Ecography最新文献

{"title":"Lineage‐specific phylogenetic structure of boreal habitats suggests different assembly processes across phylogenetic and spatial scales","authors":"Angelo D. Armijos Carrion, Sander Boisen Valentin, Susan J. Meades, Michael Burzynski, Marilyn F. E. Anions, Janet Feltham, Julissa Roncal","doi":"10.1002/ecog.07630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.07630","url":null,"abstract":"The phylogenetic distance among species in a community (community phylogenetic structure) has been used to infer deterministic and stochastic assembly processes, albeit with criticisms. The effect of phylogenetic scale (old versus young lineages) and spatial scale on measures of CPS are rarely tested simultaneously, especially in the boreal biome, yet are essential to unravel different assembly processes that might operate in a community. We examined lineage‐specific phylogenetic structure for six vascular plant communities defined at the habitat scale (Arctic‐alpine barren, bog, fen, Kalmia barren, limestone barren, and serpentine barren) on the island of Newfoundland, Canada, and the phylogenetic structure of plant communities defined at a plot scale (72 plots × 1 m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>). Contrary to the expectation under the stress‐dominance hypothesis of phylogenetic clustering in challenging boreal environments, the majority of clades across the six boreal habitats had random phylogenetic structure. However, we observed a shift from phylogenetic clustering at the deepest nodes of the angiosperms to no phylogenetic structure at shallower nodes (&lt; 110 Mya), suggesting changes in assembly processes with phylogenetic scale within a habitat, and the potential role for deterministic processes at deep nodes. The random phylogenetic structure of 1 m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> plots and our modeling effort to test the effect of an environmental stress gradient on community composition suggest that a complex set of stochastic and deterministic factors is responsible for species assembly at this fine spatial scale, not just abiotic filtering in hostile environments like the serpentine as predicted by the stress‐dominance hypothesis. The interpretation of phylogenetic structure metrics did not change when considering species abundances or when polytomies were resolved. Taken together, inference of assembly processes must be lineage‐, habitat‐, and spatial scale‐specific, supplemented with knowledge on trait role and evolution for which we outline future research hypotheses.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145277466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water availability and evolutionary similarity shape the global distribution of ferns with chlorophyllous spores","authors":"Daniela Mellado‐Mansilla, Patrick Weigelt, Michael Kessler, Dylan Craven, Gerhard Zotz, Holger Kreft","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08095","url":null,"abstract":"About 14% of all fern species have chlorophyllous spores, which lack dormancy, have thin walls, and have a shorter viability (only a few days in some species). These spores should have limited dispersal distances and be more susceptible to harsher climatic conditions, raising questions about the evolutionary and ecological significance of this trait. Here, we assemble the global distribution of chlorophyllous‐spored ferns and assess the underlying environmental and evolutionary factors. We first evaluated the environmental predictors of the proportional representation of 1387 chlorophyllous‐spored species (CSS) across 577 geographical regions using generalized linear mixed models. We then estimated the phylogenetic signal of spore type and assessed the relative importance of environmental factors in the phylogenetic structure of fern assemblages. Species richness of CSS peaked in the tropics, while their proportional representation was highest in temperate and island floras. The proportion of CSS was positively associated with water availability and less seasonal climates. Spore type was strongly conserved phylogenetically, and CSS assemblages were phylogenetically clustered towards higher latitudes. Our study provides strong evidence that chlorophyllous spores do not limit the geographical distribution of fern species and that their latitudinal distribution patterns can be explained by a combination of environmental and evolutionary factors.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145255078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘ILSM': a package to analyze the interconnection structure of tripartite interaction networks","authors":"Weicheng Sun, Yangyang Zhao, Chuan Yan","doi":"10.1002/ecog.07823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.07823","url":null,"abstract":"In natural or human‐disturbed ecosystems, ecological networks often comprise multiple interaction types, which have been increasingly represented by multipartite ecological networks. One important aspect of their network architecture is how different interaction types or subnetworks are interconnected by connector species, here defined as the interconnection structure. Previous studies have proposed various indices of connector species to characterize macro‐scale interconnection patterns and micro‐scale centrality, but the meso‐scale interconnection structures (here defined as interconnection motifs) remain largely unexplored. Furthermore, there is no package available in the R programming language for conducting analyses of various interconnection structures.Within a tripartite network with two interaction subnetworks, we define the forms of interconnection motifs and unique roles within these motifs. Then we introduce the R package ‘ILSM' for analyzing interconnection pattern, interconnection centrality, and interconnection motif for unweighted and weighted networks. Specifically, we derive mathematical expressions for the frequencies of interconnection motifs and species roles within motifs.We describe the main functions in the package and demonstrate their uses with an example pollinator–plant–herbivore network. In addition, we show that interconnection motifs can reveal additional variation beyond interconnection patterns and centrality using empirical tripartite interaction networks.