Maternal and Child Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Assessing Compliance: Violations of WHO Code in Breast Milk Substitute Marketing, Ecuador.","authors":"Tello Betzabé, Silva-Jaramillo Katherine, Tutasi-Lozada Angélica, Caicedo-Borrás Rocío, Valencia Luz María, Rodríguez Estefanía","doi":"10.1111/mcn.13783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13783","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast milk substitute (BMS) marketing significantly influences global infant feeding practices. Ecuador, like many countries, seeks to regulate these promotions under the WHO's International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes. This cross-sectional analysis assessed BMS marketing compliance with WHO's Code in Ecuador. Surveys were conducted with mothers (n = 330) and healthcare professionals (n = 66), complemented by observations at health facilities (n = 33) and retail outlets (n = 44). Media monitoring and product labelling evaluations were also conducted. The study revealed widespread exposure to BMS marketing outside health facilities (91.21% of mothers). Promotional activities targeted healthcare professionals, with significant interactions involving free supplies (26.09%) and gifts (21.74%). Retail outlets prominently displayed BMS promotions, often featuring discounts (95%). Compliance with labelling criteria was notably low, particularly concerning nutrition and health claims (39%). TV emerged as the dominant platform for BMS advertising, with 2884 ads aired over 16 h and 24 min, totalling $1,876,915.50 in expenditures. Digital platforms also featured BMS ads, with significant engagement on social media (533,845 interactions). This study reveals widespread violations of the WHO Code in Ecuador, emphasizing the need for stronger regulations and targeted education for healthcare professionals and the public to protect infant health and promote breastfeeding. Despite existing regulations, the pervasive advertising and substantial investment in BMS marketing across various media underscore significant enforcement gaps. To effectively safeguard maternal and child health, Ecuador must fully incorporate and rigorously enforce all Code recommendations within its national legislation.</p>","PeriodicalId":51112,"journal":{"name":"Maternal and Child Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"e13783"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142819692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diets, Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Nutritional Status Among Children, Adolescents and Adults in the Philippines: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Taryn J Smith, Sonja Y Hess, Imelda Angeles-Agdeppa, Eva Goyena, Aulo Gelli, Deanna K Olney","doi":"10.1111/mcn.13786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13786","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Suboptimal diets contribute to the risk of malnutrition and non-communicable diseases across the life course. Globally, intakes of fruit and vegetables (F&V) fall below recommendations, including in the Philippines. To promote F&V intakes, understanding the extent of inadequate intakes across population groups and key drivers of dietary patterns is needed. This narrative scoping review was conducted to map the diet, F&V intakes and nutritional status in the Philippines. PubMed was searched using keywords specific to diet, F&V intake, and nutritional status, with 50, 24 and 22 articles meeting the inclusion criteria for diet, F&V intake, and nutritional status, respectively. Available evidence indicates that across all population and sociodemographic groups, diets lacked diversity, with high intakes of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods, such as refined rice and sugar-based foods and beverages, contributing to inadequate micronutrient intakes. Intakes of F&V were especially low across all population groups. Stunting/short height, wasting and underweight were prevalent among children and adolescents, and micronutrient deficiencies (iron, zinc, vitamin A) were common among children < 5 years of age. More than one-quarter of adults were overweight or obese and demonstrated poor cardiometabolic health. A lack of published evidence identified through this search reported on pregnant and lactating women and women of reproductive age. Published evaluations assessing the impact of interventions or programmes to improve diets or F&V intake were limited. Additional research to fill these gaps will help design interventions and target entry points to improve diet diversity and F&V intakes across all population groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":51112,"journal":{"name":"Maternal and Child Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"e13786"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142819931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodological Quality and Content of Guidelines on Early Childhood Allergy Prevention: A Systematic Assessment and Content Analysis.","authors":"Katharina Sieferle, Eva M Bitzer","doi":"10.1111/mcn.13779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13779","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recommendations on Early Childhood Allergy Prevention (ECAP) are found in Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) and Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG). This synthesis of guidelines aims to compare the methodological quality and content of recommendations in CPGs and FBDGs for ECAP. We searched MEDLINE, the FAO directory of FBDGs and other guideline databases, including the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF), the WHO and the Guideline International Networks database on clinical guidelines (GIN) for CPGs and FBDGs about ECAP and child nutrition. Guidelines had to be published from 2010 onwards, target infants or pregnant/breastfeeding women and contain recommendations on primary preventative interventions to decrease the onset of IgE-mediated allergies, including atopic eczema or asthma. We retrieved a sample of 36 guidelines (23 CPGs, 13 FBDGs) and assessed their methodological quality with the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation tool (AGREE) II. On a subset of recommendations, we performed an in-depth analysis by the type of intervention for direction and strength of recommendation and level of evidence. Descriptive analysis was conducted with SPSS 27. CPGs score higher than FBDGs in most AGREE domains (3, 4, 5 and 6). The 36 guidelines contain 287 recommendations on ECAP, with 70 addressing the introduction of complementary foods and common allergens. We found only slight differences between those recommendations in CPGs and FBDGs. FBDGs on ECAP are of lower quality than CPGs. This does not affect their recommendations on the introduction of complementary foods and common allergens but may compromise their trustworthiness.