Pain Reports最新文献

{"title":"Psychological and immunological associations with movement-evoked low back pain among older adults.","authors":"Riley Kahan, Arthur Woznowski-Vu, Janet L Huebner, Carl F Pieper, Adam P Goode, Steven Z George, Timothy H Wideman, Virginia Byers Kraus, Cathleen Colón-Emeric, Corey B Simon","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001262","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001262","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Low back pain (LBP) is a leading global factor in disability among older adults. Movement-evoked pain (MEP) is potentially an important mediator in the disability pathway but is predominantly tested in the laboratory.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We aimed to explore MEP in the natural environment (\"daily\" MEP) and its correlation with laboratory MEP, along with potential psychological and immunological influences.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Thirty-five older adults with persistent LBP attended a single laboratory session. Pain catastrophizing, pain-related fear of movement, and pain self-efficacy were measured by questionnaire. Resting inflammation and inflammatory reactivity to painful movement were evaluated using serum interleukin-6, tissue necrosis factor alpha, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Laboratory MEP was defined by aggregate pain intensity with a movement provocation test. Daily MEP was measured for the next 7 days using ecological momentary assessment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Laboratory MEP was strongly correlated with daily MEP (<i>ρ</i> = 0.780, <i>P</i> = <0.001). C-reactive protein (Hedges [<i>g</i>] = 0.266) and interleukin-6 (g = 0.433) demonstrated small to moderate reactivity to painful movement. After controlling for age and multimorbidity, pain catastrophizing and pain self-efficacy explained 24% to 37% variance in laboratory and daily MEP. Resting inflammatory markers were not associated with MEP; however, C-reactive protein reactivity to painful movement explained 19% to 25% variance in laboratory and daily MEP.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Preliminary indication is that laboratory and daily MEP may be proxy measures for one another, and that MEP is influenced by psychological and immunological factors. Future studies will aim to (1) validate findings among older adults with persistent LBP and (2) for clinical phenotyping, clarify complex relationships among psychological and immunological factors with disability pathway components like MEP.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"10 3","pages":"e1262"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11970892/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143796938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistent postseptoplasty nasal neuropathic pain.","authors":"Gio Gemelga, Shweta Chawla, Shikha Sharma, Xiaobing Yu","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001266","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001266","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"10 3","pages":"e1266"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11970882/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143796935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fear-avoidance beliefs are associated with changes of back shape and function.","authors":"Nima Taheri, Luis Becker, Lena Fleig, Karolina Kolodziejczak, Lea Cordes, Bernhard U Hoehl, Ulrike Grittner, Lukas Mödl, Hendrik Schmidt, Matthias Pumberger","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001249","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Psychosocial function in people with chronic low back pain (cLBP) is often impaired, indicating poor well-being. Fear-avoidance beliefs (FAB) are common concomitants of cLBP. Fear-avoidance beliefs are gaining attention as a potential prognostic factor for chronification and resulting disability in cLBP. This article aims to examine the associations of back function with FAB.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study presents data from a cohort study (DRKS00027907). In the present cross-sectional analyses, we included 914 participants (480 nonchronic LBP [ncLBP], 227 cLBP, 207 asymptomatic). Fear-avoidance beliefs were assessed using the fear-avoidance belief questionnaire (FABQ). The association between the FAB and clinical measures (Ott and Schober test, the sit-to-stand test [STS], and the finger-floor distance [FFD]) were analyzed. Back shape and function were also measured using a noninvasive device. The association between FABQ scores and clinical measures was assessed using age, body mass index, sex, and pain intensity-adjusted multiple linear regression models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Associations between FAB and both clinical (Ott, Schober, STS, FFD) and noninvasive device measures were small. All relevant clinical measures were attenuated in individuals with elevated FAB.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>We were able to demonstrate the association of both back shape and function in both clinical tests and noninvasive device measurements with self-reported fear-avoidance beliefs. However, the effect sizes were small. This may be attributed to the different assessment methods (objective vs self-report), resulting in reduced common method variance. In addition to the FAB, there may be other factors (eg, altered neuronal pathways; actual avoidance behavior such as reduced physical activity) that contribute to functional impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"10 2","pages":"e1249"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143702163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topical neurokinin-1 receptor antagonism ameliorates ocular pain and prevents corneal nerve degeneration in an animal model of dry eye disease.","authors":"Amirreza Naderi, Yukako Taketani, Shudan Wang, Francesca Kahale, Ann Yung, Pier Luigi Surico, Yihe Chen, Reza Dana","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001232","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ocular pain is a common complaint to eye care providers, associated with a variety of ocular conditions, among which dry eye disease (DED) is affecting millions of people worldwide. Despite being highly prevalent, ocular pain is not managed adequately in the clinic.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesic potential of neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) antagonism in DED.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Dry eye disease was induced in mice, and an NK1R antagonist L-733,060 was topically administered twice daily throughout the study for 14 days. Hyperalgesia and allodynia were assessed using the eye-wiping test and palpebral ratio measurements. Corneas were collected for measuring substance P (SP) levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and imaging nerves by immunostaining. Trigeminal ganglions (TG) were collected to determine SP levels by ELISA and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M (melastatin) member 8, c-Fos, and activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) mRNA levels by real-time polymerase chain reaction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Treating DED mice with L-733,060 resulted in a significant reduction in eye wipe behavior, a significant increase in palpebral ratio, and significant decreases in SP levels in both the cornea and TG compared with the vehicle-treated group. In addition, NK1R antagonist treatment significantly suppressed the upregulation of TRPV1, ATF3, and c-Fos and prevented corneal nerve loss.