Infection and Chemotherapy最新文献

{"title":"Bacteriophage-Antibiotic Combinations in the Era of Antimicrobial Resistance.","authors":"Shinwon Lee","doi":"10.3947/ic.2026.0114","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2026.0114","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"58 3","pages":"392-394"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13655470/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149139120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic and Therapeutic Perspectives on Persistent HIV-1 Low-Level Viremia.","authors":"Chang Kyung Kang, Jonathan Z Li","doi":"10.3947/ic.2026.0076","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2026.0076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While modern antiretroviral therapy achieves high rates of virologic suppression, persistent low-level viremia (pLLV) remains a common clinical scenario that poses distinct diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. This review proposes a systematic diagnostic approach to pLLV, beginning with a thorough evaluation of adherence, potential drug-drug interactions, dietary considerations, and resistance profiles. Such a structured assessment is essential to differentiate diverse pathophysiological conditions, particularly in distinguishing active replication-driven failure from reservoir-derived non-suppressible viremia (NSV). Management strategies are tailored to these findings: extrinsic factors, such as suboptimal adherence or pharmacological barriers, are managed through targeted optimization, while intrinsic resistance necessitates switching to fully active regimen. In contrast, NSV is a reservoir-driven process that does not necessitate ART regimen intensification or modification. We also examine key considerations for recently introduced long-acting injectables in the context of pLLV. Furthermore, we address sexual transmission risks, emphasizing that while the risk remains extremely low within the pLLV range, clinical vigilance is crucial given the risks of virologic failure. Successful pLLV management therefore relies on a tailored approach that balances proactive clinical intervention with judicious observation, ensuring virologic control and patient quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"58 3","pages":"281-290"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13655476/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149139112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of a Hand Hygiene Education Program in Long-Term Care Facilities in Korea.","authors":"Dong Hoon Shin, Rina Lee, Hanju Kim, Sohee Oh, Hyemin Jung, Won Mo Jang, Kyoung Jun Song","doi":"10.3947/ic.2026.0025","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2026.0025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Korea's rapid population aging has increased demand for long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Because LTCFs are vulnerable to infectious disease outbreaks, consistent hand hygiene (HH) practices among caregivers are essential. We evaluated an LTCF-tailored HH education program with measurement of caregiver compliance.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>HH compliance rate (HHCR) was defined as the proportion of performed HH actions among the observed WHO five moments. In 2025, 17 LTCFs participated; 13 received HH education. Nine LTCFs also participated in 2024 (three received education in 2024, all nine in 2025). Facility-level effects of 2025 education were assessed using generalized linear mixed-effects models, and caregiver-level HH monitoring was analysed separately.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Education was associated with a greater improvement in HHCR from the first to second half monitoring periods in 2025 (interaction adjusted odds ratio, 8.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.25-34.61; <i>P</i>=0.004). In the two-year enrolled facilities (n=9), 2025 HHCR differed by 2024 education status and monitoring periods (three-way interaction, <i>P</i>=0.008). Within 2024, facilities receiving education in 2024 showed greater HHCR improvement (odds ratio, 58.72; 95% CI, 5.42-635.87; <i>P</i>=0.002). In caregiver-level analyses for second half of 2025, HHCR was higher among educated caregivers than among non-educated (median, 80.0% <i>vs.</i> 12.0%; <i>P</i>=0.002). The weakest HH moment was before touching; education was associated with higher compliance before touching, before a clean procedure, and after body fluid exposure risk.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In the multi-district study of 17 LTCFs, an in-person HH education program was associated with improved caregiver compliance. These findings support expanding and sustaining HH education across Korean LTCFs.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"58 3","pages":"352-359"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13655463/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149139206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recommendations for Adult Pneumococcal Vaccination in Korea: 2026 Update Incorporating the 21-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine.","authors":"Joon Young Song, Ki Tae Kwon, Wan Beom Park, Ji Yun Noh, Sun Hee Park, Eun Ju Choo, Min Joo Choi, Jun Yong Choi, Jung Yeon Heo, Won Suk Choi","doi":"10.3947/ic.2026.0063","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2026.0063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 21-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV21; CAPVAXIVE; Merck Sharp & Dohme) is the first pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) specifically designed for adults, targeting