Cognitive Neuropsychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Eliciting false auditory perceptions using speech frequencies and semantic priming: a signal detection approach.","authors":"Julien Laloyaux,&nbsp;Marco Hirnstein,&nbsp;Karsten Specht,&nbsp;Anne Giersch,&nbsp;Frank Larøi","doi":"10.1080/13546805.2022.2031945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2022.2031945","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Individuals experiencing auditory hallucinations (AH) tend to perceive voices when exposed to random noise. However, the factors driving this tendency remain unclear. The present study examined the interaction of a top-down (expectations) and bottom-up (type of noise) process to better understand the mechanisms that underlie AH.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty-two healthy individuals (29 with high proneness and 23 with low proneness to AH) completed a signal detection task, in which they listened to pre-recorded sentences. The last word was either masked by noise or only noise was presented without the word. Two types of noise existed (speech-related versus speech-unrelated frequencies) and words were characterised by either high or low levels of semantic expectation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants with high proneness to AH showed a more liberal decision bias (i.e., they were more likely to report having heard a word) and poorer discrimination ability as compared to participants with low proneness to AH - but only when the word was masked by speech-related noises and the level of expectation was high. Further, the more liberal decision bias correlated negatively with the tendency to experience AH.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This novel paradigm demonstrated an interaction between top-down (level of expectation) and bottom-up (type of noise) processes, supporting current theoretical models of AH.</p>","PeriodicalId":51277,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry","volume":"27 4","pages":"255-272"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39591004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The fabricated past: intentionally fabricated autobiographical memories in Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Mohamad El Haj,&nbsp;Frédérique Robin","doi":"10.1080/13546805.2022.2036114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2022.2036114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We investigated intentionally fabricated autobiographical memories in Alzheimer's Disease (AD).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We invited AD patients and control participants to construct real events as well as fabricated events describing fictitious personal events that occurred in the past.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results demonstrated slower retrieval time for intentionally fabricated memories than for real ones in both AD patients and control participants. The analysis also showed similar vividness for intentionally fabricated memories and real ones in AD patients but lower vividness for intentionally fabricated memories than for real ones in control participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The slow retrieval time of intentionally fabricated memories may be attributed to the cognitive effort required to retrieve elements from autobiographical memory and edit them to construct a new memory. We suggest that the vividness of intentionally fabricated memories observed in AD may induce confusion with real memories. In addition to the experimental approach of our study, we offer a theoretical rationale for intentionally fabricated autobiographical memories by situating them in the wider context of different facets of false memories in AD (e.g. confabulations, source monitoring errors).</p>","PeriodicalId":51277,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry","volume":"27 4","pages":"273-288"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39893183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seeing minds – a signal detection study of agency attribution along the autism-psychosis continuum","authors":"Rebekka Solvik Lisøy, R. Biegler, E. F. Haghish, R. Veckenstedt, S. Moritz, G. Pfuhl","doi":"10.1080/13546805.2022.2075721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2022.2075721","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction Diametrically aberrant mentalising biases, namely hypermentalising in psychosis and hypomentalising in autism, are postulated by some theoretical models. To test this hypothesis, we measured psychotic-like experiences, autistic traits and mentalising biases in a visual chasing paradigm. Methods Participants from the general population (N = 300) and psychotic patients (N=26) judged the absence or presence of a chase during five-second long displays of seemingly randomly moving dots. Hypermentalising is seeing a chase where there is none, whereas hypomentalising is missing to see a chase. Results Psychotic-like experiences were associated with hypermentalising. Autistic traits were not associated with hypomentalising, but with a reduced ability to discriminate chasing from non-chasing trials. Given the high correlation (τ = .41) between autistic traits and psychotic-like experiences, we controlled for concomitant symptom severity on agency detection. We found that all but those with many autistic and psychotic traits showed hypomentalising, suggesting an additive effect of traits on mentalising. In the second study, we found no hypermentalising in patients with psychosis, who performed also similarly to a matched control group. Conclusions The results suggest that hypermentalising is a cognitive bias restricted to subclinical psychotic-like experiences. There was no support for a diametrically opposite mentalising bias along the autism-psychosis continuum.","PeriodicalId":51277,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry","volume":"27 1","pages":"356 - 372"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43718097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association of momentary sad moods, concurrent productive behaviour, and global functional outcomes: a 30-day ecological momentary assessment study of people with bipolar illness","authors":"Cameron D Harvey, Raeanne C Moore, C. Depp, R. Ackerman, A. Pinkham, Philip D. Harvey","doi":"10.1080/13546805.2022.2070464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2022.2070464","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background Previous weekly sampling studies found that persistent sad moods are associated with disability