Pain Reports最新文献

{"title":"Characterizing <i>OPRM1</i> DNA methylation in prescription opioid users with chronic musculoskeletal pain.","authors":"Sophia Sheikh,&nbsp;Carmen Smotherman,&nbsp;Monika Patel,&nbsp;Taimour Langaee,&nbsp;Danxin Wang,&nbsp;Edward Swaray,&nbsp;Esteban Velasquez,&nbsp;Siegfried O F Schmidt,&nbsp;Phyllis Hendry,&nbsp;Larisa H Cavallari,&nbsp;Roger B Fillingim","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000001046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Many patients with chronic pain use prescription opioids. Epigenetic modification of the μ-opioid receptor 1 (<i>OPRM1</i>) gene, which codes for the target protein of opioids, may influence vulnerability to opioid abuse and response to opioid pharmacotherapy, potentially affecting pain outcomes.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Our objective was to investigate associations of clinical and sociodemographic factors with <i>OPRM1</i> DNA methylation in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain on long-term prescription opioids.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sociodemographic variables, survey data (Rapid Estimate of Adult Health Literacy in Medicine-Short Form, Functional Comorbidity Index [FCI], PROMIS 43v2.1 Profile, Opioid Risk Tool, and PROMIS Prescription Pain Medication Misuse), and saliva samples were collected. The genomic DNA extracted from saliva samples were bisulfite converted, amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and processed for <i>OPRM1</i>-targeted DNA methylation analysis on a Pyrosequencing instrument (Qiagen Inc, Valencia, CA). General linear models were used to examine the relationships between the predictors and <i>OPRM1</i> DNA methylation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data from 112 patients were analyzed. The best-fitted multivariable model indicated, compared with their counterparts, patients with > eighth grade reading level, degenerative disk disease, substance abuse comorbidity, and opioid use < 1 year (compared with >5 years), had average methylation levels that were 7.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95%, 14.4%), 11.7% (95% CI 2.7%, 21.1%), 21.7% (95% CI 10.7%, 32.5%), and 16.1% (95% CI 3.3%, 28.8%) higher than the reference groups, respectively. Methylation levels were 2.2% (95% CI 0.64%, 3.7%) lower for every 1 unit increase in FCI and greater by 0.45% (95% CI 0.08%, 0.82%) for every fatigue T score unit increase.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong><i>OPRM1</i> methylation levels varied by several patient factors. Further studies are warranted to replicate these findings and determine potential clinical utility.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"7 6","pages":"e1046"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/bd/99/painreports-7-e1046.PMC9699511.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10634896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electroencephalographic characteristics of children and adolescents with chronic musculoskeletal pain.","authors":"Don Daniel Ocay,&nbsp;Elizabeth F Teel,&nbsp;Owen D Luo,&nbsp;Chloé Savignac,&nbsp;Yacine Mahdid,&nbsp;Stefanie Blain-Moraes,&nbsp;Catherine E Ferland","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000001054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The pathophysiology of pediatric musculoskeletal (MSK) pain is unclear, contributing to persistent challenges to its management.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study hypothesizes that children and adolescents with chronic MSK pain (CPs) will show differences in electroencephalography (EEG) features at rest and during thermal pain modalities when compared with age-matched controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred forty-two CP patients and 45 age-matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent a standardized thermal tonic heat and cold stimulations, while a 21-electrode headset collected EEG data. Cohorts were compared with respect to their EEG features of spectral power, peak frequency, permutation entropy, weight phase-lag index, directed phase-lag index, and node degree at 4 frequency bands, namely, delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), and beta (13-30 Hz), at rest and during the thermal conditions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At rest, CPs showed increased global delta (<i>P</i> = 0.0493) and beta (<i>P</i> = 0.0002) power in comparison with HCs. These findings provide further impetus for the investigation and prevention of long-lasting developmental sequalae of early life chronic pain processes. Although no cohort differences in pain intensity scores were found during the thermal pain modalities, CPs and HCs showed significant difference in changes in EEG spectral power, peak frequency, permutation entropy, and network functional connectivity at specific frequency bands (<i>P</i> < 0.05) during the tonic heat and cold stimulations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This suggests that EEG can characterize subtle differences in heat and cold pain sensitivity in CPs. The complementation of EEG and evoked pain in the clinical assessment of pediatric chronic MSK pain can better detect underlying pain mechanisms and changes in pain sensitivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"7 6","pages":"e1054"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9788982/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10489755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-related differences