serotypes that currently cause disease in this population. PCV21 includes 11 serotypes not contained in any other approved PCV (9N, 15A, 15C, 16F, 17F, 20A, 23A, 23B, 24F, 31, and 35B), together with serotypes 3, 6A, 7F, 8, 10A, 11A, 12F, 19A, 22F, and 33F. PCV21 was approved by the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in August 27, 2025. The Adult Immunization Committee of the Korean Society of Infectious Diseases recommends one of the following options for all adults aged ≥65 years and for adults aged 19-64 years at increased risk of pneumococcal disease: a single dose of PCV21, a single dose of PCV20, or sequential PCV15 followed by PPSV23, with no stated preference among these options. When PCV21 or PCV20 is administered, no additional pneumococcal vaccination is required. Because PCV21 does not include serotype 4, in populations with a high incidence of serotype 4 disease, PCV20 alone or sequential PCV15 followed by PPSV23 may be preferentially considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"58 3","pages":"291-299"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13655469/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149139247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteremia among Pediatric Oncology Patients with Neutropenic Fever: Associated Risk Factors and Mortality Outcomes.","authors":"Zulfikar Ihyauddin, Bambang Ardianto, Ida Safitri Laksanawati","doi":"10.3947/ic.2025.0143","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2025.0143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Children with cancers remain at a high risk of mortality due to infection, compounded by rising rates of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB), particularly in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of bacteremia caused by MDR-GNB and identify the associated risk factors and the clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical records from children with cancers aged 0-18 years at Dr. Sardjito Hospital, a tertiary care center in Indonesia, between 2020 and 2024. Patients with neutropenic fever and bacteremia were enrolled in the analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the associated factors of bacteremia caused by MDR-GNB, while Cox regression analysis was utilized to assess the outcomes of 30-days mortality rate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 63 cases were included. MDR-GNB was identified in 28.6% (18/63) of patients, representing 52.9% (18/34) of all Gram-negative bacteremia. Most patients had hematologic malignancies (87.2%), with a median absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of 60 cells/mm³ (interquartile range: 0-320). The predominant pathogens were <i>Escherichia coli</i> (66.7%) and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (16.7%). Multivariate analysis revealed that ANC <100 cells/mm³ (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-30.1; <i>P=</i>0.038) and cytostatic administration within the preceding week (aOR, 6.0; 95% CI, 1.04-35.1; <i>P=</i>0.045) were significant risk factors for MDR-GNB bacteremia. Furthermore, MDR-GNB infection was associated with a significantly increased risk of septic shock (hazard ratio [HR], 4.4; 95% CI, 1.2-15.4; <i>P</i>=0.021) and 30-day mortality (HR, 9.5; 95% CI, 2.4-37.6; <i>P</i>=0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Children with cancers and neutropenic fever should be carefully evaluated for MDR-GNB infection, particularly if the ANC was low and cytostatics were administered within the past week. Comprehensive strategies are essential to mitigate the risks of mortality among pediatric patients with MDR-GNB.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"58 2","pages":"181-191"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13338691/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148392348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-COVID-19 Resurgence of Human Adenovirus Type 3 Infection in Korean Children.","authors":"Bin Ahn, Dayun Kang, Hye Jung Moon, Ki Wook Yun, Eun Hwa Choi","doi":"10.3947/ic.2025.0142","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2025.0142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigated the distribution of human adenovirus (HAdV) types and their associated clinical features during the post-coronavirus diseases 2019 period among Korean children. After their near absence in 2020-2021, HAdV-1 and HAdV-2 began circulating in early 2022, followed by a large HAdV-3-driven outbreak between June and September 2023. Children aged 2-5 years (43.0%) were the most affected, and 33.1% presented with lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia (25.4%). Overall, 12.4% of the patients required oxygen therapy, including 3.5% who required intensive care. These findings highlight the post-pandemic resurgence of HAdV infections in Korea, contributing to increased healthcare demands among children.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"253-258"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13338690/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148165568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Human <i>Pasteurella multocida</i> Isolates in Korea, 2022-2025.","authors":"Hye Gyung Bae, Jae Han Sohn, Hochan Seo, Byeonghak Kwak, Myungsook Kim, Jae-Seok Kim, Mi-Kyeong Lee, Kyungwon Lee","doi":"10.3947/ic.2026.0009","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2026.0009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Pasteurella multocida</i> is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes soft-tissue infections in humans; however, recent antimicrobial susceptibility data in Korea remain limited.