Infection and Chemotherapy最新文献

{"title":"Non-Communicable Diseases in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Their Risk Factors.","authors":"Dian Daniella, Anak Agung Ayu Yuli Gayatri, I Ketut Agus Somia","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0123","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2024.0123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The increasingly widespread use of antiretroviral drugs (ARV) to manage human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has significantly reduced mortality. Accordingly, the number of patients with HIV with a life expectancy >50 years is increasing. With advanced age, the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCD) increases. According to a study in Uganda in 2017, the prevalence of at least one NCD in patients with HIV was 20.7%, with 11-30% of deaths due to NCDs, especially cardiovascular disease. This emphasizes that NCDs in patients with HIV are of clinical concern, as are the factors that increase the risk of these diseases. However, most studies on HIV and NCDs focus on African countries, while research in Asia is limited. Differences in genetics, lifestyle, and co-existing health burdens may influenced NCD prevalence and risk factors. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for NCDs in patients with HIV.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This was an analytical cross-sectional study conducted at the outpatient clinic of the Ngoerah Hospital from June 8, 2023, to July 7, 2023. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 1,644 patients with HIV were included in this study. The prevalence of NCDs was 1.9% for hypertension, 1.1% for diabetes mellitus, 0.7% for dyslipidemia, 1.0% for kidney disorders, 0.1% for stroke, 0.3% for cancer, 0.3% for cardiovascular disease, and 0.2% for autoimmune diseases. After conducting a multivariate test, we found that age >50 years increased the risk of comorbid NCDs by 7.886 times, while male sex increased the risk by 2.568 times, and an ARV regimen of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) + non-NRTI (NNRTI) decreased the risk by 2.625 times.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hypertension was the most common NCD in patients with HIV, followed by diabetes mellitus. Male patients and those aged >50 years were at a greater risk of developing NCDs, whereas a history of using the two NRTIs + NNRTI regimen was associated with a lower risk of NCDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"57 1","pages":"131-137"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11972911/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenetic Analysis of <i>Escherichia coli</i> according to Phenotypic Resistance in Urinary Tract Infections in Children, Lima, Peru.","authors":"Adriana Belén Prieto Farfan, Yesica Llimpe Mitma de Barrón, Melina Magali Mayorca Yarihuamán, Fortunato Martín Príncipe Laines, María Bertha Paredes Pérez, Jaeson Santos Calla Choque, Heli Jaime Barrón Pastor","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0101","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2024.0101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Phylogenetic studies are essential for understanding the virulence and resistance factors of bacteria, especially in evaluating their distribution within specific populations for effective infection control. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by <i>Escherichia coli</i> are highly prevalent and pose significant health challenges from childhood to adulthood. The rising incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains highlights the urgent need for research aimed at developing preventive measures and epidemiological control strategies. This study aimed to analyze phylogenetically uropathogenic <i>E. coli</i> strains and their resistance phenotypes in children.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was conducted on 111 urine culture samples collected from June 2023 to February 2024 at the Pediatric Emergency Hospital (PEH) in Lima, Peru. The phylogroups of <i>E. coli</i> were identified using Clermont's protocol based on polymerase chain reaction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>UTIs were predominantly observed in females (85.6%) and infants under two years old (42.3%). The most frequent uropathogenic <i>E. coli</i> phylogroups were B2 (30.6%), D (29.7%), and A (25.2%). These phylogroups showed significant correlation with MDR and the production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>At PEH, UTIs in children are primarily caused by uropathogenic <i>E. coli</i> from the B2 and D phylogroups, which demonstrate high virulence and resistance factors. The correlation between these phylogroups, MDR, and ESBL production, along with the increasing infection rates associated with phylogroup A, suggests a potential for horizontal gene transfer. This underscores the urgent need for vigilant control measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"93-101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11972917/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RSV Prevention Strategies in Korean Children: A Review of Current Approaches and Emerging Options.","authors":"Hyun Jung Kim, Sujin Choi, Young June Choe","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0122","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2024.0122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) poses a significant threat to infants and young children in Korea and