Pain Reports最新文献

{"title":"Sensory processing sensitivity in adolescents reporting chronic pain: an exploratory study.","authors":"Helen Koechlin,&nbsp;Carolina Donado,&nbsp;Cosima Locher,&nbsp;Joe Kossowsky,&nbsp;Francesca Lionetti,&nbsp;Michael Pluess","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000001053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) describes a genetically influenced trait characterized by greater <i>depth</i> of information <i>processing</i>, lower sensory threshold, and ease of overstimulation. It is hypothesized that SPS plays a crucial role in the context of chronic pain.<b>Objectives:</b> This exploratory study examined SPS as a correlate of pain intensity and pain-related disability in a sample of adolescents reporting chronic pain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adolescents reporting chronic pain were contacted through social media and through specialized pain clinics. Participants completed online questionnaires on their levels of SPS, pain features, emotion regulation, and quality of life. A series of analysis of variances (ANOVAs) were calculated to detect differences between 3 SPS groups (ie, high, medium, and low sensitivity) regarding emotion regulation, quality of life, and pain features. Multiple linear regressions were conducted to predict pain intensity, pain-related disability, and quality of life.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 103 participants completed the survey (68.9% female, M_age 17.9). Back pain was the most frequently reported pain location. Proportion of highly sensitive individuals was large (45.68%). The ANOVA revealed significant differences between sensitivity groups related to quality-of-life subscales, namely, for physical (F(2, 100) = 7.42, <i>P</i> < 0.001), emotional (F(2, 100) = 6.11, <i>P</i> < 0.001), and school functioning (F(2, 100) = 3.75, <i>P</i> = 0.03). High sensitivity was not predictive of pain but of health-related quality of life.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results indicate that SPS is an important and prevalent characteristic to consider in the context of chronic pain in adolescents, specifically regarding the quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"8 1","pages":"e1053"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9829261/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10628789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful use of differential target multiplexed spinal cord stimulation for chronic postsurgical abdominal pain.","authors":"Ryusuke Tanaka,&nbsp;Kenji Shinohara,&nbsp;Yohei Hidai,&nbsp;Chiaki Kiuchi,&nbsp;Satoshi Tanaka,&nbsp;Mikito Kawamata,&nbsp;Junichi Sasao","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000001059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Recent advances in stimulation techniques have improved the efficacy and expanded the applicability of spinal cord stimulation (SCS). Among these techniques, there are no reports on the efficacy of differential target multiplexed (DTM) SCS for chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) after abdominal surgery. Therefore, we present the successful use of DTM SCS for CPSP after distal pancreatectomy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 49-year-old man with hypertension and severe chronic low back pain presented with neuropathic CPSP involving the left abdomen in the area of a laparotomy incision. His pain was refractory to conservative treatment and was rated 10 on a numerical rating scale (NRS). He underwent permanent implantation of a pulse generator after a 14-day trial stimulation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Chronic postsurgical pain was well controlled (NRS 1-2) at a 3-month follow-up with DTM SCS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Differential target multiplexed SCS can be a new treatment option for neuropathic CPSP that is resistant to conservative treatment. It is important to further examine the characteristics of CPSP and identify appropriate candidates for the successful use of DTM SCS.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"8 1","pages":"e1059"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9857349/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10623259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Test-retest reliability of a simple bedside-quantitative sensory testing battery for chronic neuropathic pain.","authors":"Juliane Sachau,&nbsp;Christina Appel,&nbsp;Maren Reimer,&nbsp;Manon Sendel,&nbsp;Jan Vollert,&nbsp;Philipp Hüllemann,&nbsp;Ralf Baron","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000001049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The sensory phenotype is believed to provide information about the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and to be used in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. However, the use of standardized quantitative sensory testing (QST) protocols is limited due to high expenditures of time and costs. Thus, a simple bedside-QST battery was recently developed showing good agreement when compared with laboratory QST. The aim of this study was to preliminary validate this bedside-QST protocol.