Ecography最新文献

{"title":"Scale-dependent effects of biodiversity and stability on marine ecosystem dynamics","authors":"Louise C. Flensborg, Marcel Montanyès, Antoni Vivó Pons, Fernanda Carolina Da Silva, Martin Lindegren","doi":"10.1002/ecog.07539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.07539","url":null,"abstract":"The global biodiversity loss is causing abrupt shifts in the structure and functioning of ecosystems with severe ecological and socio-economic consequences. Therefore, improving our understanding of ecosystem dynamics and regime shifts, as well as the stabilizing role of biodiversity across multiple scales is needed. Here we investigate the temporal dynamics and stability of marine ecosystems using high-resolution monitoring data on fish species composition, abundances and traits throughout European Seas. More specifically, we quantify and compare the direction and magnitude of community change at multiple spatial scales and levels of biological organization. Our results show less variability in community trajectories at larger spatial scales and higher levels of biological organization. The main underlying processes providing stability are statistical averaging arising from a larger pool of species, while at smaller spatial scales stability also emerge from functional complementarity channeled through the distribution of species traits within functional groups.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143940146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The scaling of seed‐dispersal specialization in interaction networks across levels of organization","authors":"Gabriel M. Moulatlet, Pedro Luna, Wesley Dáttilo, Fabricio Villalobos","doi":"10.1002/ecog.07771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.07771","url":null,"abstract":"Natural ecosystems are characterized by a specialization pattern where few species are common while many others are rare. In ecological networks involving biotic interactions, specialization operates as a continuum at individual, species, and community levels. Theory predicts that ecological and evolutionary factors can primarily explain specialization. However, we still do not understand how specialization scales from individuals to the community. This question has been addressed by the emerging research program on the macroecology of biotic interactions, which focuses on ecological networks and macroecological theory to investigate biotic interaction patterns along environmental and geographical gradients. Based on the ecological and evolutionary traits of interacting species, the study of ecological networks traditionally focused on the characterization of whole community networks or on particular species as independent ecological units. Instead, the macroecological perspective requires a shift towards assessing network variation across ecological gradients while also accounting for different temporal (hours, days, and years) and spatial (local, regional, and global) scales and levels of network organization (individual‐based, species‐based, and meta‐networks). Despite the feasibility of scaling data, the variation across individuals, species, and communities in relation to network organizational level and geographic and environmental gradients remains unknown. Understanding the mechanisms driving species roles across different network levels is crucial for addressing knowledge gaps, which in turn requires synthesizing and clarifying the available information on these concepts. Thus, in this study, we aim to examine the factors shaping seed‐dispersal specialization in ecological networks and to review recent advances, outcomes, and future directions in the field of macroecology of biotic interactions related to specialization. By unraveling the factors and mechanisms posed to explain the role of individuals and species across ecological network levels, we shed light on the processes underlying the assembling of natural communities and offer insights into specialization gradients.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143945867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drivers of plant community composition and diversity in low Arctic western Greenland","authors":"Jacob Nabe-Nielsen, Louise I. Nabe-Nielsen, Otso Ovaskainen","doi":"10.1002/ecog.07816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.07816","url":null,"abstract":"The Arctic experiences rapid climate change, but our ability to predict how this will influence plant communities is hampered by a lack of data on the extent to which different species are associated with particular environmental conditions, how these conditions are interlinked, and how they will change in coming years. Increasing temperatures may negatively affect plants associated with cold areas due to increased competition with warm-adapted species, but less so if local temperature variability is larger than the expected increase. Here we studied the potential drivers of vegetation composition and species richness along coast to inland and altitudinal gradients by the Nuuk fjord in western Greenland using hierarchical modelling of species communities (HMSC) and linear mixed models. Community composition was more strongly associated with random variability at intermediate spatial scales (among plot groups 500 m apart) than with large-scale variability in summer temperature, altitude or soil moisture, and the variation in community composition along the fjord was small. Species richness was related to plant cover, altitude and slope steepness, which explained 42% of the variation, but not to summer temperature. Jointly, this suggests that the direct effect of climate change will be weak, and that many species are associated with microhabitat variability. However, species richness peaked at intermediate cover, suggesting that an increase in plant cover under warming climatic conditions may lead to decreasing plant diversity.