Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)最新文献

{"title":"Same Defocus, Different Vision: The Role of Astigmatism Type in Pseudophakic Visual Acuity Loss.","authors":"Johannes Weisensee, Otmar Michael Ringhofer, Achim Langenbucher, Nóra Szentmáry","doi":"10.1007/s44402-026-00087-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44402-026-00087-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate how the configuration of residual astigmatism, defined by the location of Sturm's conoid, affects visual acuity loss in pseudophakic eyes, and to compare scalar and vector-based defocus equivalents as predictors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 75 pseudophakic eyes post cataract surgery with aspheric or toric monofocal intraocular lenses. Manifest refraction was measured 4-8 weeks postoperatively. Eyes with residual refractive cylinder between 0.50 and 1.25 D and best corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) ≤ 0.20 logMAR were included. Visual acuity loss (VAL) was defined as uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) minus CDVA. The defocus equivalent (DEQ) was calculated using two methods. DEQ_vec was derived as the Euclidean norm of the power-vector components, whereas DEQ_abs was calculated using the standard scalar formula as the sum of the absolute spherical equivalent and half the absolute cylinder. Refractions were classified as simple, mixed or compound astigmatism. Proportional regression slopes were determined for visual acuity loss against DEQ_abs and DEQ_vec.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>VAL showed a robust linear relationship with DEQ_abs, with a slope of 0.195 logMAR per dioptre (R² = 0.80). Stratified slopes were 0.12, 0.22 and 0.24 logMAR/D for simple (n = 50), mixed (n = 7) and compound astigmatism (n = 18), respectively, indicating that simple astigmatism produced approximately half the VAL per dioptre of compound astigmatism. DEQ_vec yielded a slightly steeper overall slope (0.250 logMAR/D, R² = 0.83) but did not change the ranking of astigmatism types.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The impact on UDVA depends not only on DEQ, but also on residual astigmatism type. DEQ_vec yielded marginally higher R² than DEQ_abs but did not change the ranking of astigmatism types. In eyes with moderate residual cylinder, compound astigmatism caused the largest and simple astigmatism the smallest VAL per dioptre of defocus.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147795633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eye Dominance and Testing Order Effects in the Circularly-Oriented Macular Pigment Optical Density Measurements.","authors":"Mukhit Kulmaganbetov, Taranjit Singh, Dmitry Pushin, Pinki Chahal, David Cory, Davis V Garrad, Connor Kapahi, Melanie Mungalsingh, Iman Salehi, Andrew Silva, Benjamin Thompson, Zhangting Wang, Dusan Sarenac","doi":"10.1007/s44402-026-00092-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44402-026-00092-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Psychophysical discrimination of structured light (SL) stimuli may be useful in screening for various macular disorders. The circularly-oriented macular pigment optical density (coMPOD), calculated from the discrimination performance of SL-induced entoptic phenomena, may reveal a novel functional biomarker of macular health. This study investigated the potential influence of eye dominance and testing order effects on SL-based stimulus perception, factors that potentially influence the sensitivity of screening tests based on SL technology.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A psychophysical task was performed where various SL-based entoptic images with multiple azimuthal fringes rotating with a specific temporal frequency were projected onto the participants' retinas (n = 28). By occluding the central areas of entoptic images, the retinal eccentricity R_T of the perceivable area of the stimuli was measured. The scale parameter of the coMPOD profile (α-value) was calculated for each participant using a spatiotemporal sensitivity model that takes into account the perceptual threshold measurements of SL stimuli with varying spatial densities and temporal frequencies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean ± SD α-values for the dominant and non-dominant eyes were 0.11° ± 0.06° and 0.11° ± 0.05°, respectively. Similarly, the values for the first and second eyes were 0.11° ± 0.05° and 0.10° ± 0.05°, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient between eye dominance and testing order effects was r = 0.80 (p < 0.01). The Bland-Altman plots for both factors indicated zero bias.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results indicated repeatable measurements for both eyes, implying minimal impact from eye dominance and testing order on SL-based stimulus perception. The results provide a foundation for future studies exploring the clinical utility of SL tools in eye health.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147795635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrast Sensitivity Function in Parkinson's Disease: Effects of Illumination and Disease Stage.","authors":"Alba Herrero-Gracia, Rosa Hernández-Andrés, Carlos Perla-Muedra, Kenneth J Ciuffreda, Mª Amparo Díez-Ajenjo","doi":"10.1007/s44402-026-00091-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44402-026-00091-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Contrast sensitivity function (CSF) is a valuable tool for assessing visual function, which can be affected in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's Disease (PD). Visual perception in everyday life depends on the ability to detect objects across a wide range of spatial frequencies under different illumination conditions. However, the effect of disease progression and varying illumination on CSF in individuals with PD remains underexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate CSF in PD participants across six illumination conditions, examining disease stage influence and comparing results with age-matched healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>CSF was measured with the Functional Acuity Contrast Test. This prospective, comparative study evaluated CSF under photopic, mesopic and glare conditions, across disease stages, classified according to the Hoehn and Yahr Scale. The index of contrast sensitivity (ICS) assessed overall CSF.