</p>","PeriodicalId":51112,"journal":{"name":"Maternal and Child Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"e13779"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142819939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Women's Discretionary Salt Intake and Household Salt Utilization in Preparation for a Salt Fortification Trial in Oromia Region, Ethiopia.","authors":"Isaac Agbemafle, Meseret Woldeyohannes, Masresha Tessema, Mengistu Fereja, Charles D Arnold, Biniyam T Banjaw, Alemayhu Hussen, Tadesse Kebebe, Yvonne E Goh, Mandana Arabi, Homero Martinez, Christine M McDonald, Kenneth H Brown","doi":"10.1111/mcn.13768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13768","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a high incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs) in Ethiopia and folate insufficiency, a primary risk factor for NTDs, is common among Ethiopian women of reproductive age (WRA). Folic acid fortification of salt has been proposed as a strategy to control these problems. In preparation for an intervention trial to assess the nutritional effects of folic acid-fortified salt, we measured discretionary salt intakes among nonpregnant WRA using observed weighed food records, and we assessed household salt disappearance rates. We estimated the distribution of usual discretionary salt intake by adjusting for intra-individual variability using the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method, and we simulated the potential effects of two levels of folic acid fortification (30 and 90 ppm folic acid) on folic acid intakes. Mean ± SD of usual discretionary salt intake was 6.8 ± 1.9 g/day. At the 95th percentile of usual discretionary salt intake, the higher fortification level would provide 918 µg folic acid/day, which is less than the tolerable upper intake level of 1000 µg/day. At the 5th percentile of usual discretionary salt intake, the lower fortification level would provide 124 µg folic acid/day, which should produce a statistically significant increase in red blood cell folate concentration. Estimated household salt utilization was 8.8 ± 6.1 g/person/day. These findings inform plans for a randomized, dose-response intervention trial of folic acid-fortified salt and a possible future national program to mandate folic acid fortification of refined, edible salt in Ethiopia.</p>","PeriodicalId":51112,"journal":{"name":"Maternal and Child Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"e13768"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142824822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caregiver Feeding Behaviours and Child Dietary Diversity and Growth in Rural Bangladesh.","authors":"Zaynah T Chowdhury, Kristen M Hurley, Saijuddin Shaikh, Sucheta Mehra, Hasmot Ali, Abu Ahmed Shamim, Parul Christian","doi":"10.1111/mcn.13781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13781","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined relations between caregiver feeding behaviours, child dietary diversity and anthropometry at 24 months of age in rural Bangladesh. Twenty-four hours dietary recall, weight and length data were collected on 4733 children. Factor analysis was applied to an 11-item caregiver feeding behaviours scale administered at 24 months, revealing two constructs: responsive/involved (five items) and forceful (six items); each dichotomised to reflect low and high use. Stunting (length-for-age Z-score < -2), wasting (weight-for-length Z-score < -2) and underweight (weight-for-age Z-score < -2) were defined using international growth reference standards. Associations between feeding behaviours, dietary diversity score (DDS, food groups consumed; range 0-7) and anthropometric indicators were examined using multivariable linear or logistic regression models, adjusting for study design, confounders and intervention arm. Mean (SD) age of children in the study was 24.1 (0.3) months. Mean (SD) DDS was 3.7 (1.4), with 55% of children meeting minimum dietary diversity (MDD, DDS ≥ 4). Stunting, wasting and underweight were 40%, 19% and 42%, respectively. Use of high responsive/involved feeding behaviours (reported in 71% of mothers) was associated with higher DDS (0.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.001, 0.17) and higher odds of achieving MDD (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.33) but not with anthropometric outcomes. Use of high forceful feeding behaviours (reported in 34% of mothers) was associated with lower DDS (-0.12, 95% CI: -0.21 to 0.04), lower odds of achieving MDD (OR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.72, 0.93), and higher odds of underweight (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.22, 1.56) and wasting (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.33, 1.81). In Bangladesh, responsive/involved feeding was associated with higher child dietary diversity whereas forceful feeding was associated with lower dietary diversity and undernutrition. Future research is needed to understand causality and test the effect of responsive feeding interventions on the promotion of child growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":51112,"journal":{"name":"Maternal