Infection and Chemotherapy最新文献

{"title":"Survey on COVID-19 Vaccination among Pediatric Cancer Patients and Their Parents: A Single-Center Study from Korea.","authors":"Areum Shin, Doo Ri Kim, Hee Young Ju, Ji Won Lee, Keon Hee Yoo, Ki Woong Sung, Yae-Jean Kim","doi":"10.3947/ic.2025.0158","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2025.0158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Immunocompromised children are a high-risk group for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A nationwide study in Korea found that the average COVID-19 vaccination rate in high-risk children was higher than in the general pediatric population, whereas vaccination rates in pediatric cancer patients were lower.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Surveys on COVID-19 vaccination among pediatric cancer patients and parents were conducted during the pandemic (July 1, 2022-July 31, 2022) and post-pandemic (December 26, 2023-January 5, 2024) periods. Vaccination rates of patients and their parents were compared with general population data. Factors associated with the vaccination status of patients were identified. Parental reasons for not vaccinating their children were also assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the first survey of 111 patients, the two-dose COVID-19 vaccination rate was 28.8%, lower than the rate in the general pediatric population, 40.7% (<i>P</i>=0.028). The two-dose vaccination rates for fathers (90.1%) and mothers (85.6%) were also lower than those of the general adult population (96.4%) (<i>P</i><0.001). In the second survey of 26 patients, two patients received seasonal COVID-19 vaccination (7.7%). Among patients aged 12-19 years from the first survey, those in the younger age group, hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients, or those with parental under-vaccination status were more likely to be unvaccinated. Parental concerns about vaccine adverse reactions were a primary factor in their decision not to vaccinate their children.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Considering the negative attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccine among parents of children with cancer, the government and healthcare professionals should endeavor to increase parental trust in this novel vaccine platform.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"58 2","pages":"203-213"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13338688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148392404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenomic Analysis of Thoracic Empyema Etiology Through Next-Generation Sequencing Enhances Conventional Culture Techniques.","authors":"Dewi Anggraini, Indra Yovi, Aisyah Elliyanti, Dodi Safari, Nur Afrainin Syah, Afif Pranaya Jati, Rosantia Sarassari, Elvando Tunggul Mauliate Simatupang","doi":"10.3947/ic.2025.0159","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2025.0159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to analyze the microbiome of thoracic empyema using metagenomic methods and compare the results with conventional culture methods to increase diagnostic accuracy and enhance antibiotic therapy.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study involved 30 patients with thoracic empyema from hospitals in Riau Province, Indonesia. Pleural fluid samples were collected for culture analysis and identification using the Vitek 2 compact system and metagenomic analysis. Patient clinical data were also collected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Culture methods showed a 40.0% positive rate, with Gram-negative bacteria (<i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>) predominating. Metagenomics showed a 56.7% positive rate, identifying a more diverse microbiome, including fungi (29.4% abundance), other Gram-negative bacteria (26.5%), and anaerobic bacteria (22.5%). Comparison of the two methods showed 36.7% complete agreement and 23.3% partial agreement, with 40% disagreement, with a Kappa coefficient of 0.416 and <i>P</i>-value of 0.016 (<i>P</i><0.050).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Metagenomic NGS offers significant advantages in detecting the microbiome of thoracic empyema, particularly fungi and anaerobic bacteria, which are often missed by conventional culture methods. This has the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and optimize antibiotic therapy. Further research with larger sample sizes is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"58 2","pages":"214-223"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13338694/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148392354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Afebrile Culture-Negative Vertebral Osteomyelitis in a Healthy Korean Male.","authors":"Sung-Woon Kang, Joon Seon Song, Hyo Joo Lee, Yong Shin, Sung-Han Kim","doi":"10.3947/ic.2026.0001","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2026.0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"58 2","pages":"275-277"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13338696/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148392419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Late-Onset Sepsis in Preterm Infants Caused by <i>Clostridium ramosum</i>: A Case Series and Literature Review.","authors":"Qi Zhang, Ke Cheng, Jingxin Zhao, Yufeng Jin, Jun Deng, Suling Wei, Fengjuan Ji, Xiaolu Ma","doi":"10.3947/ic.2026.0011","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2026.0011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Clostridium ramosum</i> is an opportunistic anaerobic gut commensal associated with invasive infections in immunocompromised adults. However, sepsis caused by <i>C. ramosum</i> in newborn infants, especially in preterm infants, is extremely scarce.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective case series of ten preterm infants with <i>C. ramosum</i> sepsis who were admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit since birth between 2022 and 2024. Clinical data including epidemiologic and demographic characteristics, management, and outcomes were collected. A literature review was also performed on published cases from 2010 to 2025.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All infants were preterm with multiple comorbidities, the median gestational age was 32⁺³ weeks. No significant temporal clustering was observed. Common presentations were feeding intolerance and bloody stool, with 80% of cases having necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Laboratory findings showed elevated inflammatory markers. All infants received meropenem-based therapy, and 40% of cases required surgical intervention. No acute infection-related mortality occurred. Literature review of adult cases (n=30) showed a direct mortality of 36.7%, often associated with unresolved infection sources and severe sepsis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong><i>C. ramosum</i> can cause severe sepsis in preterm infants, often associated with NEC. Early recognition, appropriate antimicrobial therapy based on susceptibility testing (<i>e.g.