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143926680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic riskscapes for prey: disentangling the impact of human and cougar presence on deer behavior using GPS smartphone locations","authors":"Heather N. Abernathy, Mark A. Ditmer, David C. Stoner, Kent R. Hersey, Kathryn A. Schoenecker, Pat J. Jackson, Kristin N. Engebretsen, Julie K. Young, George Wittemyer","doi":"10.1002/ecog.07626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.07626","url":null,"abstract":"Prey species adjust their behavior along human-use gradients by balancing risks from predators and humans. During hunting seasons, prey often exhibit strong antipredator responses to humans but may develop tolerance in suburban areas to exploit human-mediated resources. Additionally, areas with high human activity may offer reduced predation risk if apex predators avoid such locations. This study examined mule deer <i>Odocoileus hemionus</i> behavioral responses to risks from humans and their primary predators, cougars <i>Puma concolor</i>, contextualized by differences in risk levels between study sites, individual risk exposure, and human habituation. We framed our investigation using three non-mutually exclusive hypotheses: (H1) neutral impact, (H2) human shielding (human tolerance driven by cougar avoidance), and (H3) super-additive risk (human avoidance dominating behavior). We controlled for deer phenology and diel period, recognizing that deer behavior varies with these temporal dynamics. Spatiotemporal cougar encounter risk was quantified using GPS collar data, while spatiotemporal human encounter risk and use intensity were quantified using GPS smartphone data. Our results supported H2 and H3, emphasizing the significance of site- and individual-level variation in risk exposure and human use intensity. Deer managed cougar risk adaptively, but humans emerged as the dominant perceived risk, varying by study site. At the site with higher cougar density and lower human hunting pressure, deer exhibited antipredator responses to humans based on individual exposure to human activity, except during hunting season, when tolerance for cougars increased. Conversely, humans were the dominant risk at the site with lower cougar density and greater human hunting pressure. Deer behavior varied significantly across a gradient of human use, influenced by nuanced human presence and predation risks, which were discernible using human smartphone data.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moving towards better risk assessment for invertebrate conservation","authors":"Robert M. Goodsell, Ayco J. M. Tack, Fredrik Ronquist, Laura J. A. van Dijk, Elzbieta Iwaszkiewicz-Eggebrecht, Andreia Miraldo, Tomas Roslin, Jarno Vanhatalo","doi":"10.1002/ecog.07819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.07819","url":null,"abstract":"Global change threatens a vast number of species with severe population declines or even extinction. The threat status of an organism is often designated based on geographic range, population size, or declines in either. However, invertebrates, which comprise the bulk of animal diversity, are conspicuously absent from global frameworks that assess extinction risk. Many invertebrates are hard to study, and it has been questioned whether current risk assessments are appropriate for the majority of these organisms. As the majority of invertebrates are rare, we contend that the lack of data for these organisms makes current criteria hard to apply. Using empirical evidence from one of the largest terrestrial arthropod surveys to date, consisting of over 33 000 species collected from over a million hours of survey effort, we demonstrate that estimates of trends based on low sample sizes are associated with major uncertainty and a risk of misclassification under criteria defined by the IUCN. We argue that even the most ambitious monitoring efforts are unlikely to produce enough observations to reliably estimate population sizes and ranges for more than a fraction of species, and there is likely to be substantial uncertainty in assessing risk for the majority of global biodiversity using species-level trends. In response, we discuss the need to focus on metrics we can currently measure when conducting risk assessments for these organisms. We highlight modern statistical methods that allow quantification of metrics that could incorporate observations of rare invertebrates into global conservation frameworks, and suggest how current criteria might be adapted to meet the needs of the majority of global biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting global intraspecific trait variation of grasses","authors":"Robert J. Griffin‐Nolan, Maria S. Vorontsova, Brody Sandel","doi":"10.1002/ecog.07627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.07627","url":null,"abstract":"Plant traits are important for understanding community assembly and ecosystem processes, yet our understanding of intraspecific trait variation (ITV) is limited. This gap in our knowledge is partially because collecting trait data across a species' entire range is impractical, let alone across the ranges of multiple species within a plant family. Using machine learning techniques to predict spatial ITV is an attractive and cost‐effective alternative to sampling across a species range, although this has not been applied beyond regional scales. We compiled a trait database of over 1000 grass species (family: Poaceae), encompassing six key functional traits: specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), plant height, leaf area, leaf nitrogen (Nmass) and leaf phosphorus content (Pmass). Using a random forest machine learning approach, we predicted local trait values within species' ranges considering climate, soil type, phylogeny, lifespan, and photosynthetic pathway as influential factors. An iterative random forest modeling technique incorporated correlations between traits, resulting in improved model performance (observed versus predicted R range of 0.72–0.91). Our models also highlight the importance of climate in predicting trait variation. For a subset of species (n = 860), we projected trait predictions across their known distribution, informed by expert maps from Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, to create global maps of ITV for grasses. Such maps have the potential to inform conservation efforts and predictions of grazing and fire dynamics in grasslands worldwide. Overall, our research demonstrates the value and ecological applications of predicting plant traits.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143880501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Habitat heterogeneity overrides local processes to drive the species–area relationship of benthic macroinvertebrates in shallow floodplain lakes","authors":"You Zhang, Yongjiu Cai, Jinlei Yu, Mingjie Li, Juhua Luo, Jonathan M. Chase, Zhijun Gong, Kuanyi Li, Hu He","doi":"10.1002/ecog.07603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.07603","url":null,"abstract":"The species–area relationship (SAR) on islands describes how the numbers of species increase with increasing island size (or island‐like habitat, such as lakes). Despite its conceptual importance, there is considerable uncertainty surrounding its shape in freshwater lakes, as well as the potential mechanisms that underlie the SAR. Here, we used standardized sampling data of benthic macroinvertebrates from 81 shallow lakes in the Yangtze–Huai floodplain of China to evaluate its shape and disentangle several mechanisms (e.g. passive sampling, colonization‐extinction dynamics and heterogeneity) underlying the SAR. At the whole‐lake level, we found an increase in the total species richness with increasing lake area, as well as an increase in rarefied richness controlling for sampling effort. However, within single samples, diversity was negatively related to lake area. This scale‐dependence is because within‐lake β‐diversity increased with lake area, suggesting that heterogeneity overrides local processes to generate the positive SAR. These patterns were only evident for measures of diversity that equally weigh common and rare species (i.e. species richness), and disappeared when diversity measures that weigh common species more heavily were used. This suggests that the influence of heterogeneity on the SAR was largely via its influence on rarer species and their turnover in larger lakes. Overall, our result that heterogeneity was the primary driver of the positive SAR in this system provides an important baseline for making predictions about biodiversity changes with ongoing habitat loss.