Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability最新文献

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Predictors of popularity among students with intellectual disabilities: The role of prosocial and antisocial behaviours. 智障学生受欢迎程度的预测因素:亲社会与反社会行为的作用。
IF 1.2 4区 医学
Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Pub Date : 2025-10-02 DOI: 10.3109/13668250.2025.2564063
Noemi Schoop-Kasteler, Verena Hofmann, Antonius H N Cillessen, Christoph M Müller
{"title":"Predictors of popularity among students with intellectual disabilities: The role of prosocial and antisocial behaviours.","authors":"Noemi Schoop-Kasteler, Verena Hofmann, Antonius H N Cillessen, Christoph M Müller","doi":"10.3109/13668250.2025.2564063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2025.2564063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Little attention has been given to the relationship between popularity and social behaviour among students with intellectual disabilities in special needs schools. Based on resource control theory and findings among typically developing students, we expected popularity predictors to include both prosocial and antisocial behaviours.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>School staff (<i>n</i> = 397) reported on popularity, prosocial, and antisocial behaviours of 1,125 students (<i>Mage</i> = 11.26 years, <i>SD</i> = 3.76; 69% boys) with intellectual disabilities in Swiss special needs schools.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Multilevel analyses showed that students with higher prosocial and antisocial behaviours at the start of the school year were more likely to be popular by the end, even after accounting for gender, age, adaptive behaviour, and initial popularity. The effect of antisocial behaviour on popularity was stronger for boys.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings support the universality of the relationship between prosocial and antisocial behaviours with popularity. Implications for students with intellectual disabilities are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":51466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145208383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Teachers' knowledge, belief, and experience regarding sex education for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities in China. 中国教师对智力和发育障碍学生性教育的知识、信念和经验。
IF 1.2 4区 医学
Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.3109/13668250.2025.2544106
Qichao Pan, Yi Yang, Moon Young Savana Bak, Xuejing Liu, Hongrui Qiu
{"title":"Teachers' knowledge, belief, and experience regarding sex education for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities in China.","authors":"Qichao Pan, Yi Yang, Moon Young Savana Bak, Xuejing Liu, Hongrui Qiu","doi":"10.3109/13668250.2025.2544106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2025.2544106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sex education is needed for improved mental and physical health and is a vital part of education for young people. However, sex education for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities is largely absent in China.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted a survey among 51 special education teachers who worked with students with intellectual and developmental disabilities to explore their knowledge level of sexual and reproductive health, as well as their beliefs and experiences regarding sex education.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicated a high knowledge level among teachers and a strong belief in the necessity of sex education. The scarcity of school-based sex education was also reflected in the experiences of special education teachers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The implications for breaking the silence around sex, developing comprehensive school-based sex education, and establishing teacher preparation and training systems in terms of sex education for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":51466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145115028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Experiences and perspectives of professional caregivers on the transition of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: From the parental home to residential care facilities. 专业照护者对成人智障与发展性残疾之转变的经验与看法:从父母之家到寄宿照护机构。
IF 1.2 4区 医学
Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Pub Date : 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.3109/13668250.2025.2542981
Lotte Habermann-Horstmeier, Louisa-Marie Schreiber
{"title":"Experiences and perspectives of professional caregivers on the transition of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: From the parental home to residential care facilities.","authors":"Lotte Habermann-Horstmeier, Louisa-Marie Schreiber","doi":"10.3109/13668250.2025.2542981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2025.2542981","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Few studies have examined how professional caregivers perceive the relocation of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities from the family home to specialised residential settings.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted semi-structured interviews with eight professional caregivers, exploring their experiences of admitting adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities into residential care. Transcripts were analysed using Mayring's qualitative content analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Caregivers primarily addressed facility-related aspects of the transition, including the admission process, communication with families, and staffing concerns. They offered limited commentary on residents' personal experiences or family dynamics during the move.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To gain a more comprehensive understanding of this life-changing transition, future research should investigate the perspectives of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities themselves, complementing prior studies focused on relatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":51466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145031126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD): Comparing profiles of younger versus older adults. 胎儿酒精谱系障碍(FASD):比较年轻人和老年人的特征。
IF 1.2 4区 医学
Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Pub Date : 2025-09-02 DOI: 10.3109/13668250.2025.2547408
Valerie K Temple, Casey Fulford, Kathy Unsworth, Jocelynn L Cook, Svetlana Popova
