doi":"10.47348/tsar/2022/i4a3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47348/tsar/2022/i4a3","url":null,"abstract":"With the adoption of the interim constitution in 1993, much was made of the transformative function which the new constitution, and more particularly, the bill of rights, would fulfil. There were calls to reform the law of contract, whether by means of codification, piecemeal legislation or judicial reform. This contribution focuses on judicial reform of the law of contract and the apparent lack of change since the advent of the new constitutional dispensation. The search for a means to mitigate the strict application of the law of contract is not new. The Romans found that strict application of the law of contract could sometimes lead to unfair results. Eventually, Roman law developed a remedy, known as the exceptio doli, to mitigate the strict application of the law of contract. The courts in South Africa, from the outset, had to deal with instances where strict application of the law of contract would apparently lead to harsh results. To this end, the courts also turned to the Roman exceptio doli, but eventually, the appellate division ruled in Bank of Lisbon and South Africa Ltd v De Ornelas (1988 3 SA 580 (A)) that the exceptio doli is not part of the South African law of contract. Since then, and particularly since the advent of the new constitutional dispensation, parties have sought to rely on the values underlying the constitution, good faith, reasonableness and equity, in an attempt to seek redress from what they viewed as the harsh effects of the law of contract. Some trends began to develop: firstly, in some instances, judges displayed a shocking lack of knowledge of the law of contract; secondly, parties or the courts sometimes unnecessarily invoked the constitution when the common law of contract would have produced the same result; thirdly, a clear pattern of conservative majority and liberal minority opinions emerged in judgments of the courts; and lastly, the courts have tended to follow an all-or-nothing approach to matters dealing with contracts. However, in a minority opinion in Beadica 231 CC v Trustees, Oregon Trust (2020 5 SA 247 (CC)), Froneman J proposed a more nuanced approach in terms of which contractual matters can be resolved by proportionate adjustment of the contract. This kind of approach has been followed in Germany and it is proposed that the German concept of ergänzende Vertragsauslegung can guide the courts in South Africa to give greater effect to the values underlying the constitution, good faith, reasonableness and equity.","PeriodicalId":53590,"journal":{"name":"Tydskrif Vir Die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82808793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regspraak: Intimate partner rape: myths, reality and the law","authors":"M. Watney","doi":"10.47348/tsar/2022/i4a8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47348/tsar/2022/i4a8","url":null,"abstract":"Die voortdurende opwaartse neiging in misdaadstatistiek van seksuele misdrywe en waarvan dié soort misdaad in intieme verhoudings ook deel vorm, is ’n internasionale tendens. Ook Suid-Afrika het hierdie verskynsel nie vrygespring nie, en wel tot so ’n mate dat die hoogste howe in die land dit gerade geag het om duidelike waarskuwings uit te spreek teen dit wat hulle ooglopend té gereeld op die daaglikse hofrol vind (sien S v Chapman 1997 2 SASV 3 (HHA) 5A-B en S v Tshabalala 2020 2 SASV 38 (KH) par 76). Aanvaarding van die Wysigingswet op die Strafreg (Seksuele Misdrywe en Verwante Aangeleenthede) 32 van 2007 (die wet) is bygevolg allerweë verwelkom as ’n positiewe ontwikkeling om die ondersoek en vervolging van seksuele misdrywe na behore aan te spreek. Uit die internasionale ervaring is dit egter duidelik dat hierdie soort doelgerigte wetgewing nie alleenstaande die deurbraak gee nie: ook moet die bewys- en prosesreg tred hou met veranderinge en in besonder moet ’n kopskuif plaasvind in die stereotipes, vooroordele en mites wat deur die gemeenskap (en in besonder die regsgemeenskap) voorbehou word oor seksuele misdrywe. In Coko v S (2022 1 SASV 24 (OKG)) appelleer die appellant sy skuldigbevinding in die streekhof aan verkragting ter oortreding van artikel 3 van die wet, na die hooggeregshof. In die verhoorhof is dit hom ten laste gelê dat hy die klaagster, met wie hy in ’n vaste verhouding was, verkrag het. Uit die feite blyk dit dat die paartjie op aandrang van die klaagster as maagd, reeds vroeg in hul verhouding die grens getrek het dat geen seksuele omgang aan die orde gaan wees nie. Drukkies, soentjies en intieme aanraking het wel gereeld plaasgevind. Op