Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)最新文献

{"title":"Soil Type Influences Novel \"Milpa\" Isolates of <i>Trichoderma</i> virens and <i>Aspergillus tubingensis</i> That Promote Solubilization, Mineralization, and Phytoabsorption of Phosphorus in <i>Capsicum annuum</i> L.","authors":"Dorcas Zúñiga-Silgado,&nbsp;Ayixon Sánchez-Reyes,&nbsp;María Laura Ortiz-Hernández,&nbsp;Miranda Otero,&nbsp;Edgar Balcázar-López,&nbsp;Susana Valencia-Díaz,&nbsp;Mario Serrano,&nbsp;Jeffrey J Coleman,&nbsp;Luis Sarmiento-López,&nbsp;Luz E De-Bashan,&nbsp;Jorge Luis Folch-Mallol","doi":"10.3390/jof8111178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8111178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The <i>Capsicum</i> genus has significant economic importance since it is cultivated and consumed worldwide for its flavor and pungent properties. In 2021, Mexico produced 3.3 billion tons on 45,000 hectares which yielded USD 2 billion in exports to the USA, Canada, Japan, etc. Soil type has a dramatic effect on phosphorus (P) availability for plantsdue to its ion retention.In a previous study, novel fungal isolates were shown to solubilize and mineralize P in different kinds of soils with different P retention capacities. The aim of this work was to study the effects of the mineralogy of different kinds of \"milpa\" soils on the germination, biomass production, and P absorption of chili plants (<i>Capsicum annuum</i>). The germination percentage, the germination speed index, and the mean germination time were significantly increased in the plants treated with dual inoculation. Foliar phosphorus, growth variables, and plant biomass of chili plants grown in a greenhouse were enhanced in different soil types and with different inocula. Correlation studies suggested that the most significant performance in the foliar P concentration and in the growth response of plants was achieved in Vertisol with dual inoculation of 7 × 10⁶ mL^-1 spores per chili plant, suggesting this would be an appropriate approach to enhance chili cultivation depending on the soil type. This study stresses the importance of careful analysis of the effect of the soil type in the plant-microbe interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":520671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9699344/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40457636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological and Molecular Identification of Peach Brown Rot Disease in Tibet and Exploration of the Biocontrol Efficiency of <i>Trichoderma</i>.","authors":"Shuwu Zhang, Dong Xiang, Chenxi Sun, Kaidi Han, Tong Li, Jingjiang Zhou, Bingliang Xu","doi":"10.3390/jof8111174","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof8111174","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brown rot caused by the pathogen of the genus <i>Monilinia</i> is the most destructive disease in peaches worldwide. It has seriously reduced the economic value of the peach (<i>Prunus persica</i> (L.) Batsch) in Nyingchi and Qamdo, Tibet, China. <i>Monilinia fructicola</i>, <i>Monilia mumecola,</i> and <i>M. yunnanensis</i> have been reported as the causal agents of brown rot disease on stone fruits in China. In this study, we report on the identification of <i>M. yunnanensis</i> in peach orchards in Nyingchi and Qamdo, Tibet. From twenty-three isolates with the same characteristics, we identified the representative single-spore isolates T8-1, T8-8, and T8-20 as <i>M. yunnanensis</i> and confirmed that the Tibet brown rot disease was caused by <i>M. yunnanensis</i> based on the morphological characteristics and molecular analyses. The phylogenetic analysis of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (<i>G3PDH</i>) and β-tubulin (<i>TUB2</i>) nucleotide sequences and the multiplex PCR identification revealed that the representative isolates T8-1, T8-8, and T8-20 were more closely related to <i>M.