Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)最新文献

{"title":"Meibomian gland characteristics in children: A narrative review.","authors":"Shora M Ansari, Tracy Nguyen, Rima Khankan, Elaine Chen, Kwaku Osei, Yi Pang","doi":"10.1111/opo.13552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.13552","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Despite extensive research on meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) in adults, studies on paediatric populations remain limited. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the morphological characteristics of meibomian glands (MGs) in healthy children, focusing on identifying baseline features and factors influencing gland structure and function. Understanding these characteristics is critical for early detection of MGD, which can lead to ocular surface disorders such as dry eye disease (DED). By addressing the existing knowledge gap in paediatric populations, this review seeks to inform clinical practice and guide future research in paediatric ocular health.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The analysis included 35 studies assessing MG characteristics using infrared meibography in children. MG loss was reported using various methods, including meiboscore, meiboscale and percentage of area loss. Significant MG loss was noted in healthy, asymptomatic children. Variability in grading methods, imaging techniques and participant demographics revealed inconsistent trends in MG loss between the upper and lower eyelids. MG tortuosity was observed in healthy children but inconsistently defined and quantified across studies. Notable associations were found between MG abnormalities and systemic conditions such as juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus and diabetes mellitus. Dietary factors, body mass index and screen time were identified as potential influencers of MG morphology.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>MG loss and tortuosity are observed in children, but their significance remains unclear. These changes may represent normal variations or indicate a potential progression to MGD and DED. To better understand this, standardised assessment tools and longitudinal studies in the paediatric population are needed to determine which MG changes might lead to MGD. Additionally, exploring the relationship between MG characteristics, systemic health and lifestyle factors, such as screen time and diet, could help identify potential long-term effects. Gaining insights into these factors may improve early detection of the pathological changes that contribute to DED.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144546823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defocus incorporated multiple segments spectacle lenses for myopia control: A retrospective study in a Turkish cohort.","authors":"Nilay Akagun, Ugur Emrah Altiparmak","doi":"10.1111/opo.13527","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13527","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study evaluated the effectiveness of defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses in controlling myopia progression and axial elongation in a Turkish paediatric population over a 12-month period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective observational study included 97 children (194 eyes), aged 6-16 years, who were prescribed either DIMS lenses (n = 54) or single vision spectacle lenses (SVSLs, n = 43). Cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) were measured at baseline and after 12 months. Treatment effectiveness was assessed using generalised estimating equations (GEE) and subgroup analyses were conducted based on age group, gender and baseline AL.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After 12 months, the DIMS group exhibited significantly less myopia progression (-0.28 D [0.42]) compared with the SVSL group (-0.74 D [0.75]), indicating a 62% reduction in SER progression (p < 0.001). Axial elongation was also significantly lower in the DIMS group (0.14 mm [0.31]) than in the SVSL group (0.29 mm [0.31]), corresponding to a 52% reduction (p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses revealed that younger age and high baseline AL were consistently associated with greater SER progression and AL elongation across both groups. In the DIMS group, high baseline AL predicted poorer outcomes, but age and gender were not significant predictors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>DIMS spectacle lenses effectively reduced myopia progression and axial elongation in children compared with SVSLs. These lenses offer a safe and non-invasive method for myopia control, being especially beneficial for younger patients or those with higher baseline axial length.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"1090-1097"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144113115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring standard and low luminance visual acuity and the Moorfields Acuity Chart as outcome measures in inherited retinal disease.","authors":"Laura J Taylor, Amandeep S Josan, Robert E MacLaren","doi":"10.1111/opo.13504","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Standard visual acuity (VA) is often insensitive to subtle changes in vision that result from inherited retinal disease. Low luminance VA (LLVA) has grown in popularity as an alternative acuity measure. A new test, the Moorfields Acuity Chart (MAC) has been designed as a more sensitive and repeatable test for use in patients with age-related macular degeneration. The study explores the utility and repeatability of standard VA, LLVA and the MAC in a mixed cohort of patients with inherited retinal disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were recruited as part of the visual function in retinal degeneration study (Ethics Reference 