Carbon Trends最新文献

{"title":"Continuous Production of Carbon Foam from Carbon Ore","authors":"Caleb Gula ,&nbsp;Kody Wolfe ,&nbsp;Jason Trembly ,&nbsp;John Staser ,&nbsp;Rudolph Olson III ,&nbsp;Eric Shereda ,&nbsp;Yahya Al-Majali","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since the discovery of coal-derived carbon foam materials, there has been a significant increase in the adoption of these materials in high-value applications, particularly within the aerospace industry. Coal-derived carbon foam materials offer exceptional thermal and mechanical properties, positioning them as an optimal choice for high-volume applications such as building and construction. Yet, their broader adoption in such applications is hindered by the limitations of the current batch or semi-continuous processing techniques. This research introduces an innovative method for continuous production of carbon foam materials using a direct extrusion process. Bituminous coals (Pittsburgh No 8 and White Forest) were continuously extruded at varying feed rates, temperatures, and extrusion speeds to produce a carbon foam material. The resultant green foams were characterized via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ultimate/proximate analysis, and optical microscopy. This study not only successfully demonstrated the extrudability of plasticized coal using a commercial bench-scale extrusion system but also revealed that their performance is expected to be comparable to that of batch-processed coal-derived carbon foam materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100459"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-step synthesis of lignin-derived carbon nanofibers without the need for stabilization: Characterization and applications","authors":"Karishma Jain ,&nbsp;Mandeep Singh ,&nbsp;Kushagra Yadav ,&nbsp;Ashish Gupta ,&nbsp;Suraj Loomba ,&nbsp;Nasir Mahmood ,&nbsp;S.R. Dhakate","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal oxidative stabilization is a crucial parameter in carbon nanofiber (CNF) synthesis which which is important for the retention of fiber geometry during the rigorous carbonization process. However, its conventional implementation is burdened by significant time and energy expenditures. This study explores the feasibility of circumventing the stabilization step and its repercussions on the properties of lignin-PVA-derived electrospun CNF mats. Electrospun mats were subjected to carbonization after thermal stabilization (St-CNF) and without thermal stabilization (NSt-CNF). The morphological analysis revealed that despite the exclusion of stabilization, the fibrous structure remains intact without fusion. However, its noticeable impact on carbon yield, graphitic content, and defect density of CNF has been observed. In comparison to NSt-CNF, the St-CNF has higher carbon yield and mass loss fraction, suggesting additional cross-linking and thermal stability. Additionally, a higher specific surface area (381.5 m²/g) and pore volume (0.40 cc/g) were also observed in St-CNF compared to NSt-CNF (162.9 m²/g, 0.15 cc/g), enhancing the electrochemical properties such as specific capacitance (191.5 F/g), energy and power density (26.6 Wh/kg at 520.5 W/kg) of St-CNF. This study provides valuable insight into the properties of lignin-based CNFs, prepared by including or excluding the stabilization step, and explores their potential effect in energy storage applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100456"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the sequential purification of biomass-derived carbon dots on their colloidal and optical properties","authors":"Andrea S. Gonzalez-Vera ,&nbsp;Carlos A. Pineda-Arellano ,&nbsp;Armando Ramírez-Monroy ,&nbsp;J. Matos ,&nbsp;Luis F. Chazaro-Ruiz ,&nbsp;J. Rene Rangel-Mendez ,&nbsp;Conchi O. Ania","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purification of photoluminescent carbon dots has a strong impact on their applications, making rigorous protocols necessary to isolate them. In this work, a sequential filtration process was implemented on photoluminescent carbon dots synthesized by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment of an agricultural waste, achieving good effectiveness and higher yields compared to chromatographic purification approaches. Filtration membranes of different cut-offs were carefully selected considering the by-products from the biomass decomposition. The synthetic route allowed the preparation of carbon dots with average particle sizes of 3.5 nm, composed of a graphitic-like core decorated with oxygen and nitrogen moieties. Dynamic light scattering measurements of the suspensions revealed higher aggregation of the nanoparticles in the least purified samples. This also influences the photoluminescence emission properties due to self-absorbing and quenching effects. The thermal characterization of the solids recovered after each filtration step has shown (for the least purified samples) the presence of fragments assigned to molecules arising from an incomplete hydrothermal transformation of the precursor. The aqueous suspension of the carbon dots recovered after the most purified