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy-one PD participants and 97 healthy controls were included. PD participants demonstrated significantly poorer CSF than controls across photopic, mesopic and glare conditions (mixed-model analysis, p < 0.001). The most pronounced impairment was observed under mesopic conditions with mild glare (ICS: 33 vs. 2.5, p = 0.02). Unadjusted analyses suggested a decline in CSF with advancing disease stage; however, this effect was attenuated after controlling for age. No significant relationship was found between disease progression and ICS after age adjustment under any illumination condition.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the first study to assess CSF comprehensively with ICS data under six illumination conditions in PD, considering disease stage and comparing with controls. PD participants experience significant visual deficits, particularly under mesopic and glare conditions. While contrast impairments are robust in PD, stage-related differences appear partially influenced by age. These findings highlight the clinical importance of evaluating CSF under ecologically relevant lighting environments to better characterise functional visual impairment in PD and its impact on activities of daily living.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147795541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of HP-Guar Nano-emulsion Artificial Tears on Symptoms and Severity of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in Evaporative Dry Eye During a 90-Day Longitudinal Study.","authors":"Hugo Pena-Verdeal, Jacobo Garcia-Queiruga, Alba Castro-Giráldez, Belén Sabucedo-Villamarin, Carlos Garcia-Resua, Maria J Giraldez, Eva Yebra-Pimentel","doi":"10.1007/s44402-026-00089-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44402-026-00089-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To evaluate whether hydroxypropyl-guar (HP-Guar) nano-emulsion artificial tears improve symptoms, quality of life, severity of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and evaporative dry eye (EDE)-related parameters in mild-to-moderate EDE participants over 90 days.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty-one mild-to-moderate EDE participants were recruited for a single-masked, longitudinal clinical trial without a control group or placebo. Inclusion criteria comprised: Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) between 13-32 points; at least one positive diagnostic sign (Non-Invasive Tear Break-Up Time [NIBUT] <10 s and/or corneal staining >1) and two classification signs (Tear Meniscus Height [TMH] ≥0.20 and ≤0.50 mm and MGD score ≥5 points). Participants applied 1-2 drops of HP-Guar nano-emulsion artificial tears per eye, four times daily for 90 days, with follow-up assessments at baseline, 30, 60 and 90 days. Three groups of tests were conducted each session: DED symptomatology and quality of life (OSDI, EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level [EQ-5D-5L]), MGD severity (MGD score, meibomian gland loss area [MGLA]) and EDE-related parameters (meibomian gland expression [MGE], Meibometry, lipid layer pattern (LLP), NIBUT, ocular redness and corneal staining).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences in OSDI score, EQ-5D-5L in the 'Healthy today' scale, MGD score, lower eyelid MGLA and LLP were observed across sessions (all p ≤ 0.03). However, no significant differences were found in EQ-5D-5L score, upper eyelid MGLA, MGE, Meibometry, NIBUT-first, NIBUT-average, limbal or bulbar redness in any area or corneal staining (all p ≥ 0.09).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This 90‑day single‑masked study without a control group found that HP‑Guar nano‑emulsion eye drops were associated with improvements in symptoms, perceived health and MGD‑related signs. These findings are exploratory and require confirmation in controlled trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147795669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Validity of Accommodative Tests for Screening Suspected Accommodative Excess in Adolescents.","authors":"Esther Mármol-Errasti, José Miguel Cárdenas-Rebollo, Antonio Rodán, Catalina Palomo-Álvarez","doi":"10.1007/s44402-026-00085-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44402-026-00085-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Accommodative excess (AE) is characterised by an excessive accommodative response (lead) and impaired ability to relax accommodation, typically accompanied by asthenopic symptoms and reduced visual comfort during near tasks. Although AE is frequently observed in clinical practice, its definition and diagnostic criteria remain inconsistent, and the diagnostic performance of commonly used clinical tests is not well established. This study examined the diagnostic validity of tests evaluating the accommodative response and relaxation to detect suspected AE in a non-clinical adolescent population, using monocular accommodative facility (MAF) as the reference clinical sign.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective observational study, 159 participants aged 13-14 years underwent comprehensive vision examinations including anamnesis, refraction, binocular vision assessment and measurement of accommodative variables (negative relative accommodation (NRA), fused cross cylinder (FCC), binocular accommodative facility (BAF) and monocular estimate method retinoscopy (MEM)). After exclusions, 142 participants were analysed. MAF served as the reference clinical sign. For each test, diagnostic ability (area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve), sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Areas under the ROC curve were: BAF = 0.97, FCC = 0.79, MEM = 0.62, NRA = 0.62. Sensitivity and specificity were high for BAF (0.88, 0.97), very good and good for FCC (0.90, 0.79), very low and very high for MEM (0.22, 0.96) and low and very high for NRA (0.32, 0.97). Positive and negative likelihood ratios were: BAF = 29.33/0.12, FCC = 4.28/0.12, MEM = 5.5/0.81, NRA = 5.33/0.72.