{"title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD): Comparing profiles of younger versus older adults.","authors":"Valerie K Temple, Casey Fulford, Kathy Unsworth, Jocelynn L Cook, Svetlana Popova","doi":"10.3109/13668250.2025.2547408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2025.2547408","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) has implications for wellbeing across the lifespan. Research regarding adult profiles is limited.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Data were drawn from the Canadian National Database for younger (18-24 years n = 223) and older (35 + years n = 185) groups, all diagnosed with FASD using Canadian guidelines. Groups were compared on: cognitive/functional abilities; physical/mental health; substance misuse; independent living; legal involvement; and recommendations post-diagnosis. Analysis included chi-square, ANOVA, and linear regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 35 + group showed lower rates of attention and executive functioning deficits, less need for supportive housing, and fewer difficulties with independent living but higher rates of memory and physical problems. Substance misuse, legal involvement, and mental health issues were high in both groups. The 35 + group attended substance misuse treatment and were referred for income supports more than the 18-24 group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Distinct profiles were observed for older versus younger adults with FASD. Interventions and supports must be adjusted to meet age-specific needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":51466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144978024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Predictors of family quality of life among Ghanaian families of people with intellectual disability. 加纳智力残疾者家庭生活质量的预测因素。
IF 1.2 4区 医学
Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.3109/13668250.2025.2457106
Daniel Miezah, Martha-Pearl Okai, Emmanuel Eshun, Frederick Sey, Francis Britwum, Frank Quansah, Ebenezer Takyi-Wadieh
{"title":"Predictors of family quality of life among Ghanaian families of people with intellectual disability.","authors":"Daniel Miezah, Martha-Pearl Okai, Emmanuel Eshun, Frederick Sey, Francis Britwum, Frank Quansah, Ebenezer Takyi-Wadieh","doi":"10.3109/13668250.2025.2457106","DOIUrl":"10.3109/13668250.2025.2457106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Past studies examining the associations of emotional intelligence, family support and financial stress with family quality of life (FQOL) in families of people with intellectual disability are scarce.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the predictors of FQOL among Ghanaian families of people with intellectual disability.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A sample of 176 parents (M = 41.64 years, SD = 9.21) of people with intellectual disability participated in the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Financial stress, family support, and emotional intelligence significantly predicted FQOL among Ghanaian parents of people with intellectual disability. In addition, emotional intelligence and family support significantly moderated the relationship between financial stress and FQOL.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The noted protective roles of emotional intelligence and family support in reducing the negative influence of financial stress on FQOL among families of people with intellectual disability suggest a need to develop interventions that account for these variables.</p>","PeriodicalId":51466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability","volume":" ","pages":"353-365"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Family functioning as a mediator or moderator between child behavioural and emotional problems and maternal psychological distress. 家庭在儿童行为和情绪问题与母亲心理困扰之间的中介或调节作用。
IF 1.2 4区 医学
Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-14 DOI: 10.3109/13668250.2024.2448005
Daniel Sutherland, Paul Thompson, Samantha Flynn, Richard Hastings
{"title":"Family functioning as a mediator or moderator between child behavioural and emotional problems and maternal psychological distress.","authors":"Daniel Sutherland, Paul Thompson, Samantha Flynn, Richard Hastings","doi":"10.3109/13668250.2024.2448005","DOIUrl":"10.3109/13668250.2024.2448005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mothers of children with intellectual disabilities are more likely to show elevated psychological distress, with child behavioural and emotional problems being a significant risk factor. Family Resilience Theory suggests that family relationships are crucial in influencing adaptation to stressors. We investigated whether family functioning mediates or moderates the relationship between child behavioural and emotional problems and subsequent maternal psychological distress.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted mediation and moderation analyses on data from 324 mothers of children with intellectual disabilities in a United Kingdom (UK) prospective longitudinal cohort study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Family functioning had a small mediating effect on the relationship between child behavioural and emotional problems and subsequent maternal psychological distress. Family functioning did not moderate the relationship between child behavioural and emotional problems and later maternal psychological distress.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The mechanism of the effect of child behavioural and emotional problems on maternal mental health may at least partially involve changes in family functioning.</p>","PeriodicalId":51466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability","volume":"50 3","pages":"291-300"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144876778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Inclusion of people with intellectual disability in the decision-making and governance of disability and community organisations. 让智障人士参与残疾人和社区组织的决策和管理。
IF 1.2 4区 医学
Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-14 DOI: 10.3109/13668250.2025.2458124
Bernadette Curryer, Michelle Donelly, Kim Roots, Margaret Spencer, Will Harding, Katrina Sneath
{"title":"Inclusion of people with intellectual disability in the decision-making and governance of disability and community organisations.","authors":"Bernadette Curryer, Michelle Donelly, Kim Roots, Margaret Spencer, Will Harding, Katrina Sneath","doi":"10.3109/13668250.2025.2458124","DOIUrl":"10.3109/13668250.2025.2458124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The value of people with disability being involved in the decision-making and governance of community organisations is increasingly being recognised. This paper reports on research that aims to understand governance models that promote the recruitment, decision-making, and leadership of people with intellectual disability.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A descriptive phenomenological analysis of 27 semi-structured interviews was conducted. The participants were board members with intellectual disability (<i>n</i> = 5), board members with a disability other than intellectual (<i>n</i> = 6), board members without disability (<i>n</i> = 4), senior management staff (<i>n</i> = 8), and board support people (<i>n</i> = 4).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five themes emerged from the data. These themes reflect the impact of inclusion, pathways of skill development, accessibility requirements, the provision of skilled support, and the concerns that create a barrier to inclusion.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Inclusive governance appears to work best when organisations value and commit to inclusion, setting up skill development pathways to governance roles, with accessible practices and individualised support.</p>","PeriodicalId":51466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability","volume":" ","pages":"255-268"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143626691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Parents' initiative in community-based support for children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: The Ahada non-profit model. 以社区为基础支持智力和发育障碍儿童的父母倡议:阿达非营利模式。