</i> <i>yunnanensis</i> than other <i>Monilinia</i> species. Furthermore, the biocontrol strain of <i>Trichoderma</i> T6 presented significant antagonistic activity on the <i>M. yunnanensis</i> T8-1 isolate (T8-1) among the five <i>Trichoderma</i> strains. The highest inhibitory rates for <i>Trichoderma</i> T6 and its fermentation product against T8-1 mycelial growth were 72.13% and 68.25%, respectively. The obvious inhibition zone displayed on the colony interaction area between the colony of T8-1 isolate and <i>Trichoderma</i> T6 and the morphological characterization of the T8-1 hyphae were enlarged and malformed after inoculation with the <i>Trichoderma</i> T6 fermentation product at 20-fold dilution. Our results indicate that the strain of <i>Trichoderma</i> T6 could be considered as a beneficial biocontrol agent in managing brown rot of peach fruit disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":520671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9694890/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40455215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spinal Arachnoiditis in Patients with Coccidioidomycosis Meningitis-Analysis of Clinical and Imaging Features.","authors":"Geetha Sivasubramanian,&nbsp;Saurin Kadakia,&nbsp;Jani M Kim,&nbsp;Sarah Pervaiz,&nbsp;Yueqi Yan,&nbsp;Robert Libke","doi":"10.3390/jof8111180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8111180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Coccidioidomycosis meningitis (CM) is the most aggressive form of coccidioidomycosis, requiring lifelong antifungal treatment and often cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion. Long-standing CM can be associated with spinal complications such as arachnoiditis. However, studies describing the frequency, clinical, and imaging characteristics of arachnoiditis in patients with CM are limited. <b>Methods:</b> We identified 133 patients with CM based on CSF culture, PCR, or serology between January 2010 and December 2020. Of these, 37 patients underwent spinal imaging. Data on demographics, risk factors, symptoms, antifungal therapy, surgical management, follow-up visits, adherence, serological trends, and imaging findings were reviewed. <b>Results:</b> Abnormal findings were observed in 30 of the 37 patients with CM who underwent spinal imaging. The imaging abnormalities noted in our study included leptomeningeal enhancement (53%), arachnoiditis (53%), syringomyelia (23%), cord signal abnormalities (10%), and osteomyelitis (7%). Of the 30 patients, 90% had symptoms, such as weakness, numbness, or urinary retention. The incidence of arachnoiditis in the present study was 12%. Higher initial CSF protein levels and intra cranial pressure were associated with a higher risk of developing arachnoiditis/syringomyelia. Management of CM was challenging, as evidenced by shunt failure (46%), medication non-compliance (57%), and lack of adequate follow-up (60%). Persistent disabilities were noted in 62% of the patients. <b>Conclusions:</b> Patients with CM develop spinal complications such as arachnoiditis, or syringomyelia. Many cases may go undetected due to lack of symptoms in early stages. CM management challenges such as shunt failure, lack of follow-up care, and medication noncompliance, were frequent.</p>","PeriodicalId":520671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9697661/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40457638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fungal Virus, FgHV1-Encoded p20 Suppresses RNA Silencing through Single-Strand Small RNA Binding.","authors":"Shuangchao Wang,&nbsp;Jingze Zhang,&nbsp;Clement Nzabanita,&nbsp;Mingming Zhang,&nbsp;Jianhua Nie,&nbsp;Lihua Guo","doi":"10.3390/jof8111171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8111171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fungal viruses are widespread in fungi infecting plants, insects and animals. High-throughput sequencing has rapidly led to the discovery of fungal viruses. However, the interactive exploration between fungi and viruses is relatively limited. RNA silencing is the fundamental antivirus pathway in fungi. <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> small RNA (sRNA) pattern was regulated by Fusarium graminearum hypovirus 1 (FgHV1) infection, indicating the activation of RNA silencing in virus defense. In this study, we focused on the function of an uncharacterized protein sized at 20 kD (p20) encoded by FgHV1. In the agro-infiltration assay, p20 was identified as a novel fungal RNA silencing suppressor. p20 can block systemic RNA silencing signals besides local RNA silencing suppression. We further elucidated the RNA silencing suppression mechanism of p20. The single-strand sRNA, instead of double-strand sRNA, can be incorporated by p20 in electrophoretic mobility shift assay. p20 binds sRNA originating from virus and non-virus sources in a non-sequence-specific manner. In addition, The <i>F. graminearum</i> 22 and 23-nt sRNA abundance and pathways related to RNA processing and redox regulation were regulated by p20. Our study revealed the first fungal virus-encoded RNA silencing suppressor with sRNA binding capability.