protocol displayed a notorious emission upon excitation at 375 nm, confirming that the carbon dots are responsible for the observed optical features. These results highlight the importance of an adequate purification process of carbon dots obtained from complex precursors (such as biomass), to avoid bias interpretation of their photoluminescence properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100460"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and evaluation of folic acid conjugated curcumin-loaded functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes for enhanced efficacy in ovarian cancer treatment","authors":"Aditi Chattaraj ,&nbsp;Yachana Mishra ,&nbsp;Alaa A.A. Aljabali ,&nbsp;Vijay Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of the present study was to enhance the efficacy of curcumin (CUR) by designing a carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH) based delivery system. In this study, we coupled MWCNT-COOH with folic acid (FA) to create a unique active targeting as well as a pH-responsive formulation for administering CUR to ovarian tumor locations. CUR was loaded onto MWCNT-COOH using the direct method, and then FA conjugation was performed. Using different techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Differential light scattering (DLS), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹HNMR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), the curcumin-loaded MWCNTs (CUR-MWCNT-COOH) and the FA-bound formulation (CUR-MWCNT-COOH-FA) were analyzed. The pH-responsive release of CUR-MWCNT-COOH-FA nanocomplexes was observed in a neutral and acidic environment (pH 7.4; pH 4). When comparing pH 4 to pH 7.4, a noticeably higher cumulative percentage of drug release was observed. A dispersion study revealed the presence of functional groups on the outermost surface of both the functionalized MWCNT as well as formulations increased their resilience via converting the hydrophobic MWCNT surface to hydrophilic property. Both CUR-MWCNT-COOH as well as CUR-MWCNT-COOH-FA exhibited a dose-dependent correlation with CUR concentration when it came to in vitro cytotoxicity (measured by SRB assay). SK-OV-3 cell line was used to exhibit significant growth suppression activity against cancer cells at a CUR dose of 40 µg/mL. In conclusion, the addition of FA to CUR-MWCNT-COOH improved the drug's cytotoxicity and cellular absorption along with its bioavailability. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of CUR-MWCNT-COOH-FA as an effective drug-conjugated system for the delivery of CUR to treat ovarian cancer (OC). This study significantly enhances targeted drug delivery techniques for OC by demonstrating the possibility of a novel, pH-responsive, MWCNT-COOH-FA-directed delivery system. Our findings notably show that the addition of FA improves the cellular absorption and bioavailability of CUR-loaded MWCNT-COOH, leading to greater therapeutic efficacy against OC cells. The drawbacks of traditional chemotherapy, such as poor absorption along with non-specific toxicity, could be addressed by this tailored approach. Our research opens the door for the development of more individualized and effective alternative treatments for OC patients by more efficiently and specifically delivering curcumin to OC cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100464"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exfoliated graphite via ball-milling for enhanced microwave absorption and electrochemical energy storage application","authors":"Sushree Pattnaik ,&nbsp;Arya Das ,&nbsp;E.V. Bhavya ,&nbsp;Ashok Kumar Sahu ,&nbsp;Balamati Choudhury ,&nbsp;Mamata Mohapatra","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Graphite and its derivatives are one of the emerging materials in energy storage and microwave absorption application. In the present study, exfoliated graphite generated from a high-pure graphite precursor through a cost-effective and environmentally friendly planetary ball milling technique has been evaluated for its supercapacitive and microwave absorption properties. The exfoliated graphite exhibits a two-fold increase in surface area compared to the high-pure graphite. The O/C ratio increased to 16.69% due to the presence of oxygen groups after ball milling, enhancing the microwave absorption and electrochemical energy storage performance of exfoliated graphite. Remarkably, the exfoliated graphite shows an enhanced microwave absorption of ∼59.15% across 8.2-12.4 GHz. Further for the realisation of the practical application, simulation study has been incorporated showing a minimum reflection loss of -25.53 dB at 9.7 GHz combining with a ferrite material. It also exhibits an excellent specific capacitance value of 177 Fg^-1 at a current density of 0.5 Ag^-1 for three electrode system. When assembled as a symmetric two-electrode system the exfoliated graphite exhibits an energy density of 1.66 Whkg^-1 with a power density of 420 Wkg^-1. This study provides a detailed investigation of exfoliated graphite as a potential material for microwave absorption and electrochemical energy storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100463"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward carbon dots from citric acid and ethylenediamine, part 1: Structure, optical properties, main luminophore at different stages of synthesis","authors":"Alexey M. Vervald ,&nbsp;Kirill A. Laptinskiy ,&nbsp;Maria Yu. Khmeleva ,&nbsp;Tatiana A. Dolenko","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon dots (CDs) from citric acid (CA) and ethylenediamine (EDA) synthesized under certain parameters of hydrothermal synthesis are reported to demonstrate ultra-bright luminescence in the blue-violet region with a quantum yield up to ∼100 %. However, the questions remain: is this luminescence really belong to the nanoparticles or to concomitant molecular luminophores; at what stage of the CDs’ synthesis such luminophores are formed and lost; how exactly structure of the reacted precursors changes when the synthesis parameters change? In this study, to answer these questions, the array of 392 samples of ethylenediamine and citric acid aqueous solutions undergone the process of hydrothermal method of synthesis, varying EDA:CA ratio in the range of 0–20:1, temperature in 80–200 °C, and reaction time in 0.5–6 h. For all samples the luminescence excitation-emission matrices, optical absorption and FTIR spectra were obtained, quantum yields and luminophores’ intensity of samples’ luminescence at an excitation wavelength of 350 nm were calculated. Based on the obtained data, the processes of CDs’ gradual synthesis – polymerization, dehydration and carbonization – were identified, the changes in the composition of the reaction products during different stages of synthesis were revealed. It was established that the formation of the main samples’ luminophores starts with the polymerization of precursors, accelerates with the initial carbonization of the samples, while the stage of graphitizing carbonization – formation of CDs cores – brings their partially destruction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100452"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of graphene-based materials on anion-exchange membrane fuel cells","authors":"Aniket Raut ,&nbsp;Haoyan Fang ,&nbsp;Yu-Chung Lin ,&nbsp;Shi Fu ,&nbsp;Md Farabi Rahman ,&nbsp;David Sprouster ,&nbsp;Likun Wang ,&nbsp;Yiwei Fang ,&nbsp;Yifan Yin ,&nbsp;Devanshi Bhardwaj ,&nbsp;Rebecca Isseroff ,&nbsp;Tai-De Li ,&nbsp;Michael Cuiffo ,&nbsp;John C. Douglin ,&nbsp;Jaana Lilloja ,&nbsp;Kaido Tammeveski ,&nbsp;Dario R. Dekel ,&nbsp;Miriam Rafailovich","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses the challenges of power output and durability in anion-exchange membrane (AEM) fuel cells (AEMFCs) through the use of graphene-based materials. Graphene oxide (GO) and partially reduced graphene oxide (prGO) with varying degrees of reduction were synthesized and characterized via Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). AEMs were coated with the synthesized graphene materials and tested with Pt catalyst. The addition of GO and prGO with high degrees of reduction improved power output by 12 % and 5 %, respectively, and increased durability by 29 %. Optimal reduction degree of prGO showed significant improvements, enhancing power output by 53 % and doubling membrane life. When FeCo-N-C replaced Pt/C at the cathode, the power enhancement with intermediate prGO was reduced to 16 %, and durability increased by only 13 %, indicating a specific synergy with Pt. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) analysis showed that graphene addition maintained membrane integrity and prevented Pt nucleation within the membrane. However, after 140 h, the membrane interface became rough, causing electrical shorts. It is hypothesized that the hexagonal carbon ring structure of graphene allows OH⁻ migration but blocks larger Pt ions, preventing degradation. Further investigation is needed to understand the significant power enhancement with minimal prGO addition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100451"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterostructured crystalline and non-crystalline carbon coatings -A sustainable solution for corrosion inhibition in reinforced concrete","authors":"M. Ananthkumar ,&nbsp;Mini K M ,&nbsp;Saravanakumar Tamilarasan ,&nbsp;Murali Rangarajan","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Corrosion is the major form of deterioration in reinforced concrete structures which leads to reduction in strength followed by complete failure. The current work focuses on the development of a heterostructured composite coating on Fe500 steel consisting of hard carbon and soft carbon possessing anticorrosive properties. The interaction between amorphous and crystalline carbon significantly enhances corrosion resistance in Fe500 steel, with specific ratios improving inhibition efficiency, verified by physicochemical characterizations and tests. In this study, carbon coated Fe500 strips were exposed to a simulated concrete pore solution containing 3.5 % NaCl, replicating corrosive conditions. Different combinations such as 100 % hard carbon (HC), 100 % soft carbon (SC), 25 % soft carbon + 75 % hard carbon (25SC/75HC), 50% soft carbon + 50 % hard carbon (50SC/50HC), and 75 % soft carbon + 25 % hard carbon (75SC/25HC) were assessed and tested. Tafel plots were generated to assess the corrosion rate. Among the different coatings tested, the 50 % soft carbon + 50 % hard carbon (50SC/50HC) composite exhibited the highest corrosion inhibition efficiency, with a corrosion rate of 0.0103 mmpy. After 5000 cycles, the material showed no crystalline or morphological changes, maintaining stability and excellent corrosion resistance for concrete.