Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)最新文献

{"title":"Heat Waves, the New Normal: Summertime Temperature Extremes Will Impact Animals, Ecosystems, and Human Communities.","authors":"Jonathon H Stillman","doi":"10.1152/physiol.00040.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00040.2018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A consequence of climate change is the increased frequency and severity of extreme heat waves. This is occurring now as most of the warmest summers and most intense heat waves ever recorded have been during the past decade. In this review, I describe the ways in which animals and human populations are likely to respond to increased extreme heat, suggest how to study those responses, and reflect on the importance of those studies for countering the devastating impacts of climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":520753,"journal":{"name":"Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)","volume":" ","pages":"86-100"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1152/physiol.00040.2018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36934510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological Consequences of Coronary Arteriolar Dysfunction and Its Influence on Cardiovascular Disease: Diagnostic and Additional Therapeutic Consequences.","authors":"Jo G R De Mey,&nbsp;Maria Bloksgaard,&nbsp;Christian Aalkjær","doi":"10.1152/physiol.00053.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00053.2018","url":null,"abstract":"TO THE EDITOR: In Physiology, we read with interest the review article by Allaqaband et al. (1) stressing the contribution of coronary microvascular dysfunction to coronary artery disease (CAD) and thus the need for novel arteriole-specific therapeutic approaches. The authors are congratulated for the crisp summary of their pioneering works indicating that, in coronary arterioles of CAD patients, endothelial release of nitric oxide (NO) is shifted to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The cardiovascular research community is increasingly aware of the important contributions of microvascular dysfunction to cardiac (1) and neurodegenerative diseases (4). Here, we formulate diagnostic and additional potential therapeutic consequences of the subject reviewed by the Milwaukee group. The experiments summarized by Allaqaband et al. (1) showed that the transition of endothelium-derived NO to H2O2 can be observed in not only coronary but also adipose tissue arterioles of CAD patients. This suggests that it might be monitored noninvasively in the periphery with predictive value for the coronary circulation. Various established and novel non-invasive approaches of the human microcirculation and human resistance artery function are available to accomplish this (7). They include venous occlusion plethysmography, nailfold capillaroscopy, retinoscopy (22), dynamic optical coherence tomography (2, 20, 21), and label-free photoacoustic imaging (16, 17). Demonstration of endothelium-derived H2O2 in isolated arterioles in vitro involves 1) resistance to treatment with an inhibitor of NO synthase, 2) inhibition by catalase (scavenger of H2O2), and 3) increased fluorescence of a H2O2-selective probe, which cannot all be used in the intact human in vivo. In theory, ebselen [alternative scavenger of H2O2 used in human research (23)] and the use of two-photon microscopy on the skin [reviewed by Guo et al. (10)] may fill these gaps in the future. Still, the experimental evidence summarized by Allaqaband et al. (1) invites consideration of two forms of dysfunction of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation: quantitative and qualitative endothelial dysfunction. In the former, the amplitude of the vasodilator response to an endothelium-dependent stimulus is reduced. In the latter, the magnitude of the endothelium-dependent vasodilatation is maintained but no longer mediated by NO {i.e., resistant to inhibitors of NO synthase but blocked by tetraethyl ammonium [inhibitor of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization in the human forearm (11)] and possibly by catalase or ebselen}. Determining whether the latter is a dysfunction or a compensation will require monitoring of the damage done by endothelium-derived H2O2. In contrast to the protein changes induced by peroxynitrite (ONOO, the product of NO and superoxide anion) (19), there is no consensus on fingerprints of H2O2-induced vascular damage (8). Guidelines have been proposed to facilitate high-quality measurements of both reactive oxyg","PeriodicalId":520753,"journal":{"name":"Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)","volume":" ","pages":"82-83"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1152/physiol.00053.2018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36980272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Neurobiological Basis of Sleep and Sleep Disorders.","authors":"William J Joiner","doi":"10.1152/physiol.00013.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00013.2018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The functions of sleep remain a mystery. Yet they must be important since sleep is highly conserved, and its chronic disruption is associated with various metabolic, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. This review will cover our evolving understanding of the mechanisms by which sleep is controlled and the complex relationship between sleep and disease states.