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients experiencing chronic pain with neuropathic features (n = 60) attended 3 visits. During the first visit, laboratory QST and bedside-QST were performed by the same trained investigator. Three hours and 3 weeks later, bedside-QST was repeated. Patients completed questionnaires regarding their pain (intensity, quality), depression/anxiety, and quality of life. Test-retest reliability and convergent/divergent validity were investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most of the bedside-QST parameters, including also those recommended in our first study as being indicative for sensory phenotypes, revealed a moderate to excellent test-retest reliability. Overall, results for short-term reliability and interval-scaled parameters were slightly better. Most of the bedside-QST parameters did not correlate with the depression and anxiety score, suggesting a good divergent validity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Bedside-QST has good criterion and divergent validity as well as reliability. This battery consists of 5 low-cost devices that can be quickly and easily used to characterize the sensory phenotype of patients with neuropathic pain. A combination of bedside-QST parameters can be used to investigate patients' subgroups with specific pathophysiological mechanisms and to identify treatment responders.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"8 1","pages":"e1049"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8a/31/painreports-8-e1049.PMC9842225.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10551746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors associated with persistent postsurgical pain after total knee or hip joint replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Arunangshu Ghoshal,&nbsp;Shivam Bhanvadia,&nbsp;Som Singh,&nbsp;Lauren Yaeger,&nbsp;Simon Haroutounian","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000001052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies have identified demographic, clinical, psychosocial, and perioperative variables associated with persistent pain after a variety of surgeries. This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of factors associated with persistent pain after total knee replacement (TKR) and total hip replacement (THR) surgeries. To meet the inclusion criteria, studies were required to assess variables before or at the time of surgery, include a persistent postsurgical pain (PPSP) outcome measure at least 2 months after a TKR or THR surgery, and include a statistical analysis of the effect of the risk factor(s) on the outcome measure. Outcomes from studies implementing univariate and multivariable statistical models were analyzed separately. Where possible, data from univariate analyses on the same factors were combined in a meta-analysis. Eighty-one studies involving 171,354 patients were included in the review. Because of the heterogeneity of assessment methods, only 44% of the studies allowed meaningful meta-analysis. In meta-analyses, state anxiety (but not trait anxiety) scores and higher depression scores on the Beck Depression Inventory were associated with an increased risk of PPSP after TKR. In the qualitative summary of multivariable analyses, higher preoperative pain scores were associated with PPSP after TKR or THR. This review systematically assessed factors associated with an increased risk of PPSP after TKR and THR and highlights current knowledge gaps that can be addressed by future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"8 1","pages":"e1052"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9833456/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10628787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global series: Complex regional pain syndrome: abstracts from the International Association for the Study of Pain complex regional pain syndrome SIG virtual symposia 2021.","authors":"Jennifer S Lewis,&nbsp;Muhammad Kashif,&nbsp;Aasam Maan,&nbsp;Daniel Ciampi de Andrade,&nbsp;Michelle Casey,&nbsp;Jee Youn Moon,&nbsp;Chih-Peng Lin,&nbsp;Lena Danielsson,&nbsp;Terence Quek,&nbsp;Rodrigo Díez Tafur,&nbsp;Abdelkarim Aloweidi,&nbsp;Frank Birklein,&nbsp;Lone Knudsen,&nbsp;Andreas Goebel","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000001056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this IASP complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) SIG Global Series 2021 was to bring together clinicians including those from developing countries to better understand the clinical presentation of complex regional pain syndrome in countries with less well-published patient populations. The purpose was to learn from each other about the range of treatments, successful outcomes, and challenges experienced. These meeting proceedings comprise abstracts from nine countries that span 4 continents and are summaries of online presentations delivered by speakers representing these countries over the course of 2 symposia. The symposia were attended by a global audience of approximately 360 people. Patients with CRPS were described and treated by clinicians from countries across Asia (Pakistan, Jordan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore), South America (Brazil and Peru), Africa (South Africa), and Europe (Norway). This reflects that CRPS exists across borders, ethnicities, and cultures. These proceedings provide a broader perspective within the international pain community about how we can better understand and treat CRPS across the globe.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"8 1","pages":"e1056"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a3/6b/painreports-8-e1056.PMC9845011.