Infection and Chemotherapy最新文献

{"title":"Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in a Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipient During Maribavir Pre-emptive Therapy.","authors":"Hyeon Mu Jang, Han-Seung Park, Heungsup Sung, Sung-Han Kim","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2024.0131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report a case of cytomegalovirus retinitis in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient during valganciclovir pre-emptive therapy followed by maribavir. Analysis of UL97 mutation revealed a C480F substitution associated with high maribavir resistance and low ganciclovir resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosis of <i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i> Pneumonia in Non-HIV Immunocompromised Patient in Korea: A Review and Algorithm Proposed by Expert Consensus Group.","authors":"Raeseok Lee, Kyungmin Huh, Chang Kyung Kang, Yong Chan Kim, Jung Ho Kim, Hyungjin Kim, Jeong Su Park, Ji Young Park, Heungsup Sung, Jongtak Jung, Chung-Jong Kim, Kyoung-Ho Song","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2024.0148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Pneumocystis jirovecii</i> pneumonia (PJP) is a life-threatening infection commonly observed in immunocompromised patients, necessitating prompt diagnosis and treatment. This review evaluates the diagnostic performance of various tests used for PJP diagnosis through a comprehensive literature review. Additionally, we propose a diagnostic algorithm tailored to non-human immunodeficiency virus immunocompromised patients, considering the specific characteristics of current medical resources in Korea.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linezolid-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in a Tertiary Hospital: Molecular Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes.","authors":"Svetlana Rachina, Vladimir Gostev, Vyacheslav Pleshkov, Olga Karpova, Svetlana Topolyanskaya, Georgy Melkonyan, Marina Gladkikh, Khadizhat Zainalabidova, Polina Chulkova, Sergey Sidorenko","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2024.0111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report linezolid-resistant coagulase-negative <i>Staphylococcus</i> (LRCoNS) bacteremia at a tertiary hospital. LRCoNS with linezolid and tedizolid minimum inhibitory concentrations of >32 and 4-32 mg/L, respectively, were isolated from blood cultures of seven elderly patients who died post-bacteremia detection. Linezolid was administered to six of these patients at the time of LRCoNS isolation. Linezolid-resistant <i>S. epidermidis</i> ST5 isolates (LRSE) harboring <i>mec</i>A were isolated in seven of the nine episodes. Linezolid resistance is associated with mutations in the 23S rRNA, L3 and L4 ribosomal proteins, indigenous methyltransferases RlmN, and the presence of the <i>cfr</i> gene. All LRSE-ST5 genomes formed a single phylogenetic cluster.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenetic Analysis of <i>Escherichia coli</i> according to Phenotypic Resistance in Urinary Tract Infections in Children, Lima, Peru.","authors":"Adriana Belén Prieto Farfan, Yesica Llimpe Mitma de Barrón, Melina Magali Mayorca Yarihuamán, Fortunato Martín Príncipe Laines, María Bertha Paredes Pérez, Jaeson Santos Calla Choque, Heli Jaime Barrón Pastor","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2024.0101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Phylogenetic studies are essential for understanding the virulence and resistance factors of bacteria, especially in evaluating their distribution within specific populations for effective infection control. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by <i>Escherichia coli</i> are highly prevalent and pose significant health challenges from childhood to adulthood. The rising incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains highlights the urgent need for research aimed at developing preventive measures and epidemiological control strategies. This study aimed to analyze phylogenetically uropathogenic <i>E. coli</i> strains and their resistance phenotypes in children.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was conducted on 111 urine culture samples collected from June 2023 to February 2024 at the Pediatric Emergency Hospital (PEH) in Lima, Peru. The phylogroups of <i>E. coli</i> were identified using Clermont's protocol based on polymerase chain reaction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>UTIs were predominantly observed in females (85.6%) and infants under two years old (42.3%). The most frequent uropathogenic <i>E. coli</i> phylogroups were B2 (30.6%), D (29.7%), and A (25.2%). These phylogroups showed significant correlation with MDR and the production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>At PEH, UTIs in children are primarily caused by uropathogenic <i>E. coli</i> from the B2 and D phylogroups, which demonstrate high virulence and resistance factors. The correlation between these phylogroups, MDR, and ESBL production, along with the increasing infection rates associated with phylogroup A, suggests a potential for horizontal gene transfer. This underscores the urgent need for vigilant control measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Immunocompromised Patients with Prolonged or Relapsed Viral Shedding.","authors":"Ji Yeun Kim, Euijin Chang, Hyeon Mu Jang, Jun Ho Cha, Ju Yeon Son, Choi Young Jang, Jeong-Sun Yang, Joo-Yeon Lee, Sung-Han Kim","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2024.0098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Immunocompromised patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection often have prolonged viral shedding, and some are clinically suspected of reinfection with different SARS-CoV-2 variants. However, data on this issue are limited. This study investigated the SARS-CoV-2 variants in serially collected respiratory samples from immunocompromised patients with prolonged viral shedding for over 12 weeks or relapsed viral shedding after at least 2 weeks of viral clearance.