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100454"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competition between fragmentation and defragmentation of сarbon black nanoparticle agglomerates under a degenerate optical microcavitation mode","authors":"Alexandra Shamova ,&nbsp;Galina Shandybina ,&nbsp;Dmitry Polyakov ,&nbsp;Evgeny Kuzmin ,&nbsp;Valeria Domazhirova ,&nbsp;Andrey Belikov","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper studies the nonlinear transformation process of carbon black nanoparticle agglomerates in water under nanosecond near-infrared laser irradiation. An experimental and theoretical relationship between the sizes of a microbubble and a carbon microparticle has been obtained. A thermophysical calculation based on an analytical solution of the heat conduction equation for a homogeneous sphere and infinite medium possess different thermal properties, allowed analyzing the dynamics of a carbon microparticle cooling in the degenerate optical microcavitation modes (long-lived microbubbles) and tracing the trend of changes in the accumulated temperature depending on laser parameters. A region of parameters (pulse number, repetition rate) in which the transition from the fragmentation to defragmentation of the agglomerates occurs has been experimentally found. Differentiation of these processes contributed to the definition of the role of degenerate optical microcavitation in combination with accumulative effects and the detailing of their mechanisms. A fragmentation mechanism has been established that takes into account degenerate optical microcavitation. A mechanism for defragmentation of carbon black nanoparticle agglomerates has been proposed based on the creation of prerequisites for water transition into the state of a supercritical fluid accompanied by partial agglomerate dissolution in laser-induced long-lived microbubbles at the cooling stage and on the decrease of agglomerate maximum heating temperature because of increased light scattering by long-lived microbubbles. The regularities studied are important for the development of laser technologies for destruction of carbon black nanoparticle agglomerates in liquid media, including biological ones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100453"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Encapsulation of magnetic nanoparticles into carbon nanotubes by one-step facile synthesis method","authors":"José D. Pizha ,&nbsp;Diana G. Heredia ,&nbsp;Luis Corredor ,&nbsp;Carlos Reinoso ,&nbsp;Werner Bramer ,&nbsp;Jules Gardener ,&nbsp;Guillermo Solorzano ,&nbsp;Gema Gonzalez","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2024.100446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic carbon nanotubes (MagCNTs) have attracted significant interest due to their exceptional magnetic properties, robust adsorption capabilities, and unique thermal conductivity, making them valuable in fields such as drug delivery and environmental technology. However, their production and design face challenges due to complex methodologies and the exposure of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) to the environment, which hinders scalability and compromises their applications. Issues like rapid oxidation of iron-based NPs and potential toxicity of alternative metals like cobalt or nickel further limit their efficacy and utility. To address these challenges, encapsulating the metallic NPs can preserve their magnetic properties and enhance application options. In this study, we introduce a novel, <em>in-situ</em>, one-step synthesis method to encapsulate magnetic NPs, such as Fe<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, Fe, and Fe<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>C, within the structure of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The material was synthesized <em>via</em> Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) using Fe<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>O<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> NPs as the catalyst. The composition and morphology were studied using High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). These analysis revealed the effective confinement of magnetic NPs, with size approximately 10–20 nm, within the CNTs. Furthermore, VSM results confirmed the magnetic properties at room temperature, with a magnetic saturation value of 35.8 emu/g. This approach offers a refined production process and material design, expanding their applicability in various technological and biomedical fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100446"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}