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9281799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analgesic efficacy of sleep-promoting pharmacotherapy in patients with chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Emelie Andersson,&nbsp;Thomas Kander,&nbsp;Mads U Werner,&nbsp;Joshua H Cho,&nbsp;Eva Kosek,&nbsp;Martin F Bjurström","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000001061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dysregulation of sleep heightens pain sensitivity and may contribute to pain chronification. Interventions which consolidate and lengthen sleep have the potential to improve pain control. The main objective of this systematic review was to examine the effects of sleep-promoting pharmacotherapy on pain intensity in patients with chronic pain. Multiple electronic databases were searched from inception to January 2022 to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full-text articles; extracted data; and assessed risk of bias for each included study. The GRADE approach was used to determine the strength of evidence. The search identified 624 articles. After full-text screening, 10 RCTs (n = 574 randomized participants) involving 3 pharmacologic interventions (melatonin, zopiclone, and eszopiclone) and 7 different chronic pain populations were included. Minimum clinically significant pain reduction ≥30% was reported in 4 studies. There is low-quality evidence (downgraded due to inconsistency and imprecision) that 2 to 8 weeks treatment with a sleep-promoting medication alone or in combination with an analgesic (6 trials, n = 397) decreases pain intensity compared with placebo or the same analgesic treatment alone (SMD -0.58 [95% confidence interval -1.00, -0.17], <i>P</i> = 0.006). Analyses of associations between changes in sleep and pain outcomes were only provided in 2 articles, with inconsistent findings. Notably, pain-relieving effects were most consistent in melatonin trials. Only 3 studies implemented polysomnography to obtain objective sleep measures. Low-quality evidence indicates that pharmacologic sleep promotion may decrease pain intensity in chronic pain populations. More research is needed to fully understand the influence of sleep-targeting interventions on pain control.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"8 1","pages":"e1061"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/aa/9c/painreports-8-e1061.PMC9829257.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10628788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The declaration of lima on pain in childhood.","authors":"Jordi Miró, Marco A Narváez, Enrique Orrillo, Pablo Ingelmo, João Batista S Garcia","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001055","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Declaration of Lima on Pain in Childhood is a call into action to improve the care provided to children and adolescents with pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"7 6","pages":"e1055"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9771156/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10444792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pain severity at emergency department discharge as a predictor for chronification of pain.","authors":"Stephanie F H Ten Doesschate, T Martijn Kuijper, Seppe S H A Koopman, Sander Mol, Linda Colen-Kroon, Vanessa V Brown","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001048","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Inadequate pain management remains a problem in the emergency department (ED) and might increase the risk of chronic pain. Previous studies suggested that pain intensity is associated with pain chronification in specific patient groups. This study aims to study the association between pain intensity {[verbal] numeric rating scale ([V]NRS) ≥ 7} at discharge from the ED and pain chronification in the general population.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess whether a high pain score at discharge from the ED increases the risk of chronic pain development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adults who visited the ED with pain as their main complaint, and who were not hospitalized, were eligible for inclusion. Chronic pain was defined as pain with an (V)NRS score ≥1 90 days after the ED visit and with a similar location to the acute pain.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 1906 patients, of whom 825 participants completed 90 days of follow-up. Approximately 34.1% left the ED with an (V)NRS score ≥7, and 67.8% reported an (V)NRS score of ≥1 90 at days. Of all patients leaving the ED with an (V)NRS score ≥7, 76.5% developed chronic pain vs 63.2% of patients with (V)NRS score <7 (<i>P</i> < 0.01). After correction, this difference was borderline statistically significant with an odds ratio of 1.45 (95% confidence interval: 0.99-2.13, <i>P</i> = 0.054). Various sensitivity analyses using a different (V)NRS at discharge and different definitions of chronic pain at 90 days showed a significant difference in the chronification of pain.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study suggests that pain intensity at discharge from the ED, regardless of the localization or cause of pain, increased the risk of developing chronic pain. By distinguishing patients at risk and providing an effective treatment, chronic pain and the associated burden of disease might be preventable.