20/WM/0283). Standard VA was obtained using the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy study (ETDRS) chart placed at 4 m. LLVA was obtained using the same ETDRS chart with the addition of a 2.0-log unit neutral density filter. MAC VA was obtained using standard clinic room lighting. All participants completed repeated testing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-five patient participants and 36 healthy controls, with logMAR 1.00 (6/60) or better, completed testing. Both LLVA and MAC VA were reduced compared to standard VA in patient participants and healthy controls (linear mixed model: p < 0.001). All three acuity tests show comparable sensitivity, specificity and repeatability. A subset of participants (patient participants n = 34, healthy controls n = 35) completed microperimetry. Post hoc analysis of microperimetry volume sensitivity correlated significantly with all of the acuity tests and showed no significant difference in the gradient of the slopes. This suggests that VA, LLVA and MAC VA decline at a consistent rate with disease progression.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>All three acuity tests could be considered viable outcome measures for clinical trials. For patients with early to moderate inherited retinal disease (logMAR 1.00 (6/60) or better), no single acuity chart appeared significantly beneficial.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"1158-1163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153033/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144201340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Objective evaluation of fusional vergence after a vision therapy protocol in typical binocular vision.","authors":"Cristina Rovira-Gay, Marc Argiles, Clara Mestre, Marta Masdemont-Isern, Jaume Pujol","doi":"10.1111/opo.13528","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Vision therapy is an effective treatment option for binocular vision and accommodative anomalies. However, its effect on typical binocular vision is less documented. The aim of this study was to evaluate objectively the change in near fusional vergence amplitudes in adults with typical binocular vision after performing a vision therapy protocol.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-four adults were randomly classified into an experimental group (EG), who underwent a vision therapy protocol for 12 weeks, and a control group (CG), who received a placebo treatment for 12 weeks (Phase 1). In Phase 2, the CG performed the same therapy protocol as the EG. Fusional vergence amplitudes were measured objectively in a haploscopic set-up using smooth and step fusional vergence tests. The break points of positive and negative fusional vergence (PFV and NFV, respectively) were determined using a custom algorithm.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After Phase 1, there were no significant differences between the groups for fusional vergences. After Phase 2, PFV and NFV increased significantly as measured with the smooth and step tests (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001 for NFV and p = 0.03 and p = 0.02 for PFV, respectively). These improvements were maintained after 1 month without any further intervention (all p > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on these results, clinicians should consider that the vergence system cannot be trained beyond 2 and 5 Δ for NFV and PFV, respectively, when aiming to enhance vergence skills with vision therapy in patients without binocular dysfunctions.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":"1173-1185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12153028/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144136599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-year myopia management efficacy of extended depth of focus soft contact lenses (MYLO) in Caucasian children.","authors":"Sergio Díaz-Gómez, Padmaja Sankaridurg, José A López-Garrido, Mercedes Burgos-Martínez, Jesús Carballo-Álvarez","doi":"10.1111/opo.13549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.13549","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the progression of myopia as assessed by changes in axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent (SE) in Caucasian children wearing extended depth of focus soft contact lenses (CL) compared with distance single-vision spectacles after 3 years.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 96 progressing (at least -0.75 D increase in the previous 12 months) myopic children (aged 6-13 years) with SE ranging from -0.75 to -10.00 D were recruited. Forty-five children were fitted with CL (MYLO), whereas 51 wore spectacles. Cycloplegic refraction was measured with an auto-refractometer and AL with the Zeiss IOLMaster-700 at 6-month intervals. Subjective responses of CL wear were determined using a questionnaire on a scale of 1 (very poor) to 10 (excellent). High-contrast visual acuity (HCVA) was also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 43 and 41 children achieved 3 years of wear with CL and spectacles, respectively. Mean change in SE and AL was -0.90 ± 0.36 D and 0.55 ± 0.04 mm in the CL group and -1.64 ± 0.26 D and 0.97 ± 0.03 mm in the spectacle group, respectively (all p < 0.001). The cumulative absolute reduction in axial elongation was 0.42 mm. The difference in SE change was 0.74 D. While 90% of the children wearing CL had an AL increase of ≤0.60 mm, 96% of the spectacle group increased by at least 0.91 mm. Indeed, 50% of the CL group showed myopia progression of at least 0.75 D, whereas all the spectacle group progressed by at least 0.75 D. Subjective responses indicated a mean value ≥9. There was a reduction in HCVA of half a logMAR line with CL compared to spectacles (p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Three years of wear with MYLO CL resulted in clinically significant slower myopia progression compared to the SV spectacle group.