globally. Current preventive measures, such as palivizumab, have limitations, necessitating the exploration of new strategies. Nirsevimab, a long-acting monoclonal antibody, has emerged as a promising option for protecting all infants from RSV. Clinical trials and real-world evidence support its effectiveness in reducing RSV-related hospitalizations. The economic burden of RSV infection in Korea underscores the need for cost-effective interventions. While several RSV vaccines are under development, none are currently available in Korea. Maternal immunization programs and vaccines for older infants offer potential avenues for expanding protection. This review highlights the evolving landscape of RSV prevention, with a shift towards nirsevimab and future vaccines. Further research is crucial to understand the long-term consequences of RSV infection and develop comprehensive prevention strategies tailored to the Korean population.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"57 1","pages":"31-37"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11972912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mortality of Colistin Monotherapy <i>vs.</i> Colistin-Sulbactam for Carbapenem-Resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> Pneumonia: A Propensity Score Analysis.","authors":"Nadia Cheh-Oh, Chutchawan Ungthammakhun, Dhitiwat Changpradub, Wichai Santimaleeworagun","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0125","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2024.0125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study compared the mortality rates within 30 days of 2 different doses of sulbactam (6 g and 9-12 g daily) when used in colistin (COL)-based treatment regimens and COL monotherapy for carbapenem-resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> (CRAB).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study included 234 participants diagnosed with severe pneumonia due to CRAB infection at Phramongkutklao Hospital, Thailand, from July 1, 2011, to April 30, 2023. Participants were categorized into three groups: COL monotherapy, COL with 6 g of sulbactam daily (COL+S6g), and COL with 9-12 g of sulbactam daily (COL+SHD). Following the exclusion of patients with renal impairment (serum creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dl), a 1:2 propensity score (PS) matching was used to ensure comparable groups, with the COL group designated as the control. The matching variables included age, APACHE II scores, serum creatinine, intensive care units admission, and bacteremia. The number of participants in each group was as follows: 19 in COL, 32 in COL+S6g, and 38 in COL+SHD. The primary outcomes assessed were all-cause mortality rates at 7, 14, and 30 days. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the Log-rank test were used to evaluate differences between groups, while multivariate Cox regression models were applied to determine the impact of treatment regimens.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The unmatching PS analysis indicated that the COL+SHD regimen significantly reduces mortality compared to the COL regimen; hazard ratios (HR) were 0.18 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06-0.55) for 7-day mortality and 0.53 (95% CI,-0.29-0.97) for 30-day mortality. In addition, the COL+SHD regimen also lowered mortality more than the COL+S6g regimen within 7 days (HR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.11-0.75). After PS matching, the COL+SHD regimen significantly reduced 7-day mortality compared to the COL regimen (adjusted HR, 0.24; 95% CI, -0.07-0.82). However, COL+S6g did not differ in mortality from either COL+SHD or COL for 7-day mortality. At 14 days and 30 days, there were no significant regimens to reduce mortality.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Combining COL+SHD effectively reduced death in 7 days from severe pneumonia in CRAB infection treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"57 1","pages":"138-147"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11972904/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply: Food, Water, Air, and Mind must Become Cleaner.","authors":"Sheikh Mohd Saleem, Shah Sumaya Jan","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0149","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2024.0149","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"57 1","pages":"183-184"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11972907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pertussis in the Post-COVID-19 Era: Resurgence, Diagnosis, and Management.","authors":"Hyun Mi Kang, Taek-Jin Lee, Su Eun Park, Soo-Han Choi","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0117","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2024.0117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pertussis is endemic worldwide, with epidemics occurring every 2 to 5 years despite a high vaccination coverage. After limited circulation during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, pertussis cases have increased rapidly worldwide since mid-late 2023, returning to pre-pandemic patterns. In Korea, 90 cases of pertussis were reported from April 2020 to May 2023, with elderly individuals aged ≥65 years accounting for 48.9%. Pertussis cases have increased sharply since June 2024, showing a nationwide epidemic, with a large increase among adolescents aged 13-15 years. As of August 2024, the national incidence rate of pertussis was estimated to be 37.75 per 100,000 population, with the highest