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>From February 2022 to September 2023, we prospectively enrolled immunocompromised patients with coronavirus disease 2019 who had hematologic malignancies or had undergone transplantation and were admitted to a tertiary hospital. Weekly saliva or nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from enrolled patients for at least 12 weeks after diagnosis. Genomic RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on samples, and those testing positive underwent viral culture to isolate the live virus. Spike gene full sequencing via Sanger sequencing and real-time reverse transcription-PCR for detecting mutation genes were conducted to identify SARS-CoV-2 variants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 116 enrolled patients, 20 with prolonged or relapsed viral shedding were screened to identify the variants. Of these 20 patients, 7 (35%) exhibited evidence of re-infection; one of 8 patients with prolonged viral shedding and 6 of 12 with relapsed viral shedding were reinfected with SARS-CoV-2.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our data suggest that approximately one-third of immunocompromised patients with persistent or relapsed viral shedding had reinfection with different variants of SARS-CoV-2.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Prediction Model for the Risk of Infection in Patients with Aplastic Anemia: Survival Analysis in Recurrent Events.","authors":"Pirun Saelue, Thitichaya Penthinapong","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0045","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2024.0045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In patients with aplastic anemia (AA), infection-related complications are the leading cause of mortality. However, limited knowledge about the predictive factors for infection in these patients exists. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate risk factors for infection and develop a risk prediction model for the occurrence of infection in patients with AA.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Between January 2004 and December 2020, 206 patients with AA ≥15 years of age were included in this study. Survival analysis using recurrent event methodologies was conducted to identify predictive factors associated with infection, including the Anderson and Gill model; Prentice, Williams, and Peterson (PWP) Total Time model; PWP Gap Time model; marginal model; and frailty models. The best model was determined using backward stepwise regression, and internal validation was performed using the bootstrapping method with 500 re-samplings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>With a median follow-up of 2.95 years, the incidence rate of infection among patients with AA was 32.8 events per 100 person-years. The PWP Total Time model revealed that cirrhosis comorbidity, lymphocytes ≥80%, and previous infection increased the risk of infection, while bone marrow cellularity ≥20% offered protection. The bone marrow cellularity, lymphocyte percentage, previous infection, cirrhosis, and hematocrit (BLICH) model was generated to predict the risk of infection. The internal validation showed a good calibration of this model.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cirrhosis, lymphocytes ≥80%, previous infection, and bone marrow cellularity <20% are risk factors for infection in patients with AA. The BLICH model can predict the risk of infection in these patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"483-491"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11704865/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142480454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination and Associated Ethical Concerns.","authors":"Eric Fu, Ozdemir Erdemir, Khalil Pathan, Meaghan Brophy, Aidan Pettit","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0070","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2024.0070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since its Fast-Track approval by the Federal Drug Administration, the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been marked by controversies. Unconfirmed reports of adverse events in both Japan and Denmark led to suspensions of national vaccination programs, which setback the fight against cervical cancer and associated mortality and morbidity. Despite follow-up studies of vaccine adverse reports, additional randomized control trials, and review reports from both the World Health Organization and the European Commission, there is still a great deal of hesitancy around the vaccine. While all three version of the HPV vaccine have been shown to be efficacious and safe, additional ethical dilemmas deserve to be considered as well.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"432-439"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11704856/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142134458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Trends among Lower Respiratory Tract Pathogens in Crete, Greece, 2017-2022.","authors":"Sofia Maraki, Viktoria Eirini Mavromanolaki, Anna Kasimati, Evangelia Iliaki-Giannakoudaki, Dimitra Stafylaki","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2024.0060","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are the most common infections in humans accounting for significant morbidity and mortality. Management of LRTIs is complicated due to increasing antimicrobial resistance. This study investigated the prevalence and trends of antimicrobial resistance for bacteria isolated from respiratory samples of patients with LRTIs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Sputum and bronchial washings were collected from patients of all ages hospitalized with LRTIs and were analyzed by the microbiological laboratory in the University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece, from January 2017 to December 2022. Identification of the bacterial isolates was performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Vitek 2 system.