in experimental pain sensitivity in subjects with painful or painless neuropathy after surgical repair of traumatic nerve injuries","authors":"A. Miclescu, Panagiota Gkatziani, Pontus Granlund, Stephen Butler, T. Gordh","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000001033","url":null,"abstract":"Higher pain intensities at all experimental stimuli but a tendency to faster recovery after cold conditioning stimuli were seen in women with neuropathy in comparison with men. Abstract Introduction: Sex-related influences represent a contributor to greater pain sensitivity and have a higher prevalence of many chronic pain conditions, including neuropathic pain (NP), among women. Objectives: The aim was to analyze how differences in ongoing pain, experimental pain intensity, and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) relate to sex in subjects with neuropathy after traumatic nerve injuries. Methods: Endogenous pain modulation was compared between male (n = 77) and female (n = 55) subjects and between subjects with NP (female = 31, male = 39) and pain-free subjects with posttraumatic neuropathy (female = 24, male = 38). Conditioned pain modulation was assessed by pain ratings to pressure stimuli before and after a noxious conditioning stimulus (CS) conducted with one arm submerged in cold water (4°C) for 1 minute. Time of recovery (Time off) of pain intensity from peak VASmaxc after CS was recorded and compared between male and female patients. Results: Greater ongoing pain intensity was found among female patients compared with male patients and more experimental pain after pressure and cold induced pain. Summing all groups together, women had 0.8 times higher odds (20%) of recovering sooner than men after CS (95% CI = 0.65–2.9). No differences in CPM, time off, and psychosocial variables were seen between female and male patients (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our hypothesis for sex differences in endogenous pain modulation was only supported by a shorter after-sensation time after cold CS in female patients. No sex differences in the magnitude of CPM effect were identified. Increased pain intensity for experimental pain, in both neuropathic pain and neuropathy without pain, was found in female patients.","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"7 1","pages":"e1033"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46933484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of stimulation area and temperature rates on offset analgesia","authors":"T. Szikszay, Nina Melz, Barbara von Glasenapp, W. Adamczyk, K. Luedtke","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000001043","url":null,"abstract":"Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Two consecutive experiments showed that not the temperature rates but the area of stimulation mediates offset analgesia. Abstract Introduction: Offset analgesia describes the effect of a slightly reduced nociceptive stimulus, resulting in a disproportionate large reduction in the pain perception. This effect may be associated with descending pain inhibition, but parameters influencing this phenomenon are poorly understood. Objectives: In this study, 2 separate experiments were conducted to investigate both, the spatial aspects of offset analgesia and the influence of different rates of temperature rise. Methods: In both experiments, 29 healthy participants received individualized and heat-based offset analgesia paradigms applied to the forearm, with continuous assessment of pain intensity. In experiment 1, offset analgesia paradigms with 3 different rates of temperature rise were applied, whereas in experiment 2, offset analgesia paradigms with 2 different heat application areas were used. Results: The results of experiment 1 showed that different temperature rates had no effect on the offset analgesia response (P > 0.05). Experiment 2, however, showed the influence of the size of a stimulated area on offset analgesia (P = 0.009), which can be explained mainly by the influence of spatial summation of pain and habituation processes. Conclusions: The study showed a lack of influence of different temperature rates on offset analgesia; however, spatial aspects of offset analgesia could be identified. These are most likely based on spatial summation of pain and altered adaptation to pain.","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"7 1","pages":"e1043"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45600174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The power of integrating data: advancing pain research using meta-analysis.","authors":"Joel Fundaun, Elizabeth T Thomas, Annina B Schmid, Georgios Baskozos","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001038","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Publications related to pain research have increased significantly in recent years. The abundance of new evidence creates challenges staying up to date with the latest information. A comprehensive understanding of the literature is important for both clinicians and investigators involved in pain research. One commonly used method to combine and analyse data in health care research is meta-analysis. The primary aim of a meta-analysis is to quantitatively synthesise the results of multiple studies focused on the same research question. Meta-analysis is a powerful tool that can be used to advance pain research. However, there are inherent challenges when combining data from multiple sources. There are also numerous models and statistical considerations when undertaking a meta-analysis. This review aims to discuss the planning and preparation for completing a meta-analysis, review commonly used meta-analysis models, and evaluate the clinical implications of meta-analysis in pain research.