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>BAF and FCC show the highest sensitivity for identifying suspected AE in school-aged populations. MEM retinoscopy and NRA exhibited low sensitivity relative to the reference clinical sign and may fail to detect AE when included as required signs in multimodal diagnostic protocols. Their results should therefore be interpreted cautiously and alongside more sensitive accommodative tests and clinical symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147795566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Presbyopia: Current Perspectives and Prospects for Patients.","authors":"Leon N Davies","doi":"10.1007/s44402-026-00083-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44402-026-00083-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Presbyopia, the ubiquitous loss of near vision function with age, has undergone significant reframing over the past decade. Indeed, in the last 10 years since Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics' last feature issue on presbyopia, research has progressed from viewing the refractive condition primarily as a decline in accommodative amplitude to recognising it as a multifactorial physiological process involving progressive lenticular stiffening, alterations in the capsule and zonule nexus and changes in optics. Advances in imaging and biomechanical assessment have deepened our understanding of the ageing crystalline lens and ciliary apparatus, while providing candidates for future clinical translation. Concurrent developments in correction and treatment have broadened the potential therapeutic landscape. Non-surgical approaches, particularly the emergence of pharmacological options including topical miotics and early-stage lens-softening agents, have marked the first major shift in presbyopia management in decades. Ongoing innovations in spectacle and contact lens designs have refined extended depth of focus and multifocal optics, while surgical strategies have continued to evolve. Despite these advances, consistent challenges remain in balancing near visual performance with quality of vision and in translating innovative laboratory and engineering innovations into stable, real-world patient benefits. In parallel, there has been a growing emphasis on patient-centred outcomes, reflecting an increased appreciation of the variability in visual demands, expectations and tolerance for compromises among presbyopic patients. Consequently, this narrative review synthesises some of the key developments related to presbyopia over the last 10 years, outlining future opportunities for restorative and personalised presbyopia care.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147795667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of Progressive Addition Lens for Presbyopia: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Jijing Li, Yue Wu, Mingguang He","doi":"10.1007/s44402-026-00056-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44402-026-00056-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Presbyopia is a common age-related condition and progressive addition lenses (PALs) are a primary corrective method. This systematic review synthesised recent evidence (2015-2025) on the technical design of PALs for presbyopia, focusing on key developments in design methodologies, performance evaluation and emerging lens concepts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search of six databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus and SPIE Digital Library) was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies addressed PALs design principles, algorithms, methodologies or optical performance evaluation. Study quality was assessed using a customised 12-dimensional framework.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The review included 17 eligible studies. Four major thematic areas of advancement were identified: the maturation of freeform surface design as the primary method for creating complex optical surfaces; the evolution of strategies for the control of surface astigmatism; the development of advanced optical performance quantification techniques enabling objective quantification of lens performance and the emergence of novel lens concepts expanding design possibilities beyond conventional refractive approaches. Key progress was noted in algorithmic optimisation for the control of surface astigmatism and the shift from subjective assessment to data-driven performance validation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PAL design has evolved significantly toward customised, algorithm-driven solutions. However, challenges remain in standardising clinical fitting, understanding neural adaptation and developing personalised designs for diverse presbyopic subpopulations. Future progress will hinge on deeper interdisciplinary integration and ongoing technological innovation to evolve PALs from standardised corrections into adaptive visual wearables.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147795560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crystalline Lens Shape During Accommodation in Children.","authors":"Asik Pradhan, Rohan P J Hughes, Emily C Woodman-Pieterse, Stephen J Vincent, Scott A Read, David A Atchison, Andrew Carkeet","doi":"10.1007/s44402-026-00069-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44402-026-00069-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine how accommodation affects lens shape in myopic and non-myopic children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants included 76 non-myopic (spherical equivalent refraction (SER): 0.00 to +1.75 D) and 18 myopic children (SER = -3.50 to -0.75 D) aged 5-12 years. Anterior and posterior lens surface shapes were determined by image processing and ray tracing of IOLMaster 700-generated B-scan images (six meridians per scan) at 0, 3, 6 and 9 D accommodation demands, expressed as refractive power vectors (M, J₀ and J₄₅).