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;A total of 4,008 strains were isolated from 3,427 respiratory samples. &lt;i&gt;Acinetobacter baumannii&lt;/i&gt; was the most frequently isolated pathogen (23.1%), followed by &lt;i&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt; (20.0%), &lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/i&gt; (10.6%) and &lt;i&gt;Klebsiella pneumoniae&lt;/i&gt; (6.8%). The isolation rate of &lt;i&gt;A. baumannii&lt;/i&gt; significantly increased during the study period, while there were lower increases in the isolation rates of &lt;i&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;K. pneumoniae&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;S. aureus. A. baumannii&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt; were more prevalent during summer, &lt;i&gt;K. pneumoniae&lt;/i&gt; was more common during autumn, while for &lt;i&gt;S. aureus&lt;/i&gt; higher incidence was noted during winter. &lt;i&gt;A. baumannii&lt;/i&gt; exhibited high resistance rates (≥90.0%) to most of the antimicrobial agents tested, and extremely high multidrug-resistance (91.0%). &lt;i&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt; showed the lowest rate of resistance for colistin (1.4%). Among β-lactams, resistance rates to piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftazidime, cefepime, imipenem and meropenem were 26.2%, 27%, 25.8%, 29.2% and 29.9%, respectively. A total of 162 (68.1%) meropenem-resistant &lt;i&gt;P. aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt; were simultaneously resistant to ceftazidime and piperacillin/tazobactam. Regarding &lt;i&gt;K. pneumoniae&lt;/i&gt;, high rates of resistance were observed for the third and fourth generation cephalosporins, namely cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and cefepime and the carbapenems, imipenem and meropenem ranging from 46.2% to 53.8%. Carbapenem-resistance was detected among 46.2% of the isolates. Among the 126 carbapenem-resistant &lt;i&gt;K. pneumoniae&lt;/i&gt; isolates, 83 (65.9%), 30 (23.8%), 9 (7.2%), and 4 (4.2%) were positive for &lt;i&gt;Klebsiella pneumoniae&lt;/i&gt; carbapenemase, New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase, Verona Integron-Mediated Metallo-β-lactamase and OXA-48 carbapenemase, respectively. Of the total number of &lt;i&gt;S. aureus&lt;/i&gt;, 37.2% were methicillin resistant. Low rates of resistance were detected in trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (3.3%), gentamicin (2.8%), and rifampicin (0.9%). All isolates were susceptible to linezolid, daptomycin, tigecy","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"56 4","pages":"492-501"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11704854/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142958487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Can Chronic COVID (Long-COVID Syndrome) Be Diagnosed and Treated?","authors":"Josef Finsterer","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2024.0115","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"56 4","pages":"559-560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11704858/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142958486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Wound Pathogens in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kashmir: A Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Tabeen Mansoor, Dekyong Angmo, Nahid Nehvi","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2024.0083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Wound infections significantly impact morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs globally. The Kashmir Valley's unique geographical and climatic conditions, coupled with resource constraints and antibiotic misuse, complicate managing these infections effectively. This study aimed to identify predominant bacterial pathogens in wound infections at a tertiary care hospital in Kashmir, determine their antibiotic susceptibility profiles, and estimate the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2023 at the Government Medical College, Srinagar. Pus samples from wound infections were aseptically collected and processed following standard microbiological protocols. Antibiotic susceptibility testing utilized the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, adhering to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 4,378 samples analyzed, bacterial growth was observed in 1,921 samples, representing 43.9% of the total. Among the bacterial isolates, Gram-negative bacilli accounted for 73.5%, with <i>Escherichia coli</i> being the most prevalent at 27.9%. Among Gram-positive cocci, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> predominated, comprising 25.9% of the isolates. Methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> exhibited 100% susceptibility to linezolid but low susceptibility to erythromycin (27.0%) and clindamycin (24.0%). <i>E. coli</i> demonstrated high susceptibility to tigecycline (97.4%) and amikacin (75.0%), but lower susceptibility to imipenem (45.0%) and piperacillin-tazobactam (57.8%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The substantial wound infection burden and high MDR prevalence in Kashmir necessitate comprehensive antimicrobial stewardship and infection control programs. Regular surveillance, education, and research are crucial to address antibiotic resistance and ensure effective wound infection management in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":"56 4","pages":"502-509"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11704860/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142958582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}