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonism effectively reduced ocular nociception, decreased neuronal activation, and preserved corneal nerves in mice with DED. These findings suggest that blockade of SP signaling pathway is a promising therapeutic strategy for managing DED pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"10 1","pages":"e1232"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11745868/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143015948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing alexithymia in chronic pain: psychometric properties of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 and Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire.","authors":"Rachel V Aaron, David A Preece, Lauren C Heathcote, Stephen T Wegener, Claudia M Campbell, Chung Jung Mun","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001204","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Alexithymia is elevated in chronic pain and relates to poor pain-related outcomes. However, despite concerns from other clinical populations, the psychometric properties of alexithymia measures have not been rigorously established in chronic pain.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examined the psychometric properties of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 Item (TAS-20) and the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ) in adults with chronic pain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An online sample of adults with chronic pain across the United States (N = 1453) completed the TAS-20, PAQ, and related questionnaires at baseline, 3-month follow-up, and 12-month follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both measures showed good temporal stability, convergent validity (with emotion regulation scores), divergent validity (with depression and anxiety scores), and criterion validity. Some concerns were raised about the TAS-20: the original 3-factor structure showed a poor model fit; the Externally Oriented Thinking subscale of the TAS-20 had poor factor loadings and unacceptable internal consistency; and, we identified several TAS-20 items that may slightly inflate the predictive validity of the TAS-20 on pain-related outcomes. The original 5-factor structure of the PAQ showed a good fit; each PAQ subscale had good factor loadings and excellent internal consistency.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both the TAS-20 and PAQ had psychometric strengths. Our data raised some concern for the use of TAS-20 subscales; the PAQ may be a psychometrically stronger option, particularly for investigators interested in alexithymia subscale analysis in people with chronic pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"10 1","pages":"e1204"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11631001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142814884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pregabalin produces analgesia in males but not females in an animal model of chronic widespread muscle pain.","authors":"Ashley N Plumb, Kazuhiro Hayashi, Adam Janowski, Angela Smith, Lynn Rasmussen, Kathleen A Sluka, Joseph B Lesnak","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001207","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pregabalin, which acts on the α₂δ-1 subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels, relieves ≥50% of pain in a third of individuals with fibromyalgia. Thus far, preclinical studies of pregabalin have predominantly used male animals.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The purpose of our study was to investigate potential sex differences in the analgesic efficacy of pregabalin that may contribute to disparities in human outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used a mouse model of chronic widespread muscle pain (CWP) to test the effects of pregabalin on muscle hyperalgesia, nonreflexive pain, and motor behaviors. The CWP pain model combines 2 pH 4.0 saline injections, spaced 5 days apart, into the gastrocnemius muscle and produces bilateral muscle hyperalgesia. Furthermore, we explored sex differences in the mRNA and protein expression of the α₂δ-1 subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia after development of CWP.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pregabalin fully attenuated muscle hyperalgesia bilaterally in male but not female mice with equal motor deficits produced in both sexes. In addition, using the conditioned place preference test, mice of both sexes with CWP spent significantly more time in the pregabalin-paired chamber compared with baseline, but not significantly greater than pain-free controls. Chronic widespread muscle pain produced no changes in α₂δ-1 subunit mRNA or protein expression in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or dorsal root ganglia in either sex.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, these findings indicate pregabalin may be more effective in treating CWP in males, but the factors leading to these differences are not fully understood.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"9 6","pages":"e1207"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11581757/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142689645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated manual therapies: IASP taskforce viewpoint.","authors":"Jerry Draper-Rodi, Dave Newell, Mary F Barbe, Joel Bialosky","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001192","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Manual therapy refers to a range of hands-on interventions used by various clinical professionals, such as osteopaths, osteopathic physicians, chiropractors, massage therapists, physiotherapists, and physical therapists, to treat patients experiencing pain.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To present existing evidence of mechanisms and clinical effectiveness of manual therapy in pain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This Clinical Update focuses on the 2023 International Association for the Study of Pain Global Year for Integrative Pain Care. Current models of manual therapy and examples of integrative manual therapy are discussed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The evolution of concepts in recent years are presented and current gaps in knowledge to guide future research highlighted. Mechanisms of manual therapy are discussed, including specific and contextual effects. Findings from research on animal and humans in manual therapy are presented including on inflammatory markers, fibrosis, and behaviours. There is low to moderate levels of evidence that the effect sizes for manual therapy range from small to large for pain and function in tension headache, cervicogenic headache, fibromyalgia, low back pain, neck pain, knee pain, and hip pain.