</p>","PeriodicalId":520671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9693516/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40455213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vitro Antifungal Activity of LL-37 Analogue Peptides against <i>Candida</i> spp.","authors":"Gladys Pinilla,&nbsp;Yenifer Tatiana Coronado,&nbsp;Gabriel Chaves,&nbsp;Liliana Muñoz,&nbsp;Jeannette Navarrete,&nbsp;Luz Mary Salazar,&nbsp;Carlos Pelleschi Taborda,&nbsp;Julián E Muñoz","doi":"10.3390/jof8111173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8111173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fungal infections have increased in recent decades with considerable morbidity and mortality, mainly in immunosuppressed or admitted-to-the-ICU patients. The fungal resistance to conventional antifungal treatments has become a public health problem, especially with <i>Candida</i> that presents resistance to several antifungals. Therefore, generating new alternatives of antifungal therapy is fundamental. One of these possibilities is the use of antimicrobial peptides, such as LL-37, which acts on the disruption of the microorganism membrane and promotes immunomodulatory effects in the host. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antifungal activity of the LL-37 analogue peptides (AC-1, LL37-1, AC-2, and D) against different <i>Candida</i> spp. and clinical isolates obtained from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis. Our results suggest that the peptides with the best ranges of MICs were LL37-1 and AC-2 (0.07 µM) against the strains studied. This inhibitory effect was confirmed by analyzing the yeast growth curves that evidenced a significant decrease in the fungal growth after exposure to LL-37 peptides. By the XTT technique we observed a significant reduction in the biofilm formation process when compared to yeasts untreated with the analogue peptides. In conclusion, we suggest that LL-37 analogue peptides may play an important antimicrobial role against <i>Candida</i> spp.</p>","PeriodicalId":520671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9694450/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40455214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>F</i><i>usarium</i> Species Associated with Maize Leaf Blight in Heilongjiang Province, China.","authors":"Xi Xu, Li Zhang, Xilang Yang, Guijin Shen, Shuo Wang, Haolin Teng, Chunbo Yang, Xueyan Liu, Xiangjing Wang, Junwei Zhao, Wensheng Xiang","doi":"10.3390/jof8111170","DOIUrl":"10.3390/jof8111170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Fusarium</i> spp. are among the most important plant pathogens in the world. A survey on maize leaf blight was carried out in Heilongjiang province from 2019 to 2021. Based on morphological characteristics and a phylogenetic analysis on translation elongation factor (<i>tef1</i>) and second-largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (<i>rpb2</i>) genes, 146 <i>Fusarium</i> isolates were obtained and grouped into 14 <i>Fusarium</i> species, including <i>F. ipomoeae</i> (20.5%), <i>F. compactum</i> (17.1%), <i>F. sporotrichioides</i> (9.59%), <i>F. graminearum</i> (9.59%), <i>F. citri</i> (8.9%), <i>F. asiaticum</i> (6.85%), <i>F. verticillioides</i> (6.85%), <i>F. acuminatum</i> (5.48%), <i>F. glycines</i> (5.48%), <i>F. temperatum</i> (2.74%), <i>F. armeniacum</i> (2.74%), <i>Fusarium</i> sp. (2.05%), <i>F. flagelliforme</i> (1.4%), and <i>F. annulatum</i> (0.68%). The <i>Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti</i> species complex (FIESC, including <i>F. ipomoeae</i>, <i>F. compactum</i>, <i>F. citri</i>, and <i>F. flagelliforme</i>) was the most prevalent, indicating an evolving occurrence of the Fusarium species causing maize leaf blight. The typical symptoms observed on the maize leaves were oval to long strip lesions, with a gray to dark gray or brownish red coloration in the center and a chlorotic area at the edges. Based on the <i>tef1</i> gene, seven haplotypes of FIESC were identified in Heilongjiang province, suggesting a population expansion. This is the first report of <i>F. ipomoeae</i>, <i>F. compactum</i>, <i>F. flagelliforme</i>, <i>F. citri</i>, <i>F. sporotrichioides</i>, <i>F. graminearum</i>, <i>F. asiaticum</i>, <i>F. acuminatum</i>, <i>F. glycines</i>, <i>F. temperatum</i>, <i>F. armeniacum, Fusarium sp</i>., and <i>F. annulatum</i> causing maize leaf blight in Heilongjiang province, China. The current research is informative for managing disease, exploring the phylogenetic relationship among <i>Fusarium</i> species, and clarifying the diversity of Fusarium species associated with maize leaf blight.