and Child Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"e13781"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142819776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diets, Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Nutritional Status in Tanzania: Scoping Review.","authors":"Dorcas A Amunga, Sonja Y Hess, Frederick K E Grant, Joyce Kinabo, Deanna K Olney","doi":"10.1111/mcn.13785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Globally, the intake of fruit and vegetables (F&V) is far below the recommended levels, contributing to various health challenges including micronutrient deficiencies and non-communicable diseases. In Tanzania, where the triple burden of malnutrition persists, there is a need to identify gaps in evidence, better understand diets and F&V intake and identify promising interventions for improved intake. We conducted a scoping review to summarize the evidence on dietary intake, F&V intake and nutritional status in Tanzania. This included three separate literature searches in PubMed covering the years 2012-2023. A total of 62, 37 and 15 articles met predefined eligibility criteria for the review of overall diet, dietary intake of F&V and nutritional status, respectively. Identified studies suggest that overall dietary practices among all population groups were primarily based on carbohydrate-rich foods, complementary feeding practices were suboptimal among young children and a low proportion of women of reproductive age (WRA) and pregnant and lactating women achieved minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD-W). Across all population groups, F&V intake was below the recommended 400 g per day. Analysis of nutritional status in Tanzania in population representative surveys showed high stunting prevalence in children below 5 years of age, and a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among WRA, particularly in urban areas. Additional research is needed to understand better the complex interactions between diet and nutrition and health outcomes, and to identify efficient and cost-effective strategies to improve overall dietary quality, including increasing F&V intake.</p>","PeriodicalId":51112,"journal":{"name":"Maternal and Child Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"e13785"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142814924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advocating for Paid Maternity Leave and Workplace Lactation Policy Reform and Implementation: Lessons Learned From Indonesia, Nigeria, the Philippines and Vietnam.","authors":"Michelle E Anderson, Justine McGowan, Jessica Escobar-DeMarco, Sujata Bose, Edward A Frongillo, Laura Ferguson","doi":"10.1111/mcn.13784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13784","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maternity protection policies are designed to preserve the health of working women and their infants, support optimal infant and young child nutrition through breastfeeding and prevent workplace discrimination against women. The aim of this study was to identify how advocates may be able to effectively advance maternal leave and workplace lactation policies, two key maternity protection policies, and does so through an exploration of advocacy efforts in Indonesia, Nigeria, the Philippines and Vietnam. A desk review of programme and policy documents and 20 key informant interviews with diverse stakeholders explored advocacy efforts in each of the four countries. Thematic analyses of documents and interviews identified key considerations, challenges and success factors within each country context. These lessons can inform maternity protection policy reform efforts more broadly. Study findings show that effective, context-specific advocacy rests on strong partnerships with traditional and nontraditional stakeholders informed by opinion leader research and strengthened through various avenues of consensus-building. Contextual considerations are essential for identifying attainable policy asks and developing an advocacy strategy, with attention to a country's governance structure and availability of funding for social protections. Lastly, advocacy efforts may be most successful by presenting expanded paid maternity leave and breastfeeding-friendly workplaces as parts of a set of social protections with synergistic benefits. These lessons are intended to help inform how policy advocates can better design and implement advocacy approaches for maternity protection and entitlement policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":51112,"journal":{"name":"Maternal and Child Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"e13784"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142808492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diets, fruit and vegetables consumption, and nutritional status in Benin: A scoping review.","authors":"Lilia Bliznashka, Kamara Pather, Irene M Mitchodigni, Sonja Y Hess, Deanna K Olney","doi":"10.1111/mcn.13747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13747","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Unhealthy diets, including low fruit and vegetables (F&V) intake, contribute to morbidity and mortality related to non-communicable diseases. Designing culturally appropriate interventions to improve diets and F&V intake requires an in-depth understanding of individual-level dietary patterns, household consumption patterns, and nutritional status resulting from inadequate F&V intake. In this scoping review, we summarised the literature on diets, F&V intake, and nutritional status in Benin. We searched PubMed from 2012 to August 2024 to identify articles on diets and nutritional status, and from 2002 to August 2024 to identify articles on F&V intake. We included 36 articles on diets, 27 on F&V intake, and 16 on nutritional status. Existing literature demonstrated that Beninese diets are cereal-based and monotonous, characterised by low diversity and low F&V intake across all population groups. Available evidence indicated a high burden of undernutrition in children <5 years of age, a rising prevalence of overnutrition in women of reproductive age, and a high prevalence of overnutrition in adults. Evidence on how diets and F&V intake vary by urban/rural location, season, and socioeconomic characteristics was limited and inconsistent. Two evaluations of garden irrigation programmes assessed impacts on women's dietary diversity and F&V consumption. Additional research is needed to improve our understanding of diets, F&V intake, and diet-related nutritional challenges and how they evolve over time and across different population groups. Understanding these gaps can help identify entry points and targets for interventions to improve diet quality and F&V intake in Benin.