incidence of 526.2 per 100,000 population in 13-year-olds. In Europe, during 2023-2024, an increase in pertussis incidence among infants was observed, along with large increases in 10-19-year-olds. In China, the number of reported cases of pertussis has increased rapidly since late 2023, with an age shift to older children, increase of vaccine escape, and a marked increase in the prevalence of macrolide-resistant <i>Bordetella pertussis</i>. The recent global resurgence of pertussis is due to decreased opportunities for boosting immunity by natural infection during the COVID-19 pandemic in combination with waning of immunity-induced pertussis vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"57 1","pages":"13-30"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11972920/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poor Prognosis of Pneumococcal Co-Infection in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis.","authors":"Soyoon Hwang, Eunkyung Nam, Shin-Woo Kim, Hyun-Ha Chang, Yoonjung Kim, Sohyun Bae, Nan Young Lee, Yu Kyung Kim, Ji Sun Kim, Han Wook Park, Joon Gyu Bae, Juhwan Jeong, Ki Tae Kwon","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0130","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2024.0130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The impact of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> coinfection on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prognosis remains uncertain. We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who underwent a pneumococcal urinary antigen (PUA) test to assess its clinical utility. Results showed that PUA-positive patients required more oxygen support, high-flow nasal cannula, and dexamethasone compared to PUA-negative patients. Furthermore, the significantly higher incidence of a National Early Warning Score ≥5 in the PUA-positive group (<i>P</i><0.001) suggests that a positive PUA test is associated with a severe disease course. However, no significant difference in mortality was observed between the two groups, and antibiotics were used in almost all patients (96.2%). While the PUA test may help guide antibiotic use in COVID-19 patients, its interpretation should be approached with caution.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"57 1","pages":"172-178"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11972905/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Immunocompromised Patients with Prolonged or Relapsed Viral Shedding.","authors":"Ji Yeun Kim, Euijin Chang, Hyeon Mu Jang, Jun Ho Cha, Ju Yeon Son, Choi Young Jang, Jeong-Sun Yang, Joo-Yeon Lee, Sung-Han Kim","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0098","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2024.0098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Immunocompromised patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection often have prolonged viral shedding, and some are clinically suspected of reinfection with different SARS-CoV-2 variants. However, data on this issue are limited. This study investigated the SARS-CoV-2 variants in serially collected respiratory samples from immunocompromised patients with prolonged viral shedding for over 12 weeks or relapsed viral shedding after at least 2 weeks of viral clearance.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>From February 2022 to September 2023, we prospectively enrolled immunocompromised patients with coronavirus disease 2019 who had hematologic malignancies or had undergone transplantation and were admitted to a tertiary hospital. Weekly saliva or nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from enrolled patients for at least 12 weeks after diagnosis. Genomic RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on samples, and those testing positive underwent viral culture to isolate the live virus. Spike gene full sequencing via Sanger sequencing and real-time reverse transcription-PCR for detecting mutation genes were conducted to identify SARS-CoV-2 variants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 116 enrolled patients, 20 with prolonged or relapsed viral shedding were screened to identify the variants. Of these 20 patients, 7 (35%) exhibited evidence of re-infection; one of 8 patients with prolonged viral shedding and 6 of 12 with relapsed viral shedding were reinfected with SARS-CoV-2.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our data suggest that approximately one-third of immunocompromised patients with persistent or relapsed viral shedding had reinfection with different variants of SARS-CoV-2.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"81-92"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11972919/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minocycline Susceptibility of Carbapenem-Resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> Blood Isolates from a Single Center in Korea: Role of <i>tetB</i> in Resistance.","authors":"Taeeun Kim, Eun Hee Jeon, Yoon-Kyoung Hong, Jiwon Jung, Min Jae Kim, Heungsup Sung, Mi-Na Kim, Sung-Han Kim, Sang-Ho Choi, Sang-Oh Lee, Yang Soo Kim, Yong Pil Chong","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0110","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2024.0110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Carbapenem-resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> (CRAB) represents a devastating and growing global threat, calling for new antibiotic treatments. In Korea, the challenge of treating CRAB is compounded by high nosocomial acquisition rates and limited availability of novel antibiotics. Minocycline, a semisynthetic tetracycline derivative, has been proposed as a therapeutic option for CRAB infections. Nonsusceptibility to minocycline may occur through the efflux pump, TetB. The prevalence of <i>tetB</i> in <i>A. baumannii</i> has increased, along with higher minocycline minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). We aimed to evaluate minocycline susceptibility rates in clinical strains of CRAB, and the association between <i>tetB</i> carriage and minocycline susceptibility across different genotypes.