in bipolar illness. However, those data were collected retrospectively. We examined the momentary quality of activities (productive, unproductive, and passive recreation) in an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study and related sadness at each survey to quality of momentary activities and overall everyday functioning. Methods Participants with bipolar illness (N = 91) were sampled three times per day for 30 days. Each survey queried participants as to where they were, with whom, what they were doing, and their mood state. Activities were characterised according to predetermined criteria and related to momentary sadness. Observer ratings of everyday functioning were related to daily reports of sadness and activities. Results Sadness was associated with the quality of activities. Momentary reports of unproductive activities were associated with the most sadness (p < .001), followed by passive recreation, and productive activities. Momentary sadness and momentary unproductive activities correlated with observer ratings of competence in work, everyday activities, and social outcomes (p < .001). Using both predictors led to the best model. Conclusions This study on the course of sad moods in people with bipolar illness to EMA found that momentary sadness correlatesdwith the quality of concurrent activities and that both sadness and the quality of everyday activities predicted observer ratings of everyday functioning. Although we cannot determine the causal direction, these findings support the hypothesis that momentary sadness leads to reductions in productive activities and impairments in everyday functioning.","PeriodicalId":51277,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry","volume":"27 1","pages":"342 - 355"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42351559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is the Korsakoff syndrome? – a paper in tribute to Prof Alwyn Lishman","authors":"M. Kopelman","doi":"10.1080/13546805.2022.2067472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2022.2067472","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction Alwyn Lishman was interested in how memory research could be applied to clinical psychiatry. After a brief review of his major contributions, this paper will focus on his research on the alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome. It will consider how his findings relate to contemporary debates, particularly on how the syndrome should be defined, and its relationship to broader alcohol-induced cognitive impairments. Methods A review of the contribution of Alwyn Lishman, Robin Jacobson and colleagues to our knowledge of Korsakoff’s syndrome, together with a review of the pertinent recent literature. Results Lishman and colleagues followed earlier authors in defining the Korsakoff syndrome in terms of disproportionate memory impairment, but they also noted a variable degree of IQ, frontal-executive, and timed visuo-spatial impairment in their cases. More recent authors have included such features in their definitions of the syndrome. Lishman also argued for a specific “alcoholic dementia”. The present paper argues that recent definitions of the Korsakoff syndrome confound its core and associated features, and also fail to recognise the multifactorial basis of alcohol-related brain damage. Conclusions Korsakoff’s syndrome is best defined in terms of disproportionate memory impairment, and more widespread cognitive impairment is best encompassed within “alcohol-related brain damage”.","PeriodicalId":51277,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry","volume":"27 1","pages":"296 - 313"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48145230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: new directions in hallucination research","authors":"P. Urwyler, M. Begemann, V. Bell","doi":"10.1080/13546805.2022.2057845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2022.2057845","url":null,"abstract":"Hallucinations are deeply intriguing phenomena but conducting research on them can be challenging. Ineffable experiences can test the limits of traditional research methods and can rely on individuals sharing deeply personal and sometimes deeply distressing experiences. In addition, research is now moving beyond the established psychiatric paradigm of “voices and visions as symptoms” to examine how alterations to experience across the range of human experience can inform models of perception, meaning and memory. This special issue of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry is focused on new directions in hallucination research – and who better to expand the horizons of hallucinations research than early career researchers with the vision and foresight to tackle this area anew. The articles in this special issue comprise nine papers from the early career network of the International Consortium on Hallucination Research. Each of these papers has been led by a working group of early career researchers – often attracting more established and senior researchers as the work gathered momentum. The papers are an exciting collection of new visions for hallucinations research. The special issue begins with research on groups who have intense hallucinatory experiences but have rarely been the focus of systematic research. Palmer-Cooper and colleagues (Palmer-Cooper et al., 2021) examine the role of metacognition in two groups of people. Firstly, in people with ASMR (Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response) – a perceptual condition in which low-level audio-visual stimuli triggers intense somatic sensations in the head and neck regions that can spread throughout the body; and second in Tulpamancers individuals who, through self-training, develop the experience of seemingly autonomous identities existing in their consciousness. The study found a complex relationship between these experiences and measures of meta-cognition that did not simply mirror what is typically found in studies on patients with psychosis, suggesting that these experiences are unlikely to be simply “mild” experiences on the clinical spectrum. The paper by Montagnese and colleagues (Montagnese et al., 2021) examines types of hallucinations that are well-known clinically but are drastically under-researched – namely, hallucinations associated with neurodegenerative disorders and eye disease. One long-standing puzzle has been why hallucinations in these conditions relate so variably to insight, with some hallucinations associated with eye disease being visually spectacular but often clearly recognised as hallucinations. Montagnese and colleagues examined correlates