Ecography最新文献

{"title":"Global patterns of treeline predictability and the gap between the forest and the treeline","authors":"Erickson G. Urquiaga‐Flores, Michael Kessler, Maaike Y. Bader","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08873","url":null,"abstract":"The alpine treeline is the highest elevation at which trees can grow, which is assumed to be controlled by temperature and globally predictable. However, many upper forest limits (UFLs) do not reach this elevation, due natural factors and human disturbance. A large elevational distance between UFLs and the climatic treeline can indicate that human activities have removed mountain forest or prevented it from tracking treeline under climate warming. We therefore aimed to map these distances globally as an indication of the conservation status of upper‐montane ecosystems. To obtain a reliable baseline and to evaluate global treeline predictability, we validated an existing treeline‐elevation model with 1241 globally‐distributed observations. Treeline was predicted well, but notably at too‐low elevations in some dry subtropical and very oceanic temperate regions, especially southern Patagonia. After correcting these non‐random geographical patterns, we determined the elevational distance between corrected modelled treelines and observed UFLs at a 30‐arc‐second resolution. Globally, UFLs were located 358 ± 313 m below treeline elevation, with 58% of UFL pixels located within 500 m, with smallest distances in the boreal zones and largest in tropical and subtropical America and Africa. Elevational distance was positively related to fire frequency in the last 20 years and to human footprint. We thus show that 1) the climatic predictability of treeline elevation is less globally universal than previously thought and requires more elaborate models or better climate data, and 2) the vast majority of current upper forest limits are located below treeline elevation, partly for natural reasons, but probably largely due to millennia of human use of high‐elevation ecosystems. These results provide a basis for further research into the drivers of global treeline position, for the conservation and management of montane and alpine areas, and for understanding under which conditions UFLs can move upwards in response to climate change.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149221362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio‐temporal dynamics of ringed seal density and habitat use in the Arctic's Last Ice Area","authors":"Roxanne D. MacLean, Gregory W. Thiemann, Steven H. Ferguson, Katie R.N. Florko, Cody G. Carlyle, Kelsey F. Johnson, Lisa C. Matthes, Christine Michel, Brent G. Young, David J. Yurkowksi","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08562","url":null,"abstract":"The Arctic is warming at approximately four times the global rate, driving widespread decline in sea ice extent, thickness, and seasonal duration. The ecological consequences of these rapid changes remain poorly understood within the Last Ice Area, a region that includes northern Ellesmere Island and the northwest of Greenland, projected to retain summer sea ice the longest and to serve as a refuge for ice‐associated species. Our understanding of distributional shifts for ice‐associated species often comes from research at the southern extent of their ranges; however, knowledge of these shifts in the northern extents of their ranges remains limited. We conducted aerial surveys between 2018 and 2024 in both spring and summer to quantify spatio‐temporal variation in the density of the most abundant ice‐associated mesopredator in the Arctic, ringed seals <jats:italic>Pusa hispida</jats:italic> , and to model their habitat use relative to several habitat characteristics. Ringed seal densities varied spatially and temporally across the survey area, with the highest densities occurring in Archer Fiord in summer. Densities across the study area were still relatively low compared to more southern areas of the Arctic. Ringed seal abundance in summer was higher in deeper waters and closer to marine‐terminating glaciers, reflecting the species' ecological requirements such as prey availability during the intensive summer foraging period. Ringed seal abundance in both spring and summer was not influenced by sea ice concentration, likely because this variable remains relatively constant year‐round in the Last Ice Area. The density estimates and the habitat use model presented in this study offer novel insights into seal–habitat seasonal relationships in the Last Ice Area, providing a valuable index for monitoring potential future changes in ringed seal habitat use in this ecologically important region of the Arctic and across the broader extent of their range.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149218661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aridity mediates the above‐ and below‐ground biodiversity–ecosystem stability relationship","authors":"Anning Zhang, Hanwen Cui, Hongxian Song, Zi Yang, Lizhe An, Yong Chen, Shuyan Chen, Sa Xiao, Yuxin Wang, André L. C. Franco","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08764","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the macroecological drivers of biodiversity and ecosystem stability, i.e. the ability of an ecosystem to maintain its structure and function, is crucial to inform how ecosystems can be managed and conserved effectively. Here, we conducted a field survey of plant and soil biota (bacteria, fungi, and nematodes) and estimated the temporal stability of aboveground productivity (ecosystem stability, proxied by normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI]) in 378 plots along an aridity gradient at a 1200 × 1200 km area in the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. We found that ecosystem stability first increased then decreased with thresholds at aridity 0.24 along the spatial gradient. Plant diversity was positively related to ecosystem stability across the aridity gradient, whereas soil biodiversity, particularly fungi, was positively associated with ecosystem stability only under more water‐limited conditions (aridity &gt; 0.2). Mechanisms for maintaining ecosystem stability shifted from plant community to soil fungal community with thresholds at aridity 0.2 along the aridity gradient. Our results underscore that plant and soil biota should be particularly maintained for ecosystem stability under less and more water‐limited conditions, respectively.