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143880502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How many trees are there in the North American boreal forest?","authors":"Kun Xu, Jingye Li, Jian Zhang, Dingliang Xing, Fangliang He","doi":"10.1002/ecog.07677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.07677","url":null,"abstract":"Boreal forests, the largest terrestrial biome on Earth, are highly varied in local tree density. Despite previous attempts to estimate tree density in boreal forests, the accuracy of the estimation is unknown, leaving the question how many trees there are in boreal forests largely unanswered. Here, we compiled tree density data from 4367 plots in North American boreal forest and developed tree height‐based generalized linear and machine learning models to address this question. We further produced the current boreal tree density map of North America, and projected tree density distribution in 2050 under the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) 126, 245 and 585 climate change scenarios. Our best‐performed and cross‐validated random forest model estimated a total of 277.2 (± 137.7 SD) billion trees in the North American boreal forest, 31.3% higher than the previously estimated 211.2 billion. Our projected tree density distributions in 2050 showed at least 11% increase in tree density in the region. This study improves our knowledge about boreal tree density and contributes to understanding the role of boreal forests in regulating forest ecosystem functions and informing adaptation and mitigation policy‐making. The projected warming‐induced increase in tree density suggests the potential of the North American boreal forest for carbon sequestration.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143880469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global phylogenetic and functional structure of rodent assemblages","authors":"Yoan Fourcade, Bader H. Alhajeri","doi":"10.1002/ecog.07534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.07534","url":null,"abstract":"Exploring the global patterns of phylogenetic and functional structure of assemblages is key to describe the distribution of biodiversity on Earth and to predict how communities and ecosystem functioning may be affected by anthropogenic pressures. Rodent communities have been studied in this regard in the past, but previous work largely focused on desert ecosystems. Here, we leveraged a large database of rodent range maps, functional traits, and phylogenetic trees to compute several metrics of functional and phylogenetic structure across &gt; 10 000 rodent assemblages spanning all terrestrial biomes. We found that the vast majority of assemblages did not significantly differ from random association among species. Importantly, we show that the current patterns we observed can locally differ from past community structure, revealing the role humans have played in altering large‐scale biodiversity patterns. We also showed a strong scale‐dependence of our metrics and revealed a weak correlation between phylogenetic and functional structure, providing an additional line of evidence that they do not reflect the same processes of community assembly.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"219 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143880329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Horizon scanning of potential invasive alien plant species and their distribution in Norway under a changing climate","authors":"Katy Ivison, Christine Howard, Lisa Baldini, Franz Essl, Petr Pyšek, Wayne Dawson, James D. M. Speed","doi":"10.1002/ecog.07604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.07604","url":null,"abstract":"Invasive alien plant species can cause considerable ecological, economic, and social impacts, and the number of impactful species will likely increase with globalisation and anthropogenic climate change. Preventing potentially invasive alien plant species from becoming introduced is the most cost-effective way to protect Norway's ecosystems from future invasions. We developed and applied a new method for horizon scanning to identify high-risk potentially invasive alien plant species that are not yet present in Norway but could be introduced and become naturalised and invasive in the future. Starting with 16 866 species known to be naturalised somewhere globally, we employed a simple and novel method for assessing the climate match of each species' known distribution to Norway's climate, then used economic and environmental impact data to narrow them down further. Of the species identified, we implemented species distribution models to predict the potential distribution of these high-risk species in Norway under both current and projected future (2060–2080) climate scenarios. A total of 265 plant species were identified as posing a high invasion risk to Norway. Under the current climate, their distributions were mostly limited to the southeast and coastal regions of Norway. However, under future climate change scenarios, the species' potential distribution increased significantly, with their ranges expanding northwards and further inland. Several invasion hotspots containing large numbers of species were identified close to urban areas such as Oslo, which is of particular concern as urban areas are amongst the most highly invaded environments globally. We strongly recommend that the import into Norway of species identified in this study be closely monitored and/or restricted to reduce the risk of invasions and to safeguard Norway's native biodiversity. We have also presented a novel and widely applicable method of horizon scanning with a particular focus on climate matching between species and the area of interest for both current and future climate scenarios.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143857790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}