‘ILSM' will help ecologists understand how different types of interactions are interconnected by shared species using interconnection pattern, centrality, and motif.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145254951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disentangling the interrelations of body mass, egg deposition site, climate and microhabitat use in frogs and salamanders","authors":"Benjamin Cejp, Eva Maria Griebeler","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08109","url":null,"abstract":"Amphibians exhibit a large diversity in reproductive and developmental strategies, which in turn are linked to their body size, life history and habitat. Here, we explore why terrestrial egg laying frogs are on average smaller than aquatic egg laying ones and whether this pattern also exists in salamanders. We hypothesized that egg deposition site and body mass are not linked directly across species, but that terrestrial egg layers occur in climates and use microhabitats that favor small masses. To test this, we compiled a dataset on egg deposition site (terrestrial or aquatic), development mode (biphasic with larvae or direct development without larvae), body mass, microhabitat use (water‐dependent, ground‐dwelling or arboreal) and climate within their distribution area (temperature, precipitation and seasonality in both) of 3091 frog and 244 salamander species. We analyzed the interrelations between these traits and environmental factors by using a cross‐species approach and phylogenetic generalized least squares analysis. Body masses increased along a gradient from warm, humid and unseasonal climates to cold, dry and seasonal climates in frogs and salamanders. Terrestrial egg deposition was constrained to warm, humid and unseasonal climates only in frogs. Terrestrial eggs and an arboreal microhabitat use were linked in frogs and salamanders, and arboreal frogs were smaller than non‐arboreal ones. We confirmed that frogs with terrestrial eggs had smaller average body masses than those with aquatic eggs, irrespective of their development mode, but this difference disappeared when we corrected body masses for the effects of climate and microhabitat use. In salamanders, however, egg deposition site and development mode were neither directly related to body mass, nor indirectly via the effects of climate and microhabitat use. Our results suggest that thermal and hydric environmental conditions determine the geographical distribution of body mass and reproductive strategies in amphibians and set the framework for their evolution.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145255026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rainfall increases conformity and strength of species–area relationships","authors":"Sebastian Steibl, Simon Steiger, Luís Valente, James C. Russell","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08159","url":null,"abstract":"The positive relationship between species richness and area is regarded as one of the few laws in ecology. Therefore, deviations from predictable species–area scaling, evident as high residual variance in species–area curves, are often interpreted as anomalous behaviour. Small‐island systems often do not conform to species–area relationships, yet the high stochasticity in their species–area curves is frequently treated as unexplainable noise or attributed to idiosyncratic extinction rates. Here, we introduce a statistical framework that incorporates the degree of stochasticity in species–area relationships as an explicit, interpretable model parameter. Using a global island plant dataset for atolls (378 islands across 19 atolls) – prototypical examples for small‐island dynamics – we show that the degree of residual variance in species–area curves can be captured, modelled, and linked to environmental conditions. Our heteroscedastic modelling approach demonstrates that apparent stochasticity in species–area relationships is not random but predictable through environmental drivers. Specifically, we found that increased rainfall reduces the residual variance around the species–area curve, indicating that resource availability is a critical factor enabling conformity to species–area scaling. Cyclone disturbance frequency did not drive stochasticity, challenging the prevailing view that disturbance regimes drive the stochasticity in species–area scaling on small islands. By treating residual variance as an explicit model parameter in species–area relationships rather than unexplainable noise, our approach provides new insights into the conditions enabling biological communities to conform to species–area scaling. Shifting the focus in species–area studies on the residual variance as an interpretable model parameter that captures the degree of conformity to species–area scaling offers novel perspectives into the environmental factors prerequisite for species–area scaling. This contributes to unifying the apparent anomalous, stochastic nature of small‐island systems with the general law of linear species–area scaling.