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144532861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of two designs of orthokeratology lenses with smaller back optic zone diameters in myopia control.","authors":"Sili Jing, Hong Yan, Yaqun Wan","doi":"10.1111/opo.13551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.13551","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the efficacy and safety of corneal refractive therapy (CRT) and vision shaping treatment (VST) orthokeratology lenses with smaller back optical zone diameters (BOZD) in controlling myopia progression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study was completed from June 2019 to June 2024. A total of 1612 right eyes of myopic patients aged 8-16 years were included for analysis, and samples were categorised into four groups based on the orthokeratology lenses and their BOZD: CRT (BOZD = 6.0 mm), small BOZD CRT (CRT-S; BOZD = 5.0 mm), VST (BOZD = 6.2 mm) and small BOZD VST (VST-S, BOZD = 5.2 mm). Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), flat keratometry (Kf), axial length (AL) horizontal treatment zone diameter (TZD), refractive sphere (DS), refractive cylinder (DC), spherical equivalent (SE) and incidence of corneal injury were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Follow-up assessments were conducted until the end of the second year. The TZD of the VST-S group (1.93 ± 0.27) was significantly smaller than the CRT-S group (2.14 ± 0.21) (p < 0.001). The increase in AL in the VST-S group (0.33 ± 0.40) was significantly lower than the CRT-S group (0.44 ± 0.21) (p < 0.001). The changes in DS (-1.47 ± 0.33 vs. -1.39 ± 0.48, p = 0.01) and SE (-1.06 ± 0.77 vs. -1.62 ± 0.52, p < 0.001) in the VST-S group were significantly smaller than for the CRT-S group. No significant differences were identified in DC, UCVA and Kf changes across groups. Only a few participants exhibited corneal staining or erosion, with no significant difference between groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The myopia control effect of the VST-S lenses was significantly superior to the CRT-S lenses. Clinicians should interpret these findings cautiously when choosing smaller BOZD lenses for myopia control.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144532860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High risk does not guarantee high accuracy-Evaluating the prognostic accuracy of OCT biomarkers for predicting late AMD.","authors":"Matt Trinh, Rene Cheung, Judy Nam, David Ng, Lisa Nivison-Smith, Angelica Ly","doi":"10.1111/opo.13547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.13547","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The translation of high-risk biomarkers into accurate predictions of late age-related macular degeneration (AMD) may be limited by biomarker prevalence, subjective identification and competing risks from concurrent biomarkers. This study evaluates the prognostic performance of key optical coherence tomography (OCT) biomarkers for progression to late AMD, with colour fundus photography (CFP) as the reference standard.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 78 single eyes with intermediate AMD, propensity-score matched by age and sex between converters and non-converters to late AMD. Ten OCT biomarkers empirically derived from recent meta-analysis, alongside CFP biomarkers of large drusen and pigmentary abnormality, were independently graded by three clinician-researchers. Biomarkers' associated risk (odds ratios) and prognostic performance (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity) were evaluated for predicting late AMD.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The adjusted risk was highest for OCT-detected nascent geographic atrophy, shallow irregular retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) elevations, drusenoid pigment epithelium detachment and RPE reflective abnormality (odds ratios, 6.66 [1.32, 42.71] to 28.27 [2.44, 545.3], p < 0.05). However, CFP-detected pigmentary abnormalities demonstrated the highest individual prognostic accuracy (77.69 [68.11, 87.27]% AUC, p < 0.0001), with excellent sensitivity (92.31%) but moderate specificity (63.08%). Adding at least three OCT biomarkers was required to improve prognostic performance significantly (91.01 [84.66, 97.36]%, p < 0.0001), and at least eight additional biomarkers to yield both excellent sensitivity (94.62%) and specificity (90.77%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CFP-detected pigmentary abnormality remains a mainstay of clinical AMD prognostication, likely due to its higher prevalence and interpretability than high-risk OCT biomarkers. Integrating OCT biomarkers into clinical prognostic models is promising but complex and may require automated identification to aid efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144487744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of different (peripheral defocus based) spectacle designs in preventing myopia progression: A double-blinded randomised clinical trial.","authors":"Vinay Gupta, Rohit Saxena, Rebika Dhiman, Swati Phuljhele, Namrata Sharma","doi":"10.1111/opo.13548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.13548","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of different peripheral defocus-based spectacle designs [Defocus Induced Multiple Segment (DIMS), Highly Aspherical Lenslets (HALT) and Cylindrical Annular Refractive Elements (CARE)] in controlling myopia progression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a prospective, interventional, double-blinded, randomised clinical trial. Children aged 5 to 15 years, with myopia ranging from -1 D to -8 D and documented myopia progression of ≥0.5 D/year, were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to wear either DIMS, HALT or CARE spectacles full-time. Cycloplegic refraction and axial length measurements were taken at baseline and after 1 year. The primary outcome was the change in the rate of myopia progression. All analyses were performed based on the intention-to-treat principle.