IF 1.2 4区 医学
Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-17 DOI: 10.3109/13668250.2024.2437767
Orly Ganany-Dagan
{"title":"Parents' initiative in community-based support for children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: The <i>Ahada</i> non-profit model.","authors":"Orly Ganany-Dagan","doi":"10.3109/13668250.2024.2437767","DOIUrl":"10.3109/13668250.2024.2437767","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The birth of a child with an intellectual or developmental disability inherently presents challenges to parents regarding the child's long-term future. This qualitative study examined the perceptions of parents who are kibbutz members, focusing on the non-profit organisation they established and the socioeconomic model they developed to ensure the future wellbeing of their children with intellectual and developmental disabilities.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 participants and used a thematic analysis based on case study methodology.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The socioeconomic model developed by kibbutz parents helps alleviate their concerns, but also gave rise to challenges related to kibbutz privatisation and the requirement for programs to be tailored to individual needs. The study highlighted how cooperation among families, the community, and government institutions can contribute to individual and collective solutions for people with disabilities.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These insights expand our understanding of parental social entrepreneurship within intentional communities and other contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":51466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability","volume":" ","pages":"279-290"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143015938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Healthcare utilisation and characteristics of adults with fetal alcohol syndrome: a descriptive population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada. 成人胎儿酒精综合征的医疗保健利用和特征:加拿大安大略省一项基于人群的描述性队列研究
IF 1.2 4区 医学
Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-10 DOI: 10.3109/13668250.2025.2449677
Danijela Dozet, Claire de Oliveira, Yona Lunsky, Andrew Calzavara, Svetlana Popova
{"title":"Healthcare utilisation and characteristics of adults with fetal alcohol syndrome: a descriptive population-based cohort study in Ontario, Canada.","authors":"Danijela Dozet, Claire de Oliveira, Yona Lunsky, Andrew Calzavara, Svetlana Popova","doi":"10.3109/13668250.2025.2449677","DOIUrl":"10.3109/13668250.2025.2449677","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adults with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) experience many adverse health and social outcomes, yet their healthcare utilisation is under-researched.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This population-based descriptive cohort study utilised ICES provincial administrative health databases and Canadian Death Vital Statistics to identify adults with FAS via usage of hospital-based services (2002-2013) and examine their demographics, healthcare utilisation, mental health and addiction diagnoses, and mortality during follow-up (2014-2017).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>565 adults with FAS were included in the cohort. During the follow-up period, 27% used in-patient psychiatric care; 30% the emergency department 12 + times; 28% were hospitalised at least once; and 17% used home care services. They displayed high rates of physical and mental health comorbidities, substance use disorders, history of abuse, and income from social assistance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Adults with FAS require accessible and extensive healthcare services to address their complex needs and improve long-term outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":51466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability","volume":" ","pages":"339-352"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143598356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Situational experiences of meaningfulness of support staff during their interactions with people with profound intellectual disabilities: An explorative study. 支援人员与深度智障人士互动的情境意义体验:一项探索性研究。
IF 1.2 4区 医学
Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.3109/13668250.2024.2447998
Wieneke Penninga, Alexander H C Hendriks, Hedwig J A van Bakel, Petri J C M Embregts
{"title":"Situational experiences of meaningfulness of support staff during their interactions with people with profound intellectual disabilities: An explorative study.","authors":"Wieneke Penninga, Alexander H C Hendriks, Hedwig J A van Bakel, Petri J C M Embregts","doi":"10.3109/13668250.2024.2447998","DOIUrl":"10.3109/13668250.2024.2447998","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Support staff often face challenges with respect to experiencing meaningful moments of interaction with people with profound intellectual disabilities. Explicating such situational experiences of meaningfulness by staff members could facilitate the experience of meaningfulness for all staff.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In this multiple case study, three staff members indicated specific moments of interaction as meaningful when viewing a recording of themselves interacting with a person with profound intellectual disabilities. Subsequently, they were asked to explain why they experienced each specific moment as meaningful. Their answers were thematically analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two overarching clusters were identified as being related to meaningfulness: (1) experiencing meaning in certain actions, and (2) experiencing meaning in being together.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In interactions, support staff need to be aware of the tiny signals of people with profound intellectual disabilities and give meaning to them, and subsequently link \"what happens\" to their own professional aims and values to experience meaningfulness.</p>","PeriodicalId":51466,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability","volume":" ","pages":"366-379"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143416154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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