</p>","PeriodicalId":51112,"journal":{"name":"Maternal and Child Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"e13747"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142830769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Black Fathers' Views on Breastfeeding Facilitators, Barriers, and Support Services: Insights From a Qualitative Community-Based Participatory Research Study.","authors":"Jasmine Rios, Tomeka Frieson, Natasha Ray, Doug Edwards, Rafael Pérez-Escamilla, Kathleen O'Connor Duffany","doi":"10.1111/mcn.13776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13776","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite the persistence of breastfeeding racial and ethnic disparities in the United States, little is known about Black fathers' perceptions of breastfeeding and breastfeeding support services (e.g., maternity hospital-based care and lactation management care). This qualitative, community-based participatory research study reports Black fathers' perceptions of barriers and facilitators to breastfeeding, including the provision of breastfeeding support services in Connecticut. A focus group guide was co-developed with community partners and adapted from the Barrier Analysis Tool to identify breastfeeding facilitators, barriers, and service improvement areas. Four focus groups were conducted with 30 Black fathers who were Connecticut residents with a child under 3 years old. Qualitative data were analyzed using rapid template analysis involving deductive and inductive coding. We identified factors influencing breastfeeding and fathers' ability to support breastfeeding across all levels of the Socio-Ecological Model. Facilitators included high paternal breastfeeding knowledge, paternal breastfeeding involvement, parents' shared decision-making, extensive maternity hospital discharge support, ongoing breastfeeding support into the postnatal period, availability of community breastfeeding resources, and designated spaces for public breastfeeding. Barriers included low paternal breastfeeding knowledge, familial discouragement, insufficient prenatal breastfeeding education, exclusion of the father from breastfeeding support services, and stigma against breastfeeding in public. Understanding breastfeeding perceptions among members of a mother's support network, including their partners, is key for developing effective person- and family-centered breastfeeding education and counseling services that are well coordinated from the prenatal to postnatal periods with strong direct engagement from fathers.</p>","PeriodicalId":51112,"journal":{"name":"Maternal and Child Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"e13776"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142808423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daily Complementary Feeding With Eggs Improves Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Infants.","authors":"Regina Nakiranda, Linda Malan, Hannah Ricci, Herculina S Kruger, Arista Nienaber, Marina Visser, Cristian Ricci, Mieke Faber, Cornelius M Smuts","doi":"10.1111/mcn.13782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13782","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This secondary analysis of the Eggcel-growth study investigated the effect of daily egg intake for 6 months in infants aged 6-9 months on environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) biomarkers and the association of EED markers with growth faltering. A randomised controlled trial was conducted in Jouberton, South Africa, among 500 infants randomly assigned equally to either an intervention group receiving a daily chicken egg or a control group. Both groups were followed up for 6 months. Data on infant and maternal sociodemographic information and anthropometric status of infants were collected. EED and inflammatory markers were analysed using Q-Plex Human EED (11-Plex) assay. There was a significant reduction in fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) concentration in the intervention group (B = -0.132; 95% CI -0.255, -0.010; p = 0.035). Baseline, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) was positively associated with endpoint length-for-age z-score (LAZ), weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) and weight-for-length z-score (WLZ) and there was an inverse relationship between baseline FGF21 and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) with endpoint growth indicators. Baseline IGF-1 was positively associated with reduced odds of wasting, stunting and being underweight (p < 0.001) and baseline FGF21 was associated with increased odds of stunting (p = 0.002), wasting (p = 0.031) and being underweight (p = 0.035). There was a 20% increased odds of stunting with baseline I-FABP (p = 0.045) and a 30% increased odds of being underweight with baseline soluble CD14 (p = 0.039). Complementary feeding with eggs decreased growth hormone resistance (reduced FGF21 levels); however, FGF21 and I-FABP levels were linked to increased growth faltering. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05168085.</p>","PeriodicalId":51112,"journal":{"name":"Maternal and Child Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"e13782"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142795872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}