die gewraakte dag het die twee afgespreek dat die klaagster die nag by die beskuldigde sou deurbring. Nadat hulle saam in die bed ’n rolprent op ’n skootrekenaar gekyk het, het die appellant begin om die klaagster se pajamabroek af te trek. Sy het haar bene gekruis en gesê dat sy nie seksuele omgang wil hê nie. Die appellant het voortgegaan om haar te soen en het orale seks met haar gehad. Sy het nie daarteen kapsie aangeteken nie. Daarop het hy sy broek verwyder, op haar gerol en geslagsgemeenskap met haar gevoer. Tydens die gemeenskap het sy hom probeer afstoot en aangedui dat hy haar seermaak, maar hy het voortgegaan tot ejakulasie bereik is. Sy het hom daarop gevra waarom hy sy woord verbreek het en hy het aangedui dat hy in die moment meegevoer is. Die klaagster het die nag by hom deurgebring en is die volgende oggend weg. In ’n selfoonboodskap het die appellant apologie aangeteken omdat hy sy woord verbreek het deur onbeskermde gemeenskap met haar te hê. Die klaagster het die verhouding enkele dae later verbreek. Getuienis is aangebied deur ’n sielkundige dat die klaagster na afloop van die voorval paniekaanvalle gekry het en aan post traumatiese stressindroom gelei het. Sy het twee maande later ’n strafregtelike klag by die polisie aanhangig gemaak. Die appellant het getuig dat hy ","PeriodicalId":53590,"journal":{"name":"Tydskrif Vir Die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84189621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combating money-laundering through currency control: do Exchange Control Regulations 3(3) and 19(1) limit a traveller’s right to privacy?","authors":"F. Moosa","doi":"10.47348/tsar/2022/i4a4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47348/tsar/2022/i4a4","url":null,"abstract":"Geldwassery is ’n transnasionale misdaad waarteen Suid-Afrika nie immuun is nie. Geldwassery word makliker gemaak deur die wegval van geografiese grense en tegnologiese ontwikkelings, asook die gebruik van virtuele geldeenhede as ’n betaalmiddel vir goedere en dienste. Anders as die Suid-Afrikaanse Rand, gesteun deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Reserwebank, is virtuele geldeenhede (soos Bitcoin) tans ongereguleerd en nie amptelik ingevolge die Wet op die Suid-Afrikaanse Reserwebank nie. Die aard van kripto-geldeenhede as ontasbare bates wat in elektroniese vorm binne ’n gerekenariseerde netwerk bestaan, stel die benutters daarvan in staat om dit onmiddellik oor die grenslose internet oor te dra met die klik van ’n knoppie op ’n elektroniese toestel (soos, ’n rekenaar, skootrekenaar of selfoon). Die wêreldwye web is ’n ongereguleerde elektroniese omgewing. In hierdie ekosisteem is daar verbeterde anonimiteit en die vrye vloei van gedigitaliseerde eiendom is byna onnaspeurbaar. Hierdie kenmerke is aantreklik vir sindikate, bendes en individue wie se optrede daarop gemik is om die opbrengs van misdaad transnasionaal, en buite die formeel gereguleerde finansiële stelsels te verskuif. Om sy internasionale verpligtinge na te kom, het die Suid-Afrikaanse regering wette gepromulgeer wat daarop gemik is om die plaag van geldwassery te bekamp. In hierdie artikel toon die outeur dat die magte wat regulasies 3(3) en 19(1) van die Deviesebeheerregulasies, 1961 uitgevaardig ingevolge die Wet op Betaalmiddels en Wisselkoerse 9 van 1933 toeken, belangrike wapens is in die arsenaal van wetstoepassingsagentskappe wat as funksie het om geldwassery en ander ekonomiese misdade te bekamp. Hierdie magte maak egter inbreuk op regte van privaatheid en op die belange wat in artikel 14 van die grondwet verskans is. Die privaatheid van ’n persoon, sy huis- en sake omgewing moet deur agente van die Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomstediens gerespekteer word wanneer hul die magte tot wetstoepassing onder die regulasies uitoefen. Hoewel inkomste uit belasting deurslaggewend is vir die bereiking van grondwetlike doelwitte, moet die toepassing van wette wat ontwerp is om Suid-Afrika se belastingbasis te beskerm, binne die orde van die grondwet plaasvind. Gevolglik toon hierdie artikel dat op die reg op privaatheid, soos beskerm in artikel 14 van die grondwet, inbreuk gemaak word deur regulasies 3(3) en 19(1). Indien korrek, maak dit dié bepalings prima facie onwettig. Enige staatsinstelling wat op die beperking staatmaak moet die beperking regverdig. Dit is ’n besondere onus. Daarom bly die vraag of op ’n proporsionele beoordeling van mededingende belange die beperkings op privaatheid wat deur regulasies 3(3) en 19(1) toegelaat word, die grondwetlikheidstoets slaag, met inagneming van alle tersaaklike faktore wat in artikel 36(1) van die grondwet vervat is. Dit is ’n