</p>","PeriodicalId":520753,"journal":{"name":"Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)","volume":" ","pages":"317-327"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1152/physiol.00013.2018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36397716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiology in Perspective: The Breath of Life.","authors":"Gary C Sieck","doi":"10.1152/physiol.00032.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00032.2018","url":null,"abstract":"The breath of life is a primitive concept forming the basis of many religions and philosophies. In ancient Greek medicine, pneuma was a form of circulating air that was necessary for our body’s normal function or physiology. In the 3rd to 4th century BCE, the Greek physician Herophilus introduced the scientific method while studying at the Museum of Alexandria. Among his many contributions, Herophilus recognized that there are structural differences between arteries and veins, and he attributed the pulsations in arteries to the pumping action of the heart. He also recognized that the inhalation and exhalation motions of the chest wall and lungs reflected movement of air into and out of the lungs. His student Erasistratus, as with all good students, took the observations of Herophilus one step further. By recognizing that valves in the heart allowed blood flow in only one direction, he concluded that the right and left sides of the heart were separate but connected unidirectional pumps. On the right side, he noted that blood flowed to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. He postulated that, during inspiration, pneuma was drawn into the lungs through the mouth, nose, trachea, and bronchi. In the lungs, pneuma was then drawn into the blood by ventricular diastole, where it was mixed and then distributed from the left ventricle to the aorta and then the rest of the body. Unfortunately, this remarkably enlightened understanding of cardiopulmonary physiology nearly 1,800 years before William Harvey’s “discovery” of blood circulation was muddled in the following centuries by competing philosophies of the School of Athens. In the 2nd century CE, Claudius Galenus, known to us as Galen, enunciated formal medical doctrines, which were based on a long-held philosophy introduced by Aristotle and the School of Athens, although he was aware of the work of Herophilus and Erasistratus. Galen’s profound influence on medical thought prevailed for more than 1,500 years, impeding progress. According to the doctrine formalized by Galen, the movements of respiration served three purposes: 1) to inhale air to cool and regulate the innate heat of the heart; 2) to mix air into the blood, which was necessary to generate pneuma that was then distributed from the left side of the heart throughout the body via arteries; and 3) to eliminate “friligimous,” the foul vapor byproducts of the innate fire in the heart. Even during Herophilus’s time, it was recognized that blood in the arteries and veins differed in color, which Galen attributed to the difference in pneuma vs. friligimous foul vapors. However, the primary function of respiration in O2 and CO2 gas exchange was unknown in Greek medicine. Fast forward 1,500 years and the physical chemical understanding of gas introduced by Robert Boyle, John Mayow, Robert Hooke, Jacques Charles, Joseph Priestly, Carl Wilhem Scheele, Antoine Lavoisier, John Dalton, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, and Alexander von Humboldt among many helped ","PeriodicalId":520753,"journal":{"name":"Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)","volume":" ","pages":"300-301"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1152/physiol.00032.2018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36399358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"β-cell function after weight-loss induced by bariatric surgery.","authors":"Adrian Vella","doi":"10.1152/physiol.00003.2014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00003.2014","url":null,"abstract":"The study of diabetes in humans has been hampered to some extent by the relative inaccessibility of a key organ in the pathogenesis of this disease: the islet of Langerhans and, more importantly, the insulin secretory machinery that are β-cells ([4][1], [16][2]). This has resulted in a relative","PeriodicalId":520753,"journal":{"name":"Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)","volume":" ","pages":"84-5"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1152/physiol.00003.2014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32165442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"If body fatness is under physiological regulation, then how come we have an obesity epidemic?","authors":"John R Speakman","doi":"10.1152/physiol.00053.2013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00053.2013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Life involves a continuous use of energy, but food intake, which supplies that energy, is episodic. Feeding is switched on and off by a complex array of predominantly gut-derived peptides (and potentially nutrients) that initiate and terminate feeding bouts. Energy is stored as glucose and glycogen to overcome the problem of the episodic nature of intake compared with the continuous demand. Intake is also adjusted to meet immediate changes in