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For all children, anterior and posterior lens surface M and total lens power increased by means (±SD) of +0.45 ± 0.17, +0.23 ± 0.20 and +0.65 ± 0.32 D per dioptre of accommodation demand, respectively, with a shift towards a more equiconvex shape with increasing accommodation. J₀ and J₄₅ did not change significantly during accommodation (for anterior surface, p = 0.68 and 0.48, respectively; for posterior surface, p = 0.47 and 0.88, respectively). Myopic lenses had significantly lower anterior and posterior surface M and total lens power than non-myopic lenses (p < 0.05), but no significant differences were observed in astigmatic vectors except for anterior lens surface J₀. There were no interactions between accommodation demand and refractive error for any lens parameters (all p ≥ 0.13).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Myopic children have flatter lens surfaces than non-myopic children. Lens surface shape changes with accommodation are similar between myopic and non-myopic children.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147719378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Quantitative Evaluation of the PowerRef 3 for Measuring Gaze Position.","authors":"Jennifer X Haensel, Kristin E Slinger, Tyler J Vandiver, Georgia Hutchinson, Amber Hu, Christabel A Ameyaw Baah, Tawna L Roberts","doi":"10.1007/s44402-026-00084-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44402-026-00084-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the quality of gaze position measurements from the PowerRef 3 photorefractor and assess the impact of gaze position on the PowerRef 3 refractive measurements.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Monocular right-eye gaze was recorded in 20 adults (16 female, 4 male; 25.0±7.4 years) using the PowerRef 3 photorefractor (50 Hz). Participants fixated a target at 120 cm in 39 randomised locations (±24° horizontally [h], ±14° vertically [v]; 2° steps from centre). At each location, spatial accuracy, precision (root mean square of distances between samples and mean fixation [RMS-mean] and between successive samples [RMS-S2S]) and data loss were assessed. The impact of gaze position on refractive measurements was also examined. Gaze position data were also recorded using the EyeLink 1000 (500 Hz) to provide reference quality metrics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The PowerRef 3 had spatial accuracy of h = 1.45° ± 0.41° and v = 1.29° ± 0.15° and variable precision (RMS-Mean: h = 1.37° ± 0.12°, v = 1.32° ± 0.11°; RMS-S2S: h = 1.96° ± 0.16°, v = 1.90° ± 0.18°). Reference metrics obtained using the EyeLink showed slightly higher accuracy and precision (accuracy: h = 0.53° ± 0.09°, v = 0.52° ± 0.09°; RMS-Mean: h = 0.17° ± 0.02°, v = 0.19° ± 0.03°; RMS-S2S: h = 0.08° ± 0.01°, v = 0.07° ± 0.01°). Notable data loss for the PowerRef 3 was primarily observed at eccentric horizontal locations (0°-±16°: ≤30% of participants; ±20°-±24°: 35-70%; EyeLink 0°-±24°: ≤5%). PowerRef 3 data loss was also greater for lower vertical targets (≥30%) than for higher ones (≤20%). Relative to the pupillary axis, refractive measurements were more hyperopic beyond +10° horizontally (rightward gaze; 0.36-0.62 D) and beyond -6° vertically (downward; 0.59-1.44 D) and more myopic (≤1.29 D) between -10° to -18° horizontally (leftward).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The PowerRef 3 can record gaze positions within ±8° horizontally and -4° (downward) to +10° (upward) vertically without a significant impact on both gaze and refractive measurements.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147719376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Efficacy of Oral Vitamin Supplementation in Dry Eye Disease: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Hamidreza Heidari, Maria Markoulli, Jayashree Arcot, Asgar Doostdar, Azadeh Tavakkolinasab","doi":"10.1007/s44402-026-00079-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44402-026-00079-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Vitamins are micronutrients with a wide range of anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, regulatory and antioxidant properties. Several studies have shown that vitamins play a crucial role in the homoeostasis of the ocular surface. Deficiency of certain vitamins might be associated with the severity and incidence of dry eye disease.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This paper reviewed the current evidence on the effect of oral vitamin supplementation on signs and symptoms of dry eye disease. The literature review was conducted in five English archive databases (Pubmed, Cochrane, Embase Ovid, Web of Science and Scopus) from April 2024 to January 2025, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (Prospero CRD42024629589). Eligibility criteria included studies that reported the Schirmer test, tear film break-up time, corneal fluorescein staining scores, lid hyperaemia, the ocular surface disease index and visual analogue pain scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 13 eligible studies, which included vitamins A, B1, B12 and D, were assessed by two independent reviewers for quality and data extraction. Of these, most investigated the efficacy of vitamin D (61.5%), vitamin A (23%) and a mix of vitamin B1 and mecobalamin (15.5%). No studies reported on the efficacy of vitamin C supplementation, and none were judged to be of high quality.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The available evidence is limited due to not being well-controlled or adequately powered, having a very short follow-up duration and variable dosage of supplementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147694519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}