of insight and found that it was predicted by better cognition and lower levels of distress, potentially suggesting a commonality with hallucinations in other domains, although the exact relationships varied across clinical conditions. Four studies focused on hallucinated voices, although took markedly different approaches. Using a simulation study","PeriodicalId":51277,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry","volume":"27 1","pages":"83 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41516961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a neural network hypothesis for functional cognitive disorders: an extension of the Overfitted Brain Hypothesis","authors":"A. Larner","doi":"10.1080/13546805.2022.2054694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2022.2054694","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction: Whilst the empirical understanding of functional cognitive disorders (FCD) has advanced in recent years, theoretical and conceptual models have evolved more slowly. Existing frameworks for FCD are based on models of other functional neurological disorders or of metacognitive processes and are recognised to lack mechanistic precision. Methods: In this article, a novel application to FCD of Hoel’s Overfitted Brain Hypothesis of the evolved function of dreaming is attempted. Results: This posits that the empirically observed sleep disturbance in FCD entails impaired dreaming which causes the brain to be overfitted and hence unable to generalise appropriately, producing mismatch between memory expectations and memory performance. Conclusions: This formulation of FCD is based on considerations derived from the study of neural networks and shares commonalities with Bayesian models of functional neurological disorders. Additionally, it has implications for future hypothesis-driven research in FCD and suggests a pragmatic basis for management strategies.","PeriodicalId":51277,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry","volume":"27 1","pages":"314 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42699103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Being you: a new science of consciousness","authors":"Michael David","doi":"10.1080/13546805.2022.2051465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2022.2051465","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51277,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry","volume":"27 1","pages":"322 - 323"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41802841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alwyn Lishman’s contribution to the neuropsychiatry of head injury (traumatic brain injury); two key papers","authors":"V. Raymont, S. Fleminger","doi":"10.1080/13546805.2022.2047631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2022.2047631","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction Alwyn Lishman appreciated that if we are to understand the psychological consequences of cerebral disorder we must study the interaction between organic disease and psychological processes. Methods We have reviewed Lishman’s two major publications on the neuropsychiatry of head injury, published in 1968 and 1988, and considered their conclusions in the light of current knowledge. Results In his 1968 paper on the psychiatric sequelae of open head injuries sustained in World War II Lishman demonstrated associations between the type of psychiatric sequelae and the location of the injury. He also found that those with “somatic complaints”, such as fatigue or sensitivity to light, showed less evidence of organic injury. In his 1988 paper, he attempted to explain why a mild head injury may be followed by long-lasting symptoms. He suggested that in the absence of complications early, organic, symptoms (physiogenesis) should recover quickly. However, this healthy recovery could be jeopardised by psychological factors (psychogenesis), resulting in long-lasting symptoms. This model of physiogenesis and psychogenesis remains relevant today. Conclusions The ideas Lishman developed in these two papers were the basis for his huge contribution to the field of neuropsychiatry, and remain relevant today.","PeriodicalId":51277,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry","volume":"27 1","pages":"289 - 295"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43185725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Negative content in auditory verbal hallucinations: a natural language processing approach.","authors":"J N de Boer,&nbsp;H Corona Hernández,&nbsp;F Gerritse,&nbsp;S G Brederoo,&nbsp;F N K Wijnen,&nbsp;I E Sommer","doi":"10.1080/13546805.2021.1941831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2021.1941831","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Negative content of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) is a strong predictor of distress and impairment. This paper quantifies emotional voice-content in order to explore both subjective (i.e. perceived) and objectively (i.e. linguistic sentiment) measured negativity and investigates associations with distress.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Clinical and non-clinical participants with frequent AVH (<i>n</i> = 40) repeated and recorded their AVH verbatim directly upon hearing. The AVH were analyzed for emotional valence using Pattern, a rule-based sentiment analyzer for Dutch. The AVH of the clinical individuals were compared to those of non-clinical voice-hearers on emotional valence and associated with experienced distress.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean objective valence of AVH in patients was significantly more negative than those of non-clinical voice-hearers. In the clinical individuals a larger proportion of the voice-utterances was negative (34.7% versus 18.4%) in objective valence. The linguistic valence of the AVH showed a significant, strong association with the perceived negativity, amount of distress and disruption of life, but not with the intensity of distress.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results indicate that AVH of patients have a more negative linguistic content than those of non-clinical voice-hearers, which is associated with the experienced distress. Thus, patients not only perceive their voices as more negative, objective analyses confirm this.</p>","PeriodicalId":51277,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry","volume":"27 2-3","pages":"139-149"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13546805.2021.1941831","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39092643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}