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Representative CRAB blood isolates were collected from Asan Medical Center, Seoul. Minocycline susceptibility was assessed using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoint (≤4 mg/L) and the proposed pharmacokinetics (PK)/pharmacodynamics (PD) breakpoint (≤1 mg/L). Tigecycline was used as a comparator, and its susceptibility breakpoint for <i>Enterobacterales</i> defined by EUCAST was applied (≤0.5 mg/L). The presence of <i>tetB</i> was detected by PCR, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed using seven housekeeping genes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 160 CRAB blood isolates, 83.8% were susceptible to minocycline by the CLSI criteria, and 50.6% were PK-PD susceptible by the PK-PD criteria. The minocycline minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)₅₀/MIC₉₀ was 1/8 mg/L. <i>tetB</i> was present in 49% of isolates and was associated with a higher minocycline MIC (MIC₅₀_/₉₀ 2/8 mg/L <i>vs.</i> 1/2 mg/L). No clear correlation was observed between <i>tetB</i> positivity and tigecycline MIC. Nine MLSTs were identified, with significant differences in <i>tetB</i> carriage rates between the major sequence types. Notably, ST191, associated with non<i>-tetB</i> carriage and greater susceptibility to minocycline, declined over the study period (<i>P</i>=0.004), while ST451, associated with <i>tetB</i> carriage, increased.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong><i>tetB</i> was present in 49% of CRAB isolates and was associated with higher MICs and non-susceptibility by both CLSI and PK-PD criteria. However, absence of <i>tetB</i> was not a reliable predictor of minocycline PK-PD susceptibility. Additionally, shifts over time towards genotypes with reduced minocycline susceptibility were observed. Further research is needed to correlate these findings with clinical outcomes and identify additional resistance mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"57 1","pages":"111-118"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11972901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics and Prevalence of Sequelae after COVID-19: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.","authors":"Se Ju Lee, Yae Jee Baek, Su Hwan Lee, Jung Ho Kim, Jin Young Ahn, Jooyun Kim, Ji Hoon Jeon, Hyeri Seok, Won Suk Choi, Dae Won Park, Yunsang Choi, Kyoung-Ho Song, Eu Suk Kim, Hong Bin Kim, Jae-Hoon Ko, Kyong Ran Peck, Jae-Phil Choi, Jun Hyoung Kim, Hee-Sung Kim, Hye Won Jeong, Jun Yong Choi","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0090","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2024.0090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The World Health Organization has declared the end of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) public health emergency. However, this did not indicate the end of COVID-19. Several months after the infection, numerous patients complain of respiratory or nonspecific symptoms; this condition is called long COVID. Even patients with mild COVID-19 can experience long COVID, thus the burden of long COVID remains considerable. Therefore, we conducted this study to comprehensively analyze the effects of long COVID using multi-faceted assessments.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We conducted a prospective cohort study involving patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between February 2020 and September 2021 in six tertiary hospitals in Korea. Patients were followed up at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after discharge. Long COVID was defined as the persistence of three or more COVID-19-related symptoms. The primary outcome of this study was the prevalence of long COVID after the period of COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the study period, 290 patients were enrolled. Among them, 54.5 and 34.6% experienced long COVID within 6 months and after more than 18 months, respectively. Several patients showed abnormal results when tested for post-traumatic stress disorder (17.4%) and anxiety (31.9%) after 18 months. In patients who underwent follow-up chest computed tomography 18 months after COVID-19, abnormal findings remained at 51.9%. Males (odds ratio [OR], 0.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.05-0.53; <i>P</i>=0.004) and elderly (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.00-1.09; <i>P</i>=0.04) showed a significant association with long COVID after 12-18 months in a multivariable logistic regression analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Many patients still showed long COVID after 18 months post SARS-CoV-2 infection. When managing these patients, the assessment of multiple aspects is necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"57 1","pages":"72-80"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11972916/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143781588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}