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"7 6","pages":"e1038"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9534369/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9477437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain-specific genes contribute to chronic but not to acute back pain.","authors":"Andrey V Bortsov,&nbsp;Marc Parisien,&nbsp;Samar Khoury,&nbsp;Amy E Martinsen,&nbsp;Marie Udnesseter Lie,&nbsp;Ingrid Heuch,&nbsp;Kristian Hveem,&nbsp;John-Anker Zwart,&nbsp;Bendik S Winsvold,&nbsp;Luda Diatchenko","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000001018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Although most back pain cases are acute, 20% of acute pain patients experience chronic back pain symptoms. It is unclear whether acute pain and chronic pain have similar or distinct underlying genetic mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To characterize the molecular and cellular pathways contributing to acute and chronic pain states.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional observational genome-wide association study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 375,158 individuals from the UK Biobank cohort were included in the discovery of genome-wide association study. Of those, 70,633 (19%) and 32,209 (9%) individuals met the definition of chronic and acute back pain, respectively. A total of 355 single nucleotide polymorphism grouped into 13 loci reached the genome-wide significance threshold (5x10^-8) for chronic back pain, but none for acute. Of these, 7 loci were replicated in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) cohort (19,760 chronic low back pain cases and 28,674 pain-free controls). Single nucleotide polymorphism heritability was 4.6% (P=1.4x10^-78) for chronic back pain and 0.81% (P=1.4x10-8) for acute back pain. Similar differences in heritability estimates between acute and chronic back pain were found in the HUNT cohort: 3.4% (P=0.0011) and 0.6% (P=0.851), respectively. Pathway analyses, tissue-specific heritability enrichment analyses, and epigenetic characterization suggest a substantial genetic contribution to chronic but not acute back pain from the loci predominantly expressed in the central nervous system.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Chronic back pain is substantially more heritable than acute back pain. This heritability is mostly attributed to genes expressed in the brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"7 5","pages":"e1018"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0a/91/painreports-7-e1018.PMC9371560.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10290577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of pain and psychosocial correlates among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White youth with chronic pain.","authors":"Ana B Goya Arce,&nbsp;Patricia A Richardson,&nbsp;Susan T Tran,&nbsp;Rashmi P Bhandari","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000001020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Despite well-documented pain disparities among adults from non-White and Hispanic groups, less is known about pain disparities in non-White and Hispanic pediatric populations.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We compare pain and related psychosocial factors at the individual (pain intensity, pain interference, pain catastrophizing, co-occurring symptoms), social (peer relations), and systemic (health insurance) levels among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White (NHW) youth with chronic pain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eight hundred thirty-seven (71.4% female) Hispanic (n = 268, 32%) and NHW (n = 569, 68%) youth ages 8 to 17 years (M = 14.00; SD = 2.54) completed a survey at their initial visit to a pain clinic. Independent sample <i>t</i> tests investigated mean differences in psychosocial factors at the individual and social levels. Chi-squared tests investigated differences at the systemic level. Bivariate correlations for each group were compared using Fisher r-to-z transformations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hispanic youth reported higher levels of pain intensity (<i>t</i>[811] = -2.75, <i>P</i> = 0.006). Groups did not differ in reports of other individual or social factors. Non-Hispanic White youth were more likely to have private insurance (OR, 5.66). All examined variables were significantly correlated among NHW youth. Correlations were weaker or nonsignificant among Hispanic youth. Fisher r-to-z transformations revealed these group differences to be significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hispanic youth report higher pain levels than NHW counterparts and lower likelihood of having private insurance. Pain and psychosocial factors correlate differently among the 2 groups highlighting a need to better understand the chronic pain experiences of diverse youth because models derived primarily from NHW populations may not generalize across ethnic and racial groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"7 4","pages":"e1020"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8e/20/painreports-7-e1020.PMC9296181.