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145254949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long‐term homogenization of Fennoscandian heathland and tundra vegetation is connected to the expansion of an allelopathic dwarf shrub","authors":"Tuija Maliniemi, Petteri Kiilunen, Kari Anne Bråthen, Jutta Kapfer, Torunn Bockelie Rosendal, John‐Arvid Grytnes, Patrick Saccone, Risto Virtanen","doi":"10.1002/ecog.07921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.07921","url":null,"abstract":"Boreal and tundra plant communities are expected to change in biodiversity due to increasing global change pressures such as climate warming. One long‐term scenario is increasing compositional similarity, i.e. biotic homogenization, which has been relatively little studied in high‐latitude plant communities. Here, we study how the composition and diversity of heathland and tundra plant communities have changed in northern Fennoscandia over several decades. In 2013–2023, we resurveyed 275 historic vegetation plots, originally surveyed in 1964–1975, with percentage covers for vascular plant, bryophyte and lichen species. We analyzed temporal changes in community composition and diversity across the study area and in different biogeographic zones, continentality‐humidity classes and habitat types. We found a strong homogenization trend across the study area, with plant communities becoming more similar in composition over the decades when all taxa were treated together. The observed homogenization was driven especially by the increased similarity of vascular plant and lichen communities and was largely independent of biogeographic zones or continentality‐humidity gradient. Homogenization was particularly associated with the drastic encroachment of the evergreen dwarf shrub <jats:italic>Empetrum nigrum</jats:italic> in habitat types originally dominated by other species, and with the decrease in lichen cover. In general, our findings suggest that Fennoscandian heathland and tundra vegetation is transforming towards a more homogeneous evergreen dwarf shrub‐dominated system, which may threaten ecosystem multifunctionality. Our results highlight the importance of exploring biodiversity among different metrics and growth forms to understand the overall changes in heathland and tundra biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145254953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"European colonial empires accelerated ant invasions","authors":"Aymeric Bonnamour, Cleo Bertelsmeier","doi":"10.1002/ecog.07887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.07887","url":null,"abstract":"Between the 16th and the 20th centuries, European countries established vast colonial empires on all continents. These empires triggered profound environmental, demographic and economic transformations. It is likely that many non‐native species have benefited from the newly emerged trade network between European countries and their colonies to spread to new regions, leading to an increase in invasions across countries that belonged to these empires. However, this hypothesis has not been tested, and it is still unknown whether colonial empires influenced non‐native species richness and invasion dynamics over the last centuries. Here, we show that prior to 1960, countries that belonged to a colonial empire received more than twice as many non‐native ant species than those that did not. During that period, ant species native to parts of an empire spread preferentially to other countries within the same empire. However, after 1960 former colonial ties had no longer an effect on ant introductions. We also found that colonized countries were the most important source of non‐native ants, contradicting the ‘Imperialist dogma'. Overall, our findings show that ant invasion dynamics were shaped by the rise and fall of European colonial empires, transitioning from empire‐centered invasions before 1960 to a truly global spread of species in the more recent decades.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145260583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speciation, dispersal and the build-up of fern diversity in the American tropics","authors":"Laura Kragh Frederiksen, Wolf L. Eiserhardt, Hanna Tuomisto","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08170","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding how the remarkable biodiversity of the American tropics developed has been a long-standing question, yet knowledge gaps remain. Previous studies examined the roles of bioregions in shaping diversity patterns but often overlooked speciation, a critical driver of species richness, and insufficiently accounted for temporal changes in speciation and dispersal dynamics. To address this, we investigated the temporal mechanisms of speciation and dispersal that have shaped diversity in the American tropics using ferns (Polypodiopsida) as a model group across nine bioregions. We employed biogeographic stochastic mapping (BSM) and a large-scale phylogenetic tree alongside extensive occurrence records to infer historical patterns of speciation and dispersal. We find that the American tropics function as a biogeographical maze composed of interconnected corridors, characterised by high emigration and immigration rates, rather than isolated regions. The Andes emerged prominently as a biodiversity radiator, playing a dual role by generating substantial species richness through speciation and acting as a primary source of dispersal to neighbouring regions. This unique position underscores the Andes' pivotal role in structuring fern diversity across the American tropics, contrasting with the Amazonian-centred patterns typically observed in angiosperms. Our findings highlight