demands. Most animals also store energy as fat. In some cases, this serves the purpose of storing energy in anticipation of a known future shortfall (e.g., hibernation, migration, or reproduction). Other animals, however, store fat in the absence of such anticipated needs, and in this case the fat appears to be stored in preparation for unpredictable catastrophic shortfalls in supply. Fat storage, however, brings disadvantages as well as advantages, in particular an increased risk of predation. Hence, many animals seem to have evolved a dual intervention point system preventing them from storing too little or too much fat. The physiological basis of the lower intervention point is well established, but the upper intervention point is much less studied. Human obesity can potentially be understood in an evolutionary context as due to drift in the upper intervention point following release from predation 2 million years ago (the drifty gene hypothesis) combined with a stimulus in modern society to overconsume calories, possibly attempting to satisfy intake of a limiting micro- or macro-nutrient like protein (the protein leverage hypothesis).</p>","PeriodicalId":520753,"journal":{"name":"Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)","volume":" ","pages":"88-98"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1152/physiol.00053.2013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32165444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in the developmental origins of cardiovascular disease.","authors":"Suttira Intapad,&nbsp;Norma B Ojeda,&nbsp;John Henry Dasinger,&nbsp;Barbara T Alexander","doi":"10.1152/physiol.00045.2013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00045.2013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) proposes that adverse events during early life program an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Experimental models provide proof of concept but also indicate that insults during early life program sex differences in adult blood pressure and cardiovascular risk. This review will highlight the potential mechanisms that contribute to the etiology of sex differences in the developmental programming of cardiovascular disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":520753,"journal":{"name":"Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)","volume":" ","pages":"122-32"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1152/physiol.00045.2013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32165988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GLP-1-based strategies: a physiological analysis of differential mode of action.","authors":"Rémy Burcelin,&nbsp;Pierre Gourdy,&nbsp;Stéphane Dalle","doi":"10.1152/physiol.00009.2013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00009.2013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>DPP4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists used in incretin-based strategies treat Type 2 diabetes with different modes of action. The pharmacological blood GLP-1R agonist concentration targets pancreatic and some extrapancreatic GLP-1R, whereas DPP4i favors the physiological activation of the gut-brain-periphery axis that could allow clinicians to adapt the management of Type 2 diabetes, according to the patient's pathophysiological characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":520753,"journal":{"name":"Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)","volume":" ","pages":"108-21"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1152/physiol.00009.2013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32165445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiology in perspective: the burden of obesity.","authors":"Gary Sieck","doi":"10.1152/physiol.00004.2014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00004.2014","url":null,"abstract":"Obesity has been described as the biggest health threat facing the Western world, and this statement will probably need to be revised shortly to encompass the entire world. The social and economic impact of this pandemic is enormous. Currently, a third of all Americans are obese, and this may reach","PeriodicalId":520753,"journal":{"name":"Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)","volume":" ","pages":"86-7"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1152/physiol.00004.2014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32165443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural mechanisms of cardioprotection.","authors":"Andrey Gourine,&nbsp;Alexander V Gourine","doi":"10.1152/physiol.00037.2013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00037.2013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review highlights the importance of neural mechanisms capable of protecting the heart against lethal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Increased parasympathetic (vagal) activity limits myocardial infarction, and recent data suggest that activation of autonomic reflex pathways contributes to powerful innate mechanisms of cardioprotection underlying the remote ischemic conditioning phenomena.</p>","PeriodicalId":520753,"journal":{"name":"Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)","volume":" ","pages":"133-40"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1152/physiol.00037.2013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32165989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}