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 120 participants (40 in each group: DIMS, HALT and CARE) with a mean age of 10.1 ± 3.3 years (57% male) were enrolled. At the 1-year follow-up, the rate of myopia progression reduced by 0.38 ± 0.13 D/year (56.7%), 0.36 ± 0.12 D/year (58.1%) and 0.31 ± 0.15 D/year (47%) for the DIMS, HALT and CARE groups, respectively. The respective change in axial length was 0.2 ± 0.11 mm, 0.19 ± 0.12 mm and 0.23 ± 0.14 mm. Inter-group comparisons showed a significant difference in spherical equivalent refractive error changes between HALT and CARE (p = 0.04) and in the rate of myopia progression between DIMS and CARE (p = 0.04). No significant differences were found between HALT and DIMS for any parameter.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Spectacle lenses incorporating peripheral defocus (DIMS, HALT and CARE) were all effective in reducing the rate of myopia progression significantly, with no adverse effects being observed. Among the three designs, DIMS and HALT exhibited comparable and significantly better efficacy than CARE spectacles at 1 year follow-up. However, further long-term studies are required to validate these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144478567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Axial length normative data and percentile curves for schoolchildren in Taiwan: A tool for myopia monitoring.","authors":"Yao-Lin Liu, Tzu-Ting Lai, Shih-Wen Wang, Tzu-Hsun Tsai, I-Jong Wang","doi":"10.1111/opo.13546","DOIUrl":"10.1111/opo.13546","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The prevention and control of myopia are crucial public health issues. Therefore, this study aimed to construct reference percentile curves of age-specific axial length based on population-based sampling data of Taiwanese children and assess their role in the progression of myopia using a cohort of children undergoing orthokeratology.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from 2997 representative samples of schoolchildren aged 6-18 years from a recent myopia survey in Taiwan between 2016 and 2017 were analysed for axial length distribution. Additionally, data from a cohort of 35 children with myopia treated with orthokeratology (mean follow-up period: 36.1 ± 14.6 months) were retrospectively collected. The ability to estimate myopia progression based on percentile change rate was compared with that of axial elongation rate through model comparisons involving linear and linear mixed-effect models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Percentile curves of the children's age-specific axial length were modelled and served as a population-based reference in Taiwan. The percentile change rate in the cohort of orthokeratology users showed a higher correlation (ρ = 0.64) with the myopia progression rate compared to the axial length elongation rate (ρ = 0.57). The baseline spherical equivalent and percentile change rate demonstrated the most effective performance in estimating myopia progression among all parameters.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Population-based reference percentile curves were established for age-specific axial length in Taiwanese schoolchildren, which can serve as valuable indicators for assessing individual health and monitoring vision trends within the population.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144334827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering the performance of different surface models for corneal topography.","authors":"Achim Langenbucher, Nóra Szentmáry, Alan Cayless, Peter Hoffmann, Jascha Wendelstein","doi":"10.1111/opo.13539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.13539","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To study the performance of different corneal surface models to be used for ray tracing. Models based on geometric surfaces and polynomial fits were compared and the differences discussed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For this simulation study, five characteristic generic surface configurations were generated: (A) perfect biconic, (B) decentred biconic with white noise, (C) biconic with paracentral hollow simulating the situation after myopic LASIK, (D) biconic with random dot irregularities and (E) rotationally symmetric conic with mid-peripheral bump simulating the situation of corneal ectasia. A floating best fit sphere (BFS), conic (BFC), biconic (BFBC), fringe Zernike on top of a BFS (BFSZ), fringe Zernike (BFZ) and Gaussian process surface model (BFGP) were fitted and the root-mean-squared fit error was analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Surfaces A and B were well described by BFBC, BFSZ, BFZ and BFGP, but not by BFS and BFC. Surface C was not well represented by BFS, BFC and BFBC, but reasonably with BFSZ and BFZ and quite well with BFGP. Surfaces D and E were poorly represented, especially with BFS, BFC and BFBC, but also with BFSZ and BFZ and quite well with BFGP. There was no systematic difference between the two Zernike representations BFSZ and BFZ, even for surface B.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Representing corneal point cloud data with a closed surface model plays a key role in ray tracing. Simple surface models such as BFS, BFC or BFBC are easy to handle but do not fully represent clinical situations with local irregularities after corneal refractive surgery or with ectasia.</p>","PeriodicalId":520731,"journal":{"name":"Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144328486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}