The role of the gut-brain axis in diseases.

Accumulating evidence highlights the crucial role of the gut-brain axis in diseases. This bidirectional signaling connects the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and the brain via neural, immune, and endocrine pathways, orchestrating a range of physiological processes. Dysregulation of the gut-brain axis has been related to a variety of neuropsychiatric, neurodegenerative, and neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as to disturbances in emotional regulation, cognition, and feeding-related conditions. The complex molecular interactions underlying this axis are necessary for maintaining homeostasis and overall health. Emerging pharmacological interventions and therapeutic targets have demonstrated potential in modulating gut-brain signaling to influence disease outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive view of the gut-brain axis, detailing its pivotal role in disease pathogenesis and exploring its therapeutic relevance.