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Manual therapies appear to be effective for a variety of conditions with minimal safety concerns. There are opportunities for manual therapies to integrate new evidence in its educational, clinical, and research models. Manual therapies are also well-suited to fostering a person-centred approach to care, requiring the clinician to relinquish some of their power to the person consulting. Integrated manual therapies have recently demonstrated a fascinating evolution illustrating their adaptability and capacity to address contemporary societal challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"9 6","pages":"e1192"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11524741/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142548881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multisensory sensitivity in relation to pain: a scoping review of terminology and assessment.","authors":"Harper Dunne, Laura A Frey-Law","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001193","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic pain is a debilitating health problem affecting 20 million Americans annually. Most patients with chronic pain report negative impacts on daily function and quality of life, which can result in devastating emotional and financial stress. Although the causes of chronic pain remain elusive, there is increasing interest in sensitivity to everyday sensory stimuli as it relates to chronic pain, potentially serving as an indirect marker of altered central nervous system sensory processing. However, sensitivity to multiple sensory inputs, eg, bright lights, certain fabrics, loud noises, etc, is described using multiple terminologies. The lack of a common vocabulary makes it difficult to find and summarize related discoveries, potentially inhibiting scientific progress. Thus, the purpose of this scoping review was to identify and characterize the terminology used in publications assessing some form of multisensory sensitivity as it relates to pain (eg, a pain cohort or pain sensitivity). Our review of 6 databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO+, and Cochrane) comprehensively cataloged peer-reviewed studies published through March 2023 in this domain. Of 12,841 possible studies identified, 92 met all inclusion criteria, with over 80% being published in the last decade. A wide range of terminology has been used for this construct, likely in part a result of the many different professional disciplines represented. These results provide valuable insights for future development of a standardized vocabulary and serve as a resource to aid future investigators of multisensory sensitivity and pain in their study design.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"9 6","pages":"e1193"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11519410/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142548882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances as risk and progression factors for multiple chronic overlapping pain conditions: a protocol for a longitudinal study.","authors":"Chung Jung Mun, Shawn D Youngstedt, Megan E Petrov, Keenan A Pituch, Jeffrey A Elliott, Steven Z George, Frank LoVecchio, Aram S Mardian, Kit K Elam, Nina Winsick, Ryan Eckert, Surabhi Sajith, Kate Alperin, Ananya Lakhotia, Kaylee Kohler, Matthew J Reid, Mary C Davis, Roger B Fillingim","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001194","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Chronic overlapping pain conditions (COPCs), such as chronic low back pain (cLBP) and fibromyalgia, frequently cooccur and incur substantial healthcare costs. However, to date, much focus has been placed on individual anatomically based chronic pain conditions, whereas little is known about the mechanisms underlying progression to multiple (more than 1) COPCs. This study aims to address the gap by investigating the role of common and modifiable risk factors, specifically sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances, in the development of multiple COPCs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study will enroll 300 participants with cLBP, including 200 with cLBP only and 100 with cLBP plus other COPCs (ie, fibromyalgia, temporomandibular disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, and chronic headaches) and follow them up for 12 months. Sleep and circadian rhythms will be assessed using wireless sleep electroencephalography, 24-hour evaluation of the rhythm of urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, actigraphy, and sleep diaries. Pain amplification using quantitative sensory testing, psychological distress using validated self-report measures, and the number of pain sites using a pain body map will also be assessed.</p><p><strong>Perspectives: </strong>This research aims to (1) comprehensively characterize sleep/circadian disturbances in individuals with single and multiple COPCs using multimodal in-home assessments; (2) examine the associations between sleep/circadian disturbances, changes in pain amplification, and psychological distress; and (3) investigate the relationship among these factors and the progression in the number of pain sites, a proxy for multiple COPCs. The findings will provide insights into the mechanisms leading to multiple COPCs, potentially informing treatment and prevention strategies for these complex conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"9 6","pages":"e1194"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11512637/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"miRNA packaging into small extracellular vesicles and implications in pain.","authors":"Jason T DaCunza, Jason R Wickman, Seena K Ajit","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001198","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogenous group of lipid bilayer bound particles naturally released by cells. These vesicles are classified based on their biogenesis pathway and diameter. The overlap in size of exosomes generated from the exosomal pathway and macrovesicles that are pinched off from the surface of the plasma membrane makes it challenging to isolate pure populations. Hence, isolated vesicles that are less than 200 nm are called small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). Extracellular vesicles transport a variety of cargo molecules, and multiple mechanisms govern the packaging of cargo into sEVs. Here, we discuss the current understanding of how miRNAs are targeted into sEVs, including the role of RNA binding proteins and EXOmotif sequences present in miRNAs in sEV loading. Several studies in human pain disorders and rodent models of pain have reported alterations in sEV cargo, including miRNAs. The sorting mechanisms and target regulation of miR-939, a miRNA altered in individuals with complex regional pain syndrome, is discussed in the context of inflammation. We also provide a broad overview of the therapeutic strategies being pursued to utilize sEVs in the clinic and the work needed to further our understanding of EVs to successfully deploy sEVs as a pain therapeutic.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"9 6","pages":"e1198"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11500789/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142512737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}