Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)最新文献_第4页

IF 8.4

Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) Pub Date : 2021-11-01 Epub Date: 2021-09-27 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00040.2021

Christopher G England

引用次数: 0

Road to the 39th IUPS Congress Amid COVID-19 Pandemic: Every Cloud Has a Silver Lining. 在COVID-19大流行期间通往第39届IUPS大会的道路:每一片云都有一线光明。

IF 8.4

Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) Pub Date : 2021-11-01 Epub Date: 2021-09-27 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00039.2021

Ulrich Pohl, Julie Y H Chan

引用次数: 0

Physiology in Perspective: Responding to a Changing Environment. 透视生理学:对变化环境的反应。

IF 8.4

Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00001.2019

Gary C Sieck

{"title":"Physiology in Perspective: Responding to a Changing Environment.","authors":"Gary C Sieck","doi":"10.1152/physiol.00001.2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00001.2019","url":null,"abstract":"Sitting here in Minnesota in the midst of the 2019 winter, I am not particularly disappointed by temperatures in the mid30s, but I fully understand that this is not normal— or at least not the normal I have experienced for the past 29 years in the Northland. It is far too warm for a Minnesota winter, particularly when this warmer weather persists for days and weeks with average temperatures 3–5 degrees above normal. How can a reasonable person question the reality of global warming? As it goes, the deniers will wait until the next sub-zero day to shout their denials that climate change exists. However, we as scientists all know that it is real—facts are facts! With global warming, it also rains more in Minnesota, with larger more violent storms—storms of the century occurring almost every year. Although we may be experiencing more rain, other parts of the U.S. experience more frequent extreme droughts and devastating fires— fires of the century occurring almost yearly. We are not alone in experiencing these extreme effects of global warming, since storms, droughts, and fires are occurring throughout the world and are undeniable due to the changing environment. Unfortunately, we are dependent on our policymakers to reverse the underlying causes of climate change by decreasing CO2 emissions and reducing our dependence on fossil fuels. We must maintain hope, even while our president questions the value of the recently published National Climate Assessment (November, 2018), declaring himself “not a believer.” However, physiologists can continue the battle by providing insight into how our bodies and life in general respond to these persistent changes in our environment. We can make informed predictive statements about how environmental warming affects our physiology and demonstrate the overall shifts in physiological performance as the environment continues to warm and becomes more extreme with climate change. Hopefully, increasingly detailed data sets can help policymakers understand how humans and all life on our planet are likely to respond to extreme heat, with resulting storms and flooding, drought and fires, and in what ways physiological responses are limited. The first review article in this issue of Physiology examines how animal and human populations respond to extreme heat. A consequence of climate change is the increased frequency and severity of extreme heat or heat waves. Unless carbon emissions are dramatically and immediately reduced, summers at the end of the 21st century are likely to be primarily comprised of days that we would currently consider extreme. In his review (6), Stillman explores the ways in which life is likely to respond. Understanding the limits to physiological responses should help to manage wildlife, predict shifts in species distributions, and shift ways in which human activities are organized to minimize adverse health consequences. It has widely been shown that, during heat waves, human populations experience a","PeriodicalId":520753,"journal":{"name":"Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)","volume":" ","pages":"84-85"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1152/physiol.00001.2019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36934509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of Lipotoxicity on Tissue "Cross Talk" and Metabolic Regulation. 脂肪毒性对组织“串扰”和代谢调节的影响。

IF 8.4

Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00037.2018

Magdalene K Montgomery, William De Nardo, Matthew J Watt

引用次数: 43

Heat Waves, the New Normal: Summertime Temperature Extremes Will Impact Animals, Ecosystems, and Human Communities. 热浪，新常态:夏季极端温度将影响动物、生态系统和人类社区。

IF 8.4

Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00040.2018

Jonathon H Stillman

引用次数: 215

Physiological Consequences of Coronary Arteriolar Dysfunction and Its Influence on Cardiovascular Disease: Diagnostic and Additional Therapeutic Consequences. 冠状动脉功能障碍的生理后果及其对心血管疾病的影响:诊断和额外的治疗后果。