verdere grondwetlike aangeleentheid wat deeglike ontleding in ’n toekomstige artikel vereis.","PeriodicalId":53590,"journal":{"name":"Tydskrif Vir Die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72679624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regterlike herverdelingsdiskresie vir batedeling by egskeiding beleef ’n heropstanding ondanks grondwetlike bedeling téén arbitrêre ontneming sonder vergoeding","authors":"J. Sonnekus","doi":"10.47348/tsar/2022/i4a1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47348/tsar/2022/i4a1","url":null,"abstract":"The recognition of and respect for the party autonomy of every legal subject of majority not limited by any personal cognitive handicap is part and parcel of the foundation of an orderly legal community governed by the rule of law. “Making rules of law discretionary or subject to value judgments may be destructive of the rule of law” (Bredenkamp v Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd 2010 4 SA 468 (SCA) 481E). The discretionary power of a divorce court under section 7(3) of the Divorce Act 70 of 1979 stems from before the current constitutional dispensation. Almost thirty years after the acceptance of the constitutional values of the current system, it was hoped that as time went by, the transitional exception dating to 1984 that exhibits clear elements of arbitrariness would be relied on with declining frequency. There is only a limited number of marriages still in existence concluded before November 1984 with an ante-nuptial contract providing for the proverbial “cold exclusion of all benefits” that could potentially at this late stage in the spouses’ lives be expected to end in the divorce court justifying a reliance on this section. The act limits the discretionary power to explicit conditions: it can be considered only where the divorce concerned a marriage concluded before the commencement of Act 88 of 1984 with an ante-nuptial contract that excluded accrual sharing and any form of asset sharing and in the absence of any agreement at any time between the erstwhile spouses regarding the division of their assets. Provided these conditions are met, the court can order that such assets, or such part of the assets of the other party as the court may deem just, be transferred to the first-mentioned party (s 7(3)). In all these circumstances a valid ante-nuptial contract exists to which both parties agreed in the presence of a notary public and the applicant in reality never acquired any claim to the other party’s assets. The applicant in addition represented to the other spouse, the notary public and the public at large a claim would never be made to any of the respondent’s assets. “Reasonableness and fairness are not freestanding requirements for the exercise of a contractual right. … Acceptance of the notion that judges can refuse to enforce a contractual provision merely because it offends their personal sense of fairness and equity will give rise to legal and commercial uncertainty” (Potgieter v Potgieter NO 2012 1 SA 637 (SCA) 650F-H). In Greyling v Minister of Home Affairs ((40023/21) 2022 ZAGPPHC 311 (11 May 2022)) the court regarded the upholding of the claim of the applicant contrary to the explicit misrepresentation by the applicant that she is in agreement with the terms contained in the notarially registered ante-nuptial contract of 1989 governing the marriage, potentially fair. The court ordered the first condition in section 7(3) of Act 70 of 1979, limiting its application to pre-November 1984 marriages, unconstitutional. This judgment","PeriodicalId":53590,"journal":{"name":"Tydskrif Vir Die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76926972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The third branch of the legal profession","authors":"M. V. Eck","doi":"10.47348/tsar/2021/i2a3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47348/tsar/2021/i2a3","url":null,"abstract":"Die Suid-Afrikaanse regsberoep is tradisioneel opgedeel in twee verskillende takke van die praktyk, naamlik die van prokureurs en van advokate. Elk van hierdie takke fokus op spesifieke praktykareas en benodig unieke vaardighede om die spesifieke deel van die regsberoep suksesvol te kan navigeer. Tog het ’n derde tak van die regsberoep ontstaan uit die behoeftes van moderne kliënte, waarin regspraktisyns in diens geneem word om binne hul kliënte se organisasiestrukture hul eie regsrolle te vervul en regsdienste te lewer. Sulke interne rolle kan vervul word deur regspraktisyns wat nie praktiserend is nie, maar tog ’n mate van regsdienste lewer vir ’n werkgewerskliënt (salaris-regspraktisyns). Die interne rol kan ook vervul word deur