</i>, a carbapenem), and prompt surgical intervention when indicated are crucial for favorable outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"58 2","pages":"243-252"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13338693/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148392363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence and Risk Factors for Recurrence of NDM- and KPC-Producing Enterobacterales after Achieving Clearance: A Retrospective Study.","authors":"Jihye Park, Young-Ju Lim, Ja Young Kim, Soyeon Park, Eun Ok Kim, Yong Pil Chong, Jiwon Jung, Sung-Han Kim","doi":"10.3947/ic.2025.0117","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2025.0117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We aimed to determine the incidence and risk factors of recurrence after clearance of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE). We also sought to investigate whether there were differences in recurrence according to carbapenemase type.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective case-control study (From January 2022 to December 2023) at a tertiary referral hospital in Korea. Recurrence was defined as positive culture or PCR test results for CPE with the same genotype as the first CPE isolation within 1 year after clearance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 1,503 patients with New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)- or <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Enterobacterales in whom clearance status could be assessed, 569 (37.8%) achieved clearance. Clearance was observed in 349 of 749 patients (46.6%) with NDM-producing isolates and 220 of 754 patients (29.2%) with KPC-producing isolates (<i>P</i><0.001). Recurrence occurred in 65/569 (11.4%) patients after clearance - 34/349 (9.7%) in NDM group and 31/220 (14.1%) in the KPC group (<i>P</i>=0.112). Multivariate analysis identified central venous catheter dwelling after clearance as an independent risk factors for CPE recurrence (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-4.43; <i>P</i>=0.016).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Recurrence occurred in approximately one out of ten patients after clearance within one year, and did not differ significantly by carbapenemase type. Post-clearance indwelling devices, particularly central venous catheters, were associated with recurrence, underscoring the need for targeted infection control strategies after documented clearance.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"58 2","pages":"164-172"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13338686/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148392200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Outcomes of Tenofovir, Lamivudine, and Dolutegravir in Treatment-Naïve versus Treatment-Experienced HIV Patients: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study in Indonesia.","authors":"I Putu Yogi Sastrawan, I Ketut Agus Somia, Anak Agung Ayu Yuli Gayatri, I Made Susila Utama, Ni Made Dewi Dian Sukmawati, Cokorda Agung Wahyu Purnamasidhi, Ketut Tuti Parwati Merati","doi":"10.3947/ic.2025.0157","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2025.0157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The World Health Organization recommended dolutegravir (DTG)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) as first- and second-line treatment for people living with HIV (PLHIV) in 2018. Given its widespread use across diverse patient populations, ongoing evaluation of the real-world effectiveness and tolerability of DTG-based ART particularly across treatment-naïve (TN) and treatment-experienced (TE) patients remains essential to inform routine clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study included PLHIV receiving tenofovir, lamivudine, and dolutegravir (TLD) at a tertiary referral hospital. Patients were classified as TN or TE. Outcomes at 12 months included virological response, immunological status, weight change, and toxicity/adverse events. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests for categorical variables, multivariable Poisson regression was performed for the immunological status to estimate adjusted relative risks (aRR), and Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> tests for comparison of continuous weight change, which was summarized as median.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 147 participants were included in the analysis. The mean age was 37.9±10.5 years in the TN group and 41.2±9.1 years in the TE group, with males predominating in both groups (75.0% <i>vs.</i> 63.5%). After 12 months of TLD therapy, virological suppression was achieved in nearly all patients, with detectable viral load observed in 1 TN patient (1.2%) and 3 TE patients (4.8%). The median CD4 count at 12 months was 313 (interquartile range [IQR], 207-432) cells/mm³ in the TN group and 371 (IQR, 252-475) cells/mm³ in the TE group. Bivariate analyses showed no significant differences between TN and TE groups in virological response (<i>P</i>=0.314), immunological status (<i>P</i>=0.151), or incidence of toxicity/adverse events (<i>P</i>=0.320). Weight change differed significantly between groups, with greater median weight gain observed in TN patients compared with TE patients (6 [IQR, 2-11] vs. 3 [IQR, 1-6] kg; <i>P</i><0.001). In multivariable analysis, advanced clinical stage (stage 3-4) was independently associated with an increased risk of CD4 <200 cells/mm³ at 12 months (aRR, 4.655; 95% confidence interval, 1.438-15.073; <i>P</i>=0.010).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>After 12 months of TLD therapy, no significant differences were observed between TN and TE HIV patients in virological response, immunological status, or toxicity/adverse events. A significant difference was observed in weight change, with greater weight gain among TN patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"58 2","pages":"192-202"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13338697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148392453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ASP System is Running, But It Needs People, Resources, and Time.","authors":"Tae Hyong Kim","doi":"10.3947/ic.2026.0068","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2026.0068","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"58 2","pages":"272-274"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13338683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148392392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Stewardship in Korea: A Strategic Roadmap for Future Sustainability.","authors":"Hong Bin Kim","doi":"10.3947/ic.2026.0053","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2026.0053","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"58 2","pages":"269-271"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13338681/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148392469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adenovirus Infections in Hematologic Malignancy and Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management.","authors":"Scott Schoninger, Hyeon Mu