IF 8.4

Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00053.2018

Jo G R De Mey, Maria Bloksgaard, Christian Aalkjær

{"title":"Physiological Consequences of Coronary Arteriolar Dysfunction and Its Influence on Cardiovascular Disease: Diagnostic and Additional Therapeutic Consequences.","authors":"Jo G R De Mey, Maria Bloksgaard, Christian Aalkjær","doi":"10.1152/physiol.00053.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00053.2018","url":null,"abstract":"TO THE EDITOR: In Physiology, we read with interest the review article by Allaqaband et al. (1) stressing the contribution of coronary microvascular dysfunction to coronary artery disease (CAD) and thus the need for novel arteriole-specific therapeutic approaches. The authors are congratulated for the crisp summary of their pioneering works indicating that, in coronary arterioles of CAD patients, endothelial release of nitric oxide (NO) is shifted to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The cardiovascular research community is increasingly aware of the important contributions of microvascular dysfunction to cardiac (1) and neurodegenerative diseases (4). Here, we formulate diagnostic and additional potential therapeutic consequences of the subject reviewed by the Milwaukee group. The experiments summarized by Allaqaband et al. (1) showed that the transition of endothelium-derived NO to H2O2 can be observed in not only coronary but also adipose tissue arterioles of CAD patients. This suggests that it might be monitored noninvasively in the periphery with predictive value for the coronary circulation. Various established and novel non-invasive approaches of the human microcirculation and human resistance artery function are available to accomplish this (7). They include venous occlusion plethysmography, nailfold capillaroscopy, retinoscopy (22), dynamic optical coherence tomography (2, 20, 21), and label-free photoacoustic imaging (16, 17). Demonstration of endothelium-derived H2O2 in isolated arterioles in vitro involves 1) resistance to treatment with an inhibitor of NO synthase, 2) inhibition by catalase (scavenger of H2O2), and 3) increased fluorescence of a H2O2-selective probe, which cannot all be used in the intact human in vivo. In theory, ebselen [alternative scavenger of H2O2 used in human research (23)] and the use of two-photon microscopy on the skin [reviewed by Guo et al. (10)] may fill these gaps in the future. Still, the experimental evidence summarized by Allaqaband et al. (1) invites consideration of two forms of dysfunction of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation: quantitative and qualitative endothelial dysfunction. In the former, the amplitude of the vasodilator response to an endothelium-dependent stimulus is reduced. In the latter, the magnitude of the endothelium-dependent vasodilatation is maintained but no longer mediated by NO {i.e., resistant to inhibitors of NO synthase but blocked by tetraethyl ammonium [inhibitor of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization in the human forearm (11)] and possibly by catalase or ebselen}. Determining whether the latter is a dysfunction or a compensation will require monitoring of the damage done by endothelium-derived H2O2. In contrast to the protein changes induced by peroxynitrite (ONOO, the product of NO and superoxide anion) (19), there is no consensus on fingerprints of H2O2-induced vascular damage (8). Guidelines have been proposed to facilitate high-quality measurements of both reactive oxyg","PeriodicalId":520753,"journal":{"name":"Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)","volume":" ","pages":"82-83"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1152/physiol.00053.2018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36980272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Neurobiological Basis of Sleep and Sleep Disorders. 睡眠和睡眠障碍的神经生物学基础。