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149218662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ZonationR: An R interface to the Zonation software for reproducible spatial conservation prioritisation workflows","authors":"Thiago Cavalcante, Bruno R. Ribeiro, Karlo Guidoni‐Martins, Heini Kujala","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08892","url":null,"abstract":"Systematic conservation planning provides a science‐based framework for defining conservation goals and supporting transparent spatial decision‐making under limited resources. Within this framework, spatial conservation prioritisation tools are widely used to identify areas of high biodiversity value by integrating information on species distributions, connectivity, costs, and other factors into spatially explicit recommendations. ‘Zonation' is one of the leading software tools in this field, producing hierarchical priority rankings of landscapes based on conservation value. However, its standard workflow typically relies on manual steps for data preparation, execution, and post‐processing, which can become inefficient and difficult to reproduce when multiple scenarios are analysed, limiting accessibility and broader uptake. We introduce ‘ZonationR', an R package that provides a streamlined interface to the ‘Zonation' software, enabling fully reproducible and automated spatial prioritisation workflows. The package integrates the entire analysis pipeline, encompassing input preparation, execution of ‘Zonation', and post‐processing, while supporting both single‐variant and multi‐variant workflows. ‘ZonationR' also provides tools to explore and interpret outputs, including priority maps, feature performance curves, cost summaries, feature representation metrics, and similarity assessments between prioritisation solutions. By linking directly to the original ‘Zonation' engine, the package enables users to benefit from ongoing methodological developments in ‘Zonation' and access its functionality through a transparent, script‐based workflow, thereby reducing technical barriers to running and understanding spatial prioritisation analyses. Beyond these advantages, its integration within the R environment supports iterative testing of conservation scenarios and more rigorous assessment of methodological decisions, while facilitating seamless connections with wider ecological workflows (e.g. species distribution modelling). As conservation planning increasingly relies on large, complex, multi‐source datasets and integrative approaches, such integration is essential for enabling robust, transparent, and reproducible decision‐making across spatial scales.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149172707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Species traits mediate terrestrial mammal density responses to human impacts","authors":"Luca Santini, Diana E. Bowler, Roberto Salguero‐Gómez, Inês S. Martins, Franziska Schrodt, Romain Frelat, Mickael Hedde, Naia Morueta‐Holme, Pierre Gaüzère, Cyrille Violle, Romain Goury, Joaquim Estopinan, Miriam Beck, Wilfried Thuiller","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08694","url":null,"abstract":"Human activities are reshaping ecosystems, but their effects on species population density remain poorly understood. Most studies focus on species presence–absence, thus limiting insight into how anthropogenic pressures affect population density. Emerging evidence suggests that responses of natural populations to human disturbance are highly variable, often contingent on species‐specific traits. Here, we test how species traits mediate the density responses of terrestrial mammal populations to different forms of human impact. We quantified the correlations between mammalian population densities and urban cover, cropland cover, and human population abundance, using 7785 population density estimates across 263 species belonging to 18 taxonomic orders. Using Bayesian inference, we then conducted three phylogenetically corrected correlation meta‐analyses, and subsequently tested the effects of body mass, diet, and life history traits on the correlations using meta‐regression models. We found no overall directional effect on mammal population density with any of the three human impact variables, however, responses to impact gradients deviated from these overall effects depending on species' traits. Omnivores and large‐bodied species density was positively correlated with agricultural cover, herbivores and frugivores density declined with urbanization and human population density. We also found weaker evidence that large carnivores declined with human population abundance and urbanization, while reproductive strategy and velocity mediated responses to urbanization and cropland. Anthropogenic landscapes, where natural habitat is interspersed with anthropogenic land use and human settlements, do not support lower population density on average, but alter species relative abundance by favouring some species over others. Higher densities can result from multiple factors, including resource supplementation, ecological release effects due to the decrease or disappearance of competitor or predator species, or density compensation associated with shifts toward smaller‐bodied assemblages. This study underscores the complexity of human–nature interactions and the importance of species traits in mediating ecological outcomes.