individue wat ’n regsgraad het, maar nie toegelaat of geregistreer is as ’n prokureur of advokaat nie, maar wat nogtans in diens geneem is deur ’n werkgewerskliënt om regsdienste te lewer (ongereguleerde salaris-regspraktisyns). Voor die inwerkingtreding van die Wet op die Regspraktyk 28 van 2014 was die posisie van die derde tak van die regsberoep grotendeels ongereguleerd. Hierdie posisie het verander deurdat die Wet op die Regspraktyk, met die bekendstelling van deel 7 van die gedragskode, die eerste stap geneem het om die regspraktisyns in diens van hul werkgewerskliënte te erken en in beperkte mate te reguleer. Desondanks kan die interne rol uiteraard die professionele onafhanklikheid van die salaris-regspraktisyns en die ongereguleerde salaris-regspraktisyns in gevaar stel. In hierdie artikel word die verskille en ooreenkomste ondersoek van die regsdienste wat deur al drie die takke van die regsberoep verrig word om vas te stel of die professionele onafhanklikheid van sulke interne rolle binne die derde tak van die regsberoep nadelig kan wees en wat daaraan gedoen kan word. Sodoende word die huidige wetgewende landskap van die Wet op die Regspraktyk ondersoek en tekortkominge uitgelig in verband met die regulering van die derde tak van die regsberoep. Die gevolgtrekking word bereik dat geen gedeelte van die regsberoep aan private organisasies oorgelaat behoort te word om te reguleer soos tans die geval is met die derde tak van die regsberoep nie. Die versuim om alle takke van die regsberoep volledig te reguleer, kan die reputasie en openbare persepsie van die regsberoep nadelig beïnvloed omdat die regsberoep dan slegs gedeeltelik gereguleer word.","PeriodicalId":53590,"journal":{"name":"Tydskrif Vir Die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73537001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regspraak: Novasie en delegasie van skuld – hoe raak dit die versekering van die tersake skuld?","authors":"J. Sonnekus, EC Schlemmer","doi":"10.47348/tsar/2021/i2a9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47348/tsar/2021/i2a9","url":null,"abstract":"Personal rights may be transferred by means of cession, and, in such an instance, the cedent (creditor) does not need the debtor’s permission, but once the debtor has been informed, the debt is redeemed only if he performs against the cessionary. If however, someone owes a debt, he (the debtor) can free himself of the obligation only if he redeems the debt, if he is released, or through the running of prescription. But sometimes it might be necessary that a restructuring of someone’s debts takes place or the debtor may want to be replaced with someone else who is willing to take over his obligation. This can be done only with the cooperation and agreement of the creditor. In such a case the debtor delegates his obligation to another person, who then becomes the new debtor of a new debt – the creditor relinquishes his right against the old debtor and accepts the new debtor and the new debt. The old debt no longer exists. It is also possible to rearrange the debt and create a new obligation which extinguishes the old debt – a novation takes place. This contribution starts with a discussion of these general principles and particularly the role that they (should) play when one is dealing with a secured debt which the debtor wants to delegate or when novation comes into play. This leads into a discussion of Wilke NO v Griekwaland Wes Korporatief Ltd (1327/2019) 2020 ZASCA 182 (23 Dec 2020) and the judgments in the earlier courts in which the supreme court of appeal and the other courts did not consider the implications of delegation and novation on an underlying debt when that debt was secured. Delegation and novation extinguish the underlying debt and any security right fortifying that debt is thereby also extinguished because of the principle of accessority. If the creditor requires the new debt to be secured, a new security right needs to be established by meeting all the requirements for the establishment of such security whether it is a right of suretyship or a real security right. A creditor must carefully consider agreeing to a delegation or novation of a secured debt since the implication is that he loses his secured and preferential position, and, even with the creation of a new security right, he loses the ranking he initially held in the line of secured creditors when a right of mortgage, for example, is at stake – qui prior est tempore potior est iure (D 20 4 11pr).","PeriodicalId":53590,"journal":{"name":"Tydskrif Vir Die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73975097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The