</p>","PeriodicalId":520671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9698036/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40455212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deletion of the <i>col-26</i> Transcription Factor Gene and a Point Mutation in the <i>exo-1</i> F-Box Protein Gene Confer Sorbose Resistance in <i>Neurospora crassa</i>.","authors":"Kenshi Hirai,&nbsp;Takuya Idemoto,&nbsp;Shiho Kato,&nbsp;Akihiko Ichiishi,&nbsp;Fumiyasu Fukumori,&nbsp;Makoto Fujimura","doi":"10.3390/jof8111169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8111169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>L-Sorbose induces hyperbranching of hyphae, which results in colonial growth in <i>Neurospora crassa.</i> The <i>sor-4</i> gene, which encodes a glucose sensor that acts in carbon catabolite repression (CCR), has been identified as a sorbose resistance gene. In this study, we found that the deletion mutant of <i>col-26</i>, which encodes an AmyR-like transcription factor that acts in CCR, displayed sorbose resistance. In contrast, the deletion mutants of other CCR genes, such as a hexokinase (<i>hxk-2</i>), an AMP-activated S/T protein kinase (<i>prk-10</i>), and a transcription factor (<i>cre-1</i>), showed no sorbose resistance. Double mutant analysis revealed that the deletion of <i>hxk-2</i>, <i>prk-10</i>, and <i>cre-1</i> did not affect the sorbose resistance of the <i>col-26</i> mutant. Genes for a glucoamylase (<i>gla-1</i>), an invertase (<i>inv</i>), and glucose transporters (<i>glt-1</i> and <i>hgt-1</i>) were highly expressed in the <i>cre-1</i> mutant, even in glucose-rich conditions, but this upregulation was suppressed in the Δ<i>c</i><i>re-1</i>;Δ<i>col-26a</i> double-deletion mutant. Furthermore, we found that a <i>dgr-2</i>(L1)<i>a</i> mutant with a single amino-acid substitution, S11L, in the F-box protein EXO-1 displayed sorbose resistance, unlike the deletion mutants of <i>exo-1</i>, suggesting that the function of EXO-1 is crucial for the resistance. Our data strongly suggest that CCR directly participates in sorbose resistance, and that COL-26 and EXO-1 play important roles in regulating the amylase and glucose transporter genes during CCR.</p>","PeriodicalId":520671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9697653/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40455211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Detection Method for Crop Fungal Spores Based on Microfluidic Separation Enrichment and AC Impedance Characteristics.","authors":"Xiaodong Zhang,&nbsp;Boxue Guo,&nbsp;Yafei Wang,&nbsp;Lian Hu,&nbsp;Ning Yang,&nbsp;Hanping Mao","doi":"10.3390/jof8111168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8111168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The timely monitoring of airborne crop fungal spores is important for maintaining food security. In this study, a method based on microfluidic separation and enrichment and AC impedance characteristics was proposed to detect spores of fungal pathogens that cause diseases on crops. Firstly, a microfluidic chip with tertiary structure was designed for the direct separation and enrichment of <i>Ustilaginoidea virens</i> spores, <i>Magnaporthe grisea</i> spores, and <i>Aspergillus niger</i> spores from the air. Then, the impedance characteristics of fungal spores were measured by impedance analyzer in the enrichment area of a microfluidic chip. The impedance characteristics of fungal spores were analyzed, and four impedance characteristics were extracted: absolute value of impedance (abs), real part of impedance (real), imaginary part of impedance (imag), and impedance phase (phase). Finally, based on the impedance characteristics of extracted fungal spores, K-proximity (KNN), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM) classification models were established to classify the three fungal spores. The results showed that the microfluidic chip designed in this study could well collect the spores of three fungal diseases, and the collection rate was up to 