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149172712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting connectivity from movement trajectories and step selection","authors":"Robert J. Fletcher, Maria Iezzi, Andrew Marx, David Onorato, Caroline Poli, Jorge Sefair, Brian J. Smith, Madelon van der Kerk, Denis Valle","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08790","url":null,"abstract":"Predicting and mapping connectivity are essential for ecology and conservation in the face of environmental change. Yet connectivity modeling is challenging because it requires understanding how organisms successfully move across complex landscapes. GPS tracking increasingly produces detailed data on movement trajectories and fine‐scale resource selection, yet it remains unclear how to reliably link such data to connectivity models without relying on individual‐based simulations. Currently, most analytical connectivity models are not built from movement parameters that are estimable from GPS‐tracking data, and none capture directional persistence in movement that is often observed in movement trajectories, such as directed movement during dispersal and migration. We address these gaps by advancing new models using the connectivity framework of spatial absorbing Markov chains (SAMC) to directly link step selection and directional persistence in movement to connectivity. We unite these concepts by altering transition matrices used in connectivity models and by extending the SAMC to accommodate correlated random walks through a re‐parameterization using spatial line graphs. We illustrate these advances with simulations and an example using the Florida panther <jats:italic>Puma concolor coryi</jats:italic> . We find that the SAMC captures expectations from individual‐based simulations of step selection and can be several orders of magnitude faster. Modeling connectivity of the Florida panther with directional persistence that captures correlated random walks predicts faster movement across the landscape, leading to greater expected connectivity. Our results demonstrate that common current practices do not correctly relate step‐selection functions to resistance used in connectivity models, and that incorporating directionality into connectivity efforts leads to greater realism for modeling but at a computational cost. We provide guidance on when this realism may be needed and how to efficiently link step selection with connectivity. Taken together, we offer a generalizable and powerful framework to reliably link movement trajectories to connectivity across landscapes.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149172709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parasitoid insects unveil complex patterns of functional change across elevational bands","authors":"Michela Gabrieli, Lara Marcolin, Luca Santini, Pierfilippo Cerretti, Moreno Di Marco","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08816","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is rapidly reshaping how insects interact with their environment, potentially disrupting ecosystem complexity and essential functioning. While functional homogenisation has been extensively investigated for charismatic insect taxa, particularly pollinators, the response of parasitoids remains largely overlooked. Parasitoid insects exhibit drastically distinct life stages, with parasitic larvae and free‐living (often nectarivore) adults, meaning that climate change can have differential impacts on their functional diversity depending on the life stage. Here, we estimate multiple metrics of functional diversity for European bristle flies (Diptera: Tachinidae), a widespread parasitoid group, using traits measured at both larval and adult stages. We test how functional diversity metrics of larvae and adults vary through time and elevation, to uncover the extent and breadth of functional homogenisation. At high altitudes, we found a statistically significant reduction in functional divergence and an increase in functional richness specifically for larval stages. Meanwhile, adults undergo a significant loss of functional distinctiveness. Together, these patterns reveal a decreased uniqueness of mountaintop biota and remark the need to disentangle such processes. We hypothesize that this pattern emerges from the upshift of generalist species, which may dilute specialist species from mountaintops and make these areas functionally similar to lower elevational bands. Such a process would result in a temporary increase in functional richness at high elevation, and a concomitant decline in functional β‐diversity. While the underlying mechanisms warrant further investigation, such significant changes could have remarkable effects on ecosystem stability in the future. Our results offer insights into the complexity of climate‐driven change in functional diversity patterns, with increased functional richness in parasitoid assemblages associated with an overall trend of functional homogenisation.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149172710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small‐ranged species in biodiversity coldspots: maximum rarity, rarity‐weighted richness, and complementarity‐based priorities in the contiguous United States","authors":"R. Travis Belote","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08794","url":null,"abstract":"Species with small ranges tend to occur with other range‐limited species in biodiversity hotspots, a pattern that has motivated both macroecological theory and practical conservation planning. However, not all range‐limited species follow this pattern. Some occur in otherwise species‐poor ‘coldspots' where maps of rarity‐weighted richness (RWR) may systematically undervalue their habitat. I used maps of suitable habitat for 1719 species of mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles in the contiguous United States at ~ 1 and ~ 50‐km resolution to investigate the relationship between range size of species and co‐occurring RWR. I compared the ability of RWR to efficiently represent species to a complementarity‐based algorithm (core area zonation, CAZ), and a new metric I introduce here based on maximum rarity of species (maxR), which