concept of “personal information” in the Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013 – a comparative analysis from a European perspective","authors":"J. Baumann, N. Ismail","doi":"10.47348/tsar/2021/i4a4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47348/tsar/2021/i4a4","url":null,"abstract":"Die Wet op Beskerming van Persoonlike Inligting 4 van 2013 is ’n mylpaal in die ontwikkeling van die Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing oor databeskerming. ’n Aantal sleutelbepalings van hierdie wet is vanaf 1 Julie 2021 van toepassing en hou aansienlike uitdagings in vir nakoming deur verantwoordelike partye. In die lig van die afdwingingsmeganismes wat deur Wet 4 van 2013 geïmplementeer word, is dit van kardinale belang om die omvang daarvan so presies moontlik te bepaal. Die begrip “persoonlike inligting” is van fundamentele belang vir die uitbreiding van die materiële omvang van die wet. Wet 4 van 2013 is opgestel aan die hand van gevestigde internasionale raamwerke vir databeskerming, sowel as die Europese riglyn vir die beskerming van data van 1995. Alhoewel die Europese databeskermingsraamwerk intussen verder ontwikkel het deur die implementering van ’n algemene regulasie insake die beskerming van gegewens, bied die Europese wetgewing oor databeskerming ’n “ekosisteem” vir regsvergelyking met Wet 4 van 2013 vanweë die historiese verband tussen die onderskeie instrumente. Dit is veral die geval met betrekking tot die reëls insake die materiële omvang van Wet 4 van 2013, waarin konsepte en meganismes uit die Europese raamwerk aanvaar word. In hierdie verband word ondersoek of die interpretasie van die omvangsreëls soos deur die Europese hof van justisie ontwikkel, ’n raamwerk kan bied vir die interpretasie van die bepalings van Wet 4 van 2013. Die normatiewe basis van die konsep “persoonlike inligting” in Wet 4 van 2013 val in ’n groot mate saam met die konsep van “persoonlike data” in Europese wetgewing oor die beskerming van data, maar wyk ook in sekere aspekte daarvan af. Die artikel bied ’n vergelykende analise van hierdie konsepte. Dit blyk dat akademiese standpunte en regspraak afkomstig uit die Europese Unie gebruik kan word as ’n waardevolle bron vir die interpretasie van Wet 4 van 2013. Dit is veral van toepassing op die vraag in hoeverre kennis van derde partye in ag geneem moet word om ’n persoon as “identifiseerbaar” te klassifiseer. Die Europese hof van justisie het in die Breyer-saak uitspraak oor hierdie hoogs omstrede aangeleentheid gebied en wel in die konteks van dinamiese IP-adresse. In die artikel word bespreek of die interpretasie deur die Europese hof bruikbaar kan wees in ’n Suid-Afrikaanse konteks.","PeriodicalId":53590,"journal":{"name":"Tydskrif Vir Die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80156581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regspraak: Einde van gemeenskaplike boedel van ’n egpaar getroud in gemeenskap van goed en aanvang van uitwissende verjaring van tersake vorderinge val saam","authors":"J. Sonnekus","doi":"10.47348/tsar/2021/i1a12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47348/tsar/2021/i1a12","url":null,"abstract":"But for an extraordinary order for a division of the joint estate stante matrimonio under section 20 or 21 of the Matrimonial Property Act 88 of 1984, the default joint estate of spouses married in community of property will come to an end with the demise of the marriage. This is either with the death of the firstdying spouse or by an order of the divorce court. It is impossible to extend the joint estate beyond these moments. With the end of the joint estate, the erstwhile spouses (or the estate of the demised spouse) are entitled to claim half of the value of the erstwhile joint estate. If the parties are unable to reach an amicable agreement to this end, a liquidator will be appointed to finalise the division of the assets. As from the end of the marriage, the former spouses have separate estates. Any new acquisition, gift, inheritance or income acquired after that date falls into the newly founded separate estate of the holder, and the other party has no claim to share in these assets. In Koko v Koko the respondent was married in community of property to Mr Koko in 1979 but that marriage ended in divorce by court order in 2001. The respondent left the previous marital home that was registered as joint property in the names of both spouses and retained inter alia some movable property from the erstwhile joint estate. Mr Koko remained in the house and continued to pay all rates and taxes, and the outstanding debt secured by a mortgage bond was amortised by the time of his demise. He later