97. The average accuracy of KNN model, RF model, and SVM model for the detection of three disease spores was 93.33, 96.44 and 97.78, respectively. The F1-Score of KNN model, RF model, and SVM model was 90, 94.65, and 96.18, respectively. The accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-Score of the SVM model were all the highest, at 97.78, 96.67, 96.69, and 96.18, respectively. Therefore, the detection method of crop fungal spores based on microfluidic separation, enrichment, and impedance characteristics proposed in this study can be used for the detection of airborne crop fungal spores, providing a basis for the subsequent detection of crop fungal spores.</p>","PeriodicalId":520671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9697659/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40455210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of <i>Pneumocystis jiroveci</i> Pneumonia.","authors":"Anna Apostolopoulou,&nbsp;Jay A Fishman","doi":"10.3390/jof8111167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8111167","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Pneumocystis jiroveci</i> remains an important fungal pathogen in immunocompromised hosts. The environmental reservoir remains unknown. Pneumonia (PJP) results from airborne transmission, including in nosocomial clusters, or with reactivation after an inadequately treated infection. <i>Pneumocystis pneumonia</i> most often occurs within 6 months of organ transplantation, with intensified or prolonged immunosuppression, notably with corticosteroids and following cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. Infection may be recognized during recovery from neutropenia and lymphopenia. Invasive procedures may be required for early diagnosis and therapy. Despite being a well-established entity, aspects of the pathogenesis of PJP remain poorly understood. The goal of this review is to summarize the data on the pathogenesis of PJP, review the strengths and weaknesses of the pertinent diagnostic modalities, and discuss areas for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":520671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9696632/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40455209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lethal Concentration and Sporulation by Contact and Direct Spray of the Entomopathogenic Fungus <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> on Different Stages of <i>Nezara viridula</i> (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae).","authors":"Maribel Portilla,&nbsp;Minling Zhang,&nbsp;James Paul Glover,&nbsp;Gadi V P Reddy,&nbsp;Chris Johnson","doi":"10.3390/jof8111164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8111164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The southern green stink bug, <i>Nezara viridula</i> (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) is the most significant pest of soybean worldwide. The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of a Delta native strain NI8 of <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> by contact and direct spray on nymphs (2nd to 5th instar) and adults of <i>N. viridula</i>. Water control and four concentrations of <i>B. bassiana</i> were used to evaluate the survival, mortality, and molting percentage and to estimate median lethal concentration (LC₅₀), median lethal sporulation (LS₅₀), and resistance ratio (RR₅₀). Direct spray at all concentrations observed the greatest reduction in survival on all life stages. Mortality and sporulation were positively correlated by concentration, while molting was highly variable with a significantly lower negative correlation on insects that were directly sprayed. Pathogenicity exhibited reduction as young stages developed and emerged to adult. The LC₅₀ (Contact: 612 spores/mm²; Direct spray: 179 spores/mm²) and LS₅₀ (Contact: 1960 spores/mm² Spray: 3.3 × 10⁶) values showed that adults of <i>N. viridula</i> were highly resistant than any other life stage when exposed to either contact or direct spray. Fourth instar was the most susceptible (LC₅₀: Contact: 18 spores/mm²; Direct spray: 23 spores/mm²) (LS₅₀: Contact: 53 spores/mm²; Direct spray: 26 spores/mm²) followed by second, third, and fifth instars.</p>","PeriodicalId":520671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9694363/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40464317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}