Jang, Yeon Joo Lee","doi":"10.3947/ic.2026.0033","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2026.0033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human adenovirus (HAdV) infection represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with hematologic malignancies, particularly following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic DNAemia to pneumonitis, enterocolitis, hepatitis, hemorrhagic cystitis, myocarditis, and central nervous system disease. Advances in molecular diagnostics, including quantitative polymerase chain reaction, have enabled earlier detection and surveillance, yet interpretation remains challenging given the absence of standardized viral load thresholds and international quantitative standards. Reported incidence varies by age, transplant type, geographic regions, and surveillance strategy, with pediatric recipients demonstrating higher infection rates, while mortality among patients with DNAemia or disseminated disease remains substantial. Risk factors include T-cell depletion, cord blood transplant, severe graft-versus-host disease, high-dose corticosteroid exposure, and delayed immune reconstitution. Management relies primarily on immune recovery and reduction of immunosuppression when feasible. Intravenous cidofovir remains the most widely used antiviral despite nephrotoxicity, while intravenous brincidofovir represents a potentially promising emerging approach. The impact of contemporary transplant approaches, including post-transplant cyclophosphamide and novel cellular therapies, on HAdV epidemiology requires further study. This review summarizes contemporary epidemiology, definitions, diagnostic strategies, and evolving therapeutic options for HAdV infection in patients with hematologic malignancies, highlighting ongoing challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"58 2","pages":"137-150"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13338695/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148392506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune Dysregulation and Community Health Factors in Maternal and Childhood Leprosy: A Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling Study.","authors":"Flora Ramona Sigit Prakoeswa, Anang Endaryanto, Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa","doi":"10.3947/ic.2026.0008","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2026.0008","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Leprosy remains a significant public health challenge in endemic regions, particularly among vulnerable populations. Immune dysregulation and community health factors, including environmental conditions and socio-economic status, may play a crucial role in the transmission and progression of the disease. This study aims to estimate the magnitude of the effects of immune dysregulation and community health status on the occurrence of leprosy among mothers and children in endemic areas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A cross-sectional study was conducted. This study collected patient data from mothers and children with leprosy in endemic regions and non-leprosy subjects in endemic and non-endemic areas. This involved assessing immune dysregulation, focusing on T helper 1 (Th1; interferon-γ [IFN-γ]), T helper 2 (Th2; interleukin-4 [IL-4]), regulatory T cells (Treg; forkhead box P3 [FoxP3+]), and T helper 17 (Th17; interleukin-17 [IL-17]) markers. Because immune parameters were available only in a sub-sample, these variables were incorporated into the structural equation modelling as exploratory immune constructs. Community health status was evaluated through maternal nutrition, household environment, family education, economic status, household smoking habits, village endemicity, presence of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) scars in children, access to healthcare, and perinatal risk factors. The results were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (version 26.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), and SmartPLS 4 (SmartPLS GmbH, Bönningstedt, Germany).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;One hundred six subjects were included in this study. Path analysis revealed significant effects within the studied factors. The health environment had a significant negative impact on village endemicity (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;=-0.294; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.001). Leprosy in the family was significantly influenced by health environment (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;=0.146; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.001), family education (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;=-0.289; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.001), family economic status (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;=-0.237; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.001), smoking in the family (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;=0.191; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.001), access to health facilities (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;=-0.051; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.001), and village endemicity (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;=0.305; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.001). Mother immunity was significantly influenced by village endemicity (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;=0.138; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.001), leprosy in the family (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;=-0.554; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.001), maternal nutritional status (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;=0.191; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.001), and maternal BCG scar (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;=-0.149; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.001), which was noteworthy but should be interpreted cautiously. Child immunity was significantly affected by village endemicity (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;=-0.148; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.001), leprosy in the family (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;=-0.280; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.001), mother immunity (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;=-0.156; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.001), child BCG scar (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;=-0.021; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.001), perinatal risk (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;=0.067; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.001), and mother leprosy (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt;=0.429; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;0.001). Maternal leprosy was si","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"58 2","pages":"224-236"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13338692/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}