the critical importance of considering speciation and historical contexts in relation to changing environments when interpreting patterns of tropical biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extinct Pleistocene carnivores were diurnal and highly active","authors":"Orlin S. Todorov, John Alroy","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08061","url":null,"abstract":"There is much contention over the causes and correlates of megafaunal extinctions at the end of the Pleistocene. A major role for human impact such as hunting has been discussed widely. If correct, the overkill hypothesis explains not only why large mammals in general were highly prone to extinction but suggests that extinction may have been selective within large mammals. Among other things, it has been argued that extinct large mammals tended to be large and have small brains. Here we test these hypotheses using a comprehensive global dataset of 22 ecological and life history traits mapped to 120 living and 14 extinct carnivore species. The data document occurrences within 260 distinct fossil assemblages that span the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. To address collinearity and phylogenetic autocorrelation, we first perform least-squares orthogonalisation of the predictor variables and then use phylogenetic comparative methods to carry out regressions. Only basal metabolic rate and diurnality are robust predictors of extinction, even after accounting for phylogenetic and trait uncertainty. Furthermore, we show that living carnivores with high metabolic rates are more likely to be threatened and address the implications for conservation and the current extinction crisis.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"476 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145209657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two decades with Ecography: a farewell and a new beginning","authors":"Miguel Bastos Araújo","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08375","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecog.08375","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;After two decades of service to &lt;i&gt;Ecography&lt;/i&gt; – first as a subject editor, then as deputy Editor-in-Chief, and for the past twelve years as Editor-in-Chief – the time has come for me to bid farewell. My connection with the journal stretches even further back: &lt;i&gt;Ecography&lt;/i&gt; was one of the first outlets where I published work from my PhD. At that time, manuscripts were submitted by printing multiple copies and sending them by post to Linus Svensson, who for several decades loyally served the Nordic Society Oikos – the society that publishes &lt;i&gt;Ecography&lt;/i&gt; – before his recent retirement. From the editorial office, Linus would then mail the manuscripts to reviewers together with a request to review the paper. Since reviewers could decline, the process could take several months just to manage submissions, and it was not unusual for a paper to take several years from submission to publication. First as an author, and later as an editor, I strongly advocated for reform, and as digitisation advanced, we finally arrived at the streamlined submission process we use today.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Ecography&lt;/i&gt; is a truly special society journal. It has traditionally had a strong focus on biogeography and macroecology, yet it distinguishes itself from similarly profiled journals by its openness to other fields of ecology with a strong spatial or temporal component. When I took over the Editor-in-Chief role, I was determined to maintain this broad scope already pursued by my predecessor, Carsten Rahbek, while also pursuing carefully targeted expansions into related fields, such as ecological epidemiology and experimental macroecology. The urgency of including ecological epidemiology became especially evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. We achieved this goal by appointing editors with expertise in these areas and by preparing special issues dedicated to these themes (Guégan et al. &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;, whole special issue here: https://nsojournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/16000587/2024/2024/1).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The journal itself has undergone significant transformation. Founded in 1978 as &lt;i&gt;Holarctic Ecology&lt;/i&gt; under the editorship of Rolf Vik (University of Oslo, Norway), it was restructured in 1992 to become &lt;i&gt;Ecography&lt;/i&gt;, subsequently led by a distinguished line of Editors-in-Chief: Nils Malmer (1992–1993, Lund University, Sweden), Sven Jonasson (1993–1996, University of Copenhagen, Denmark), Esa Ranta (1996–2002, University of Helsinki, Finland), Martin Zobel (2002–2005, University of Tartu, Estonia), and Carsten Rahbek (2005–2013, University of Copenhagen, Denmark).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Today, &lt;i&gt;Ecography&lt;/i&gt; is firmly established as a leading outlet in ecology and biogeography. Along the way, it has developed several distinctive sections that set it apart from other journals: Forum papers, which present short and challenging contributions at the forefront of ecology and biogeography, often multidisciplinary and conceptually innovative; Review and Synthesis papers, which prov","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":"2025 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://nsojournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecog.08375","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145153942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}