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"7 6","pages":"e1048"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/78/e4/painreports-7-e1048.PMC9762928.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10438197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A literature review of the impact of exclusion criteria on generalizability of clinical trial findings to patients with chronic pain.","authors":"Vafi Salmasi, Theresa R Lii, Keith Humphreys, Vinay Reddy, Sean C Mackey","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001050","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ability of clinical trials to inform the care of chronic pain may be limited if only an unrepresentative subset of patients are allowed to enroll. We summarize and report new insights on published studies that report on how trial exclusions affect the generalizability of their results. We conducted a PubMed search on the following terms: ((\"eligibility criteria\" AND generalizability) OR (\"exclusion criteria\" AND generalizability) OR \"exclusion criteria\"[ti] OR \"eligibility criteria\"[ti]) AND pain. We only considered studies relevant if they analyzed data on (1) the prevalence and nature of exclusion criteria or (2) the impact of exclusion criteria on sample representativeness or study results. The 4 articles that were identified reported differences in patients who were included and excluded in different clinical trials: excluded patients were older, less likely to have a paid job, had more functional limitations at baseline, and used strong opioids more often. The clinical significance of these differences remains unclear. The pain medicine literature has very few published studies on the prevalence and impact of exclusion criteria, and the outcomes of excluded patients are rarely tracked. The frequent use of psychosocial exclusions is especially compromising to generalizability because chronic pain commonly co-occurs with psychiatric comorbidities. Inclusion of more representative patients in research samples can reduce recruitment barriers and broaden the generalizability of findings in patients with chronic pain. We also call for more studies that examine the use of exclusion criteria in chronic pain trials to better understand their implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"7 6","pages":"e1050"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9663135/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10835323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing <i>OPRM1</i> DNA methylation in prescription opioid users with chronic musculoskeletal pain.","authors":"Sophia Sheikh,&nbsp;Carmen Smotherman,&nbsp;Monika Patel,&nbsp;Taimour Langaee,&nbsp;Danxin Wang,&nbsp;Edward Swaray,&nbsp;Esteban Velasquez,&nbsp;Siegfried O F Schmidt,&nbsp;Phyllis Hendry,&nbsp;Larisa H Cavallari,&nbsp;Roger B Fillingim","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000001046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Many patients with chronic pain use prescription opioids. Epigenetic modification of the μ-opioid receptor 1 (<i>OPRM1</i>) gene, which codes for the target protein of opioids, may influence vulnerability to opioid abuse and response to opioid pharmacotherapy, potentially affecting pain outcomes.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Our objective was to investigate associations of clinical and sociodemographic factors with <i>OPRM1</i> DNA methylation in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain on long-term prescription opioids.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sociodemographic variables, survey data (Rapid Estimate of Adult Health Literacy in Medicine-Short Form, Functional Comorbidity Index [FCI], PROMIS 43v2.1 Profile, Opioid Risk Tool, and PROMIS Prescription Pain Medication Misuse), and saliva samples were collected. The genomic DNA extracted from saliva samples were bisulfite converted, amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and processed for <i>OPRM1</i>-targeted DNA methylation analysis on a Pyrosequencing instrument (Qiagen Inc, Valencia, CA). General linear models were used to examine the relationships between the predictors and <i>OPRM1</i> DNA methylation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data from 112 patients were analyzed. The best-fitted multivariable model indicated, compared with their counterparts, patients with > eighth grade reading level, degenerative disk disease, substance abuse comorbidity, and opioid use < 1 year (compared with >5 years), had average methylation levels that were 7.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95%, 14.4%), 11.7% (95% CI 2.7%, 21.1%), 21.7% (95% CI 10.7%, 32.5%), and 16.1% (95% CI 3.3%, 28.8%) higher than the reference groups, respectively. Methylation levels were 2.2% (95% CI 0.64%, 3.7%) lower for every 1 unit increase in FCI and greater by 0.45% (95% CI 0.08%, 0.82%) for every fatigue T score unit increase.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong><i>OPRM1</i> methylation levels varied by several patient factors. Further studies are warranted to replicate these findings and determine potential clinical utility.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"7 6","pages":"e1046"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/bd/99/painreports-7-e1046.PMC9699511.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10634896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}