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 70 clinical <i>P. multocida</i> isolates collected at a nationwide commercial laboratory in Korea between November 2022 and July 2025 were analyzed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood. Five clinically relevant antimicrobial agents were tested: penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC), levofloxacin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). For isolates classified as penicillin non-susceptible by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing was performed using E-test and β-lactamase production was assessed using a phenotypic method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All tested isolates were susceptible to tetracycline and TMP-SMX by disk diffusion. Susceptibility rates by disk diffusion were 97.1% for AMC, 91.4% for levofloxacin, and 85.7% for penicillin. All 10 isolates initially classified as penicillin non-susceptible by disk diffusion were confirmed to be susceptible to penicillin by MIC testing and were β-lactamase negative. The 2 isolates classified as non-susceptible to AMC by disk diffusion were also β-lactamase negative and susceptible to penicillin by MIC testing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>No β-lactam resistance was identified among the 70 clinical <i>P. multocida</i> isolates analyzed. These findings support current recommendations that β-lactams and other first-line agents remain active against <i>P. multocida</i> isolates in Korea.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"58 2","pages":"237-242"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13338684/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148392514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections and Reinfections in Patients with Severe Mental Illness during Three Omicron Outbreaks.","authors":"Chih-Chia Huang","doi":"10.3947/ic.2025.0147","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2025.0147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Patients with severe mental illness (SMI) in psychiatric facilities face unique vulnerabilities to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection. We conducted an study in a female-only, closed psychiatric ward from February 2020 to December 2023, documenting three coronavirus disease 2019 outbreaks during BA.2, BA.5, and XBB-predominant periods. During the first outbreak, 98.0% of residents were infected, including 97.7% of vaccinated individuals. The second outbreak resulted in 28.6% infections, with 25.5% experiencing presumed reinfection. The third outbreak affected 78.0% of residents. All infections were mild with no hospitalizations or deaths. These findings highlight the vulnerability of institutionalized SMI populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"58 2","pages":"259-263"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13338687/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148392357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"M1UK Lineage <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> Identified in Korean Adolescents with Toxic Shock Syndrome.","authors":"Yeo Reum Park, Younga Kim, Kyo Jin Jo, Hwanhee Kim, Jin Lee, Hyunju Lee, Su Eun Park, Soo-Han Choi","doi":"10.3947/ic.2026.0013","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2026.0013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"58 2","pages":"278-280"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13338680/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148392377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Latent Tuberculosis Infection among People Living with HIV in Mongolia.","authors":"Narmandakh Och, Unenchimeg Puntsag, Sunjoo Kang, Jun Yong Choi","doi":"10.3947/ic.2025.0136","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2025.0136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV). Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) poses a serious challenge because immune suppression substantially increases the risk of progression to active disease. In Mongolia, where TB incidence is high, little is known about LTBI prevalence and risk factors among PLHIV. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of LTBI and identify risk factors for LTBI in Mongolia.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort study was conducted using secondary data from the AIDS/STI Surveillance and Research Department of the National Centre for Communicable Diseases between September 2023 and January 2024. A total of 196 PLHIV without active TB were screened using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus test. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were analyzed with chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of LTBI was 39.3% (77/196). Interruption of antiretroviral therapy was significantly associated with (odds ratio, 27.7; 95% confidence interval, 3.04-252.2). The history of TB contact was also associated with high risk (<i>P</i>=0.047). Viral load level and duration of HIV infection were not significantly associated with LTBI.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings indicate that LTBI prevalence among PLHIV in Mongolia is high, comparable to other high-burden settings. Ensuring continuous ART use, implementing systematic LTBI screening, and expanding preventive therapy are critical to reduce progression to active TB and to strengthen TB/HIV control efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"173-180"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13338682/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148165565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}