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40582631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum: Remote management of musculoskeletal pain: a pragmatic approach to the implementation of video and phone consultations in musculoskeletal practice: Erratum.","authors":"","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000001022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1097/PR9.0000000000000878.].</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"7 4","pages":"e1022"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/01/c2/painreports-7-e1022.PMC9281950.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40580151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Central sensitization in opioid use disorder: a novel application of the American College of Rheumatology Fibromyalgia Survey Criteria.","authors":"O Trent Hall,&nbsp;Julie Teater,&nbsp;Kara M Rood,&nbsp;K Luan Phan,&nbsp;Daniel J Clauw","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000001016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Central sensitization (CS) involves dysfunctional central nervous system pain modulation resulting in heightened pain perception. Central sensitization is not commonly assessed among patients with opioid use disorder (OUD), despite the fact that pain has been implicated in the development, maintenance, and relapse of OUD and chronic opioid use may produce opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Central sensitization is a plausibly important mechanism underlying the complex relationship between OUD and chronic pain. However, this premise is largely untested.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants with OUD (n = 141) were recruited from an academic addiction treatment center in Columbus, Ohio. An established surrogate measure of CS, the American College of Rheumatology 2011 Fibromyalgia Survey Criteria, was administered using electronic survey. Participants also responded to questions about pain interference (Brief Pain Inventory), quality of life (RAND-36), and items regarding pain beliefs and expectations of pain and addiction treatment. Descriptive analyses, Spearman rho correlations, and Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> tests were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hypothesized relationships were confirmed between degree of CS, pain interference, and health-related quality of life. Degree of CS was also positively correlated with greater endorsement of pain as a reason for the onset, maintenance, and escalation of OUD; treatment delay; and OUD relapse. Participants with the American College of Rheumatology 2011 Fibromyalgia Survey Criteria ≥13 had significantly greater endorsement of pain as a reason for delaying OUD treatment, continuing and increasing opioid use, and precipitating OUD relapse.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides early evidence CS may underlie previously observed connections between clinically salient features of chronic pain and OUD, potentially informing future mechanistic research and precision treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"7 4","pages":"e1016"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9263499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40489882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recruitment and retention for chronic pain clinical trials: a narrative review.","authors":"Nan Kennedy, Sarah Nelson, Rebecca N Jerome, Terri L Edwards, Mary Stroud, Consuelo H Wilkins, Paul A Harris","doi":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001007","DOIUrl":"10.1097/PR9.0000000000001007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Opioid misuse is at a crisis level. In response to this epidemic, the National Institutes of Health has funded $945 million in research through the Helping to End Addiction Long-term (HEAL) Pain Management Initiative, including funding to the Vanderbilt Recruitment Innovation Center (RIC) to strategize methods to catalyze participant recruitment. The RIC, recognizing the challenges presented to clinical researchers in recruiting individuals experiencing pain, conducted a review of evidence in the literature on successful participant recruitment methods for chronic pain trials, in preparation for supporting the HEAL Pain trials. Study design as it affects recruitment was reviewed, with issues such as sufficient sample size, impact of placebo, pain symptom instability, and cohort characterization being identified as problems. Potential solutions found in the literature include targeted electronic health record phenotyping, use of alternative study designs, and greater clinician education and involvement. For retention, the literature reports successful strategies that include maintaining a supportive staff, allowing virtual study visits, and providing treatment flexibility within the trial. Community input on study design to identify potential obstacles to recruitment and retention was found to help investigators avoid pitfalls and enhance trust, especially when recruiting underrepresented minority populations. Our report concludes with a description of generalizable resources the RIC has developed or adapted to enhance recruitment and retention in the HEAL Pain studies. These resources include, among others, a Recruitment and Retention Plan Template, a Competing Trials Tool, and MyCap, a mobile research application that interfaces with Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap).</p>","PeriodicalId":52189,"journal":{"name":"Pain Reports","volume":"1 1","pages":"e1007"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10833632/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41860775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}