ranks locations based on occurrence of the most range‐limited species. Range size was negatively correlated with co‐occurring RWR across all taxa and resolutions, confirming that species with small ranges tend to co‐occur with other range‐limited species. Despite high correlations among prioritization methods, they differed modestly in performance. CAZ most efficiently represented species across nearly all taxa, while maxR generally outperformed RWR when counting species based on presence or low thresholds of proportional habitat. When representation of a species was based on higher proportional thresholds of each species range, RWR tended to more efficiently represent more species than maxR. Comparisons between maxR and RWR methods revealed range‐limited species that occur in relative coldspots, including 53 species listed as ‘Threatened' or ‘Endangered' under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Mapping maximum rarity should not replace complementarity‐based algorithms for spatial conservation planning but does offer an easily computed diagnostic for detecting range‐limited species in coldspots of biodiversity for use in biodiversity mapping.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149172711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the accuracy and stability of variable importance in species distribution modelling algorithms through sample perturbations","authors":"He Wu, Zhaoning Wu, Yunzhi Liu, Wenfang Zhang, Jiechen Wang","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08671","url":null,"abstract":"Variable importance derived from species distribution modelling (SDM) is widely used to identify key environmental drivers of species distributions. However, the reliability of these inferences has rarely been systematically evaluated, particularly with respect to their sensitivity to individual occurrences. Here, we used virtual species and developed a sample perturbations diagnostic framework, in which each occurrence was systematically removed (leave‐one‐out) to assess how small changes in the input data affect variable importance inference. Using this framework, we evaluated and compared ten SDM algorithms across multiple scenarios. We constructed a set of evaluation metrics to quantify both the accuracy of driver identification and the stability of permutation importance estimates, defined as their variability under sample perturbations. We further investigated the sample level mechanisms underlying instability. Our results showed that random forest (RF), gradient boosting machine (GBM), and maximum entropy (Maxent) achieved the best overall performance. RF exhibited the relatively high inferential accuracy and stability, but showed limited ability to differentiate the relative importance of environmental variables. GBM and Maxent achieved slightly lower accuracy than RF, but were more stable and effective for distinguishing the relative contributions of different variables. Instead, several algorithms displayed relatively high accuracy but were sensitive to sample perturbations. Scenario analyses indicated that stability generally increased under conditions of high sample sizes, low geographical sampling bias, and moderate prevalence. Highly influential occurrences were not necessarily associated with extreme environmental conditions. Removal experiments further demonstrated that variable importance inference in several algorithms was sensitive to a relatively small subset of occurrences, highlighting the disproportionate contribution of these occurrences. Overall, this study provides a sample level diagnostic framework for evaluating the reliability of variable importance in SDM, offering practical guidance for improving the interpretability of environmental driver inference in ecological research and conservation applications.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149173005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial variation in liana effects on host‐tree allometry and biomass in an intact tropical forest","authors":"Sruthi M. Krishna Moorthy, Félicien Meunier, Stefan A. Schnitzer, Kim Calders, David M. DeFilippis, Antonio Aguilar, Nancy Pausenberger, Marco D. Visser, Helene C. Muller‐Landau, Hans Verbeeck","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08373","url":null,"abstract":"Lianas are increasing in abundance across the tropics, yet local spatial variation in their effects on host‐tree allometry and biomass, and the drivers of this variation within forests, remain poorly understood. Using field inventory, drone photogrammetry, and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) across a 50‐ha plot on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, we quantified how liana load reshapes host‐tree allometry and upscaled these effects from local spatial scales to estimate stand‐level biomass impacts. Height analyses included 1989 trees (129 species), while a TLS subset of 184 trees (50 species) provided crown, branch, and volume metrics. Hosts with heavy liana load were ~ 10% shorter at 20 cm diameter at breast height (DBH), tapering to ~ 7% at 100 cm DBH. These trees also had ~ 36% smaller crowns, ~ 50% lower crown volumes, and fewer, shorter, and thicker branches, together leading to a ~ 14% reduction in tree‐level aboveground woody biomass. At local scales, biomass loss was driven more by the basal area and number of liana‐hosting trees than by liana biomass itself, indicating that carbon impacts depend more on which and how many trees are infested than on liana abundance alone. Lianas compensated only 43% of displaced tree biomass, leaving a net stand‐level carbon shortfall of ~ 4.6 Mg ha <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> relative to a liana‐free scenario. Using hierarchical models that account for spatial variation in liana pressure, we show that liana‐induced structural changes are spatially heterogeneous within intact tropical forests.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149172714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}