IF 8.4

Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00013.2018

William J Joiner

引用次数: 23

Physiology in Perspective: The Breath of Life. 透视生理学:生命的呼吸。

IF 8.4

Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00032.2018

Gary C Sieck

{"title":"Physiology in Perspective: The Breath of Life.","authors":"Gary C Sieck","doi":"10.1152/physiol.00032.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00032.2018","url":null,"abstract":"The breath of life is a primitive concept forming the basis of many religions and philosophies. In ancient Greek medicine, pneuma was a form of circulating air that was necessary for our body’s normal function or physiology. In the 3rd to 4th century BCE, the Greek physician Herophilus introduced the scientific method while studying at the Museum of Alexandria. Among his many contributions, Herophilus recognized that there are structural differences between arteries and veins, and he attributed the pulsations in arteries to the pumping action of the heart. He also recognized that the inhalation and exhalation motions of the chest wall and lungs reflected movement of air into and out of the lungs. His student Erasistratus, as with all good students, took the observations of Herophilus one step further. By recognizing that valves in the heart allowed blood flow in only one direction, he concluded that the right and left sides of the heart were separate but connected unidirectional pumps. On the right side, he noted that blood flowed to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. He postulated that, during inspiration, pneuma was drawn into the lungs through the mouth, nose, trachea, and bronchi. In the lungs, pneuma was then drawn into the blood by ventricular diastole, where it was mixed and then distributed from the left ventricle to the aorta and then the rest of the body. Unfortunately, this remarkably enlightened understanding of cardiopulmonary physiology nearly 1,800 years before William Harvey’s “discovery” of blood circulation was muddled in the following centuries by competing philosophies of the School of Athens. In the 2nd century CE, Claudius Galenus, known to us as Galen, enunciated formal medical doctrines, which were based on a long-held philosophy introduced by Aristotle and the School of Athens, although he was aware of the work of Herophilus and Erasistratus. Galen’s profound influence on medical thought prevailed for more than 1,500 years, impeding progress. According to the doctrine formalized by Galen, the movements of respiration served three purposes: 1) to inhale air to cool and regulate the innate heat of the heart; 2) to mix air into the blood, which was necessary to generate pneuma that was then distributed from the left side of the heart throughout the body via arteries; and 3) to eliminate “friligimous,” the foul vapor byproducts of the innate fire in the heart. Even during Herophilus’s time, it was recognized that blood in the arteries and veins differed in color, which Galen attributed to the difference in pneuma vs. friligimous foul vapors. However, the primary function of respiration in O2 and CO2 gas exchange was unknown in Greek medicine. Fast forward 1,500 years and the physical chemical understanding of gas introduced by Robert Boyle, John Mayow, Robert Hooke, Jacques Charles, Joseph Priestly, Carl Wilhem Scheele, Antoine Lavoisier, John Dalton, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, and Alexander von Humboldt among many helped ","PeriodicalId":520753,"journal":{"name":"Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)","volume":" ","pages":"300-301"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1152/physiol.00032.2018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36399358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

β-cell function after weight-loss induced by bariatric surgery. 减重手术后β细胞功能的变化。

IF 8.4

Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) Pub Date : 2014-03-01 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00003.2014

Adrian Vella

引用次数: 3

If body fatness is under physiological regulation, then how come we have an obesity epidemic? 如果身体肥胖是受生理调节的，那为什么我们会有肥胖流行病呢?

IF 8.4

Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) Pub Date : 2014-03-01 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00053.2013

John R Speakman

{"title":"If body fatness is under physiological regulation, then how come we have an obesity epidemic?","authors":"John R Speakman","doi":"10.1152/physiol.00053.2013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00053.2013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Life involves a continuous use of energy, but food intake, which supplies that energy, is episodic. Feeding is switched on and off by a complex array of predominantly gut-derived peptides (and potentially nutrients) that initiate and terminate feeding bouts. Energy is stored as glucose and glycogen to overcome the problem of the episodic nature of intake compared with the continuous demand. Intake is also adjusted to meet immediate changes in demands. Most animals also store energy as fat. In some cases, this serves the purpose of storing energy in anticipation of a known future shortfall (e.g., hibernation, migration, or reproduction). Other animals, however, store fat in the absence of such anticipated needs, and in this case the fat appears to be stored in preparation for unpredictable catastrophic shortfalls in supply. Fat storage, however, brings disadvantages as well as advantages, in particular an increased risk of predation. Hence, many animals seem to have evolved a dual intervention point system preventing them from storing too little or too much fat. The physiological basis of the lower intervention point is well established, but the upper intervention point is much less studied. Human obesity can potentially be understood in an evolutionary context as due to drift in the upper intervention point following release from predation 2 million years ago (the drifty gene hypothesis) combined with a stimulus in modern society to overconsume calories, possibly attempting to satisfy intake of a limiting micro- or macro-nutrient like protein (the protein leverage hypothesis).</p>","PeriodicalId":520753,"journal":{"name":"Physiology (Bethesda, Md.)","volume":" ","pages":"88-98"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1152/physiol.00053.2013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32165444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 44