married the applicant and the couple lived in the house until his demise in 2013. Only years later did the respondent claim half of the current value of the immovable property as the still-registered co-owner. In this contribution, attention is devoted to the justifiability of the premise of the court that the claim should succeed notwithstanding the fact that more than nineteen years had lapsed since the applicable joint estate ended with the divorce order and the claimant did not contribute to the current unencumbered value of the property. If the claim to half of the value of the former joint estate is categorised as a personal right of the claimant, it is submitted that the effect of extinctive prescription should have been considered. By default, a debt is extinguished after three years and just the listed categories of debts mentioned in section 11(a) of the Prescription Act, including a judgment debt, will prescribe only after 30 years. It is submitted that the division of the joint estate is a natural consequence of the end of the marriage in community of property, and in KwaZulu-Natal orders for a division of the joint estate of parties married in community of property are consistently refused when divorce orders are granted for the very reason that they are unnecessary. In the absence of an applicable court order, the relevant debt cannot be defined as a “judgment debt” and the default prescription period governed by section 11(d) of Act 68 of 1969 s","PeriodicalId":53590,"journal":{"name":"Tydskrif Vir Die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76030633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regspraak: Ethical and professional duties of legal practitioners: another casualty of Covid-19?","authors":"M. V. Eck","doi":"10.47348/tsar/2021/i2a11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47348/tsar/2021/i2a11","url":null,"abstract":"Die uitbreek van die coronavirus in 2019 (Covid-19) het baie individue in hul daaglikse lewens geraak. In die nasleep daarvan is wêreldekonomieë verwoes, staatshulpbronne uitgeput en mediese infrastrukture is op die rand van ineenstorting gelaat. Dit is geen wonder dat die regering, toe die Covid-19 infeksie gedurende 2020 vir die eerste keer in Suid-Afrika waargeneem is, vinnig stappe geneem het om die infeksie in te hok sodat lewens gered kon word nie. Dit is gedoen met die verklaring van ’n nasionale ramptoestand onder die Wet op Rampbestuur 57 van 2002 met die implementering van ’n sogenaamde harde inperking in Maart 2020 wat ’n oorvloed van regulasies meegebring het. Dit is nie die bedoeling om die inperkingsregulasies te bespreek nie, maar om die tugmaatreëls van die hof in Administrator of Dr JS Moroka Municipality v Kubheka (2020 3 All SA 96 (ML)) te bespreek. Verskeie regspraktisyns betrokke in daardie saak het blykbaar nie oor geldige permitte beskik wat ingevolge die regulasies vereis is nie. Die hof was krities oor die skynbare oortreding en het ’n afskrif van die uitspraak na die direkteure van die Mpumalanga en Gautengse regsadviesrade verwys. Die hof het ook verskeie van die regspraktisyns verbied om fooie en kostes vir die bywoning van daardie hofaansoek van 31 Maart 2020 te eis. Teen dié agtergrond bespreek die outeur die hof se toesighoudende rol en sy dissiplinêre funksie van die regsberoep, sowel as die wyse waarop die hof en die regsadviesraad wangedrag van regspraktisyns in die algemeen kan aanspreek. Daar word verwys na die verskillende filosofiese modelle wat gebruik kan word in die algemene regulering van die regsberoep, wat die doel van dissiplinêre aksies in die konteks van die beroep beïnvloed asook die tipe dissiplinêre aksies wat gebruik kan word. Die verantwoordelikheid van ’n regspraktisyn om niks te doen wat die regsprofessie in oneer kan bring nie, word beklemtoon. Respek vir die hof, eerlikheid, integriteit, en ook die nakoming van die landswette deur alle regslui is noodsaaklik vir die behoorlike funksionering van die regsberoep.","PeriodicalId":53590,"journal":{"name":"Tydskrif Vir Die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89519285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promoting fair individual labour dispute resolution for South African educators accused of sexual misconduct (part 2)","authors":"Saskia Coetzee","doi":"10.47348/tsar/2021/i2a4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47348/tsar/2021/i2a4","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>None</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":53590,"journal":{"name":"Tydskrif Vir Die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88477668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}