Ecography最新文献

{"title":"Present and future situation of West Nile virus in the Afro-Palaearctic pathogeographic system","authors":"José-María García-Carrasco,&nbsp;Lucrecia Souviron-Priego,&nbsp;Antonio-Román Muñoz,&nbsp;Jesús Olivero,&nbsp;Julia E. Fa,&nbsp;Raimundo Real","doi":"10.1111/ecog.06941","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ecog.06941","url":null,"abstract":"<p>West Nile virus (WNV) is a globally widespread arthropod-borne virus that poses a significant public health concern. Mosquitoes transmit the virus in an enzootic cycle among birds, which act as reservoirs. Climate plays a crucial role in these outbreaks as mosquitoes are highly influenced by climatic conditions, and bird migrations are also affected by weather patterns. Consequently, changes in climate can potentially impact the occurrence of WNV outbreaks. We used biogeographic modelling based on machine learning algorithms and fuzzy logic to analyse and evaluate separately the risk of WNV outbreaks in two different biogeographic regions, the Afrotropical and the Western Palaearctic region. By employing fuzzy logic tools, we constructed a comprehensive risk model that integrates the Afro-Palaearctic system as a unified operational unit for WNV spread. This innovative approach recognizes the Afro-Palaearctic region as a pathogeographic system, characterized by biannual connections facilitated by billions of migratory bird reservoirs carrying the disease. Subsequently, we forecasted the effects of different climate change scenarios on the spread of WNV in the Afro-Palaearctic system for the years 2040 and 2070. Our findings revealed an increasing epidemic and epizootic risk south of the Sahara. However, the area where an upsurge in risk was forecasted the most lies within Europe, with the anticipation of risk expansion into regions presently situated beyond the virus' distribution range, including central and northern Europe. Gaining insight into the risk within the Afro-Palaearctic system is crucial for establishing coordinated and international One Health surveillance efforts. This becomes particularly relevant in the face of ongoing climate change, which disrupts the ecological equilibrium among vectors, reservoirs, and human populations. We show that the application of biogeographical tools to assess risk of infectious disease, i.e. pathogeography, is a promising approach for understanding distribution patterns of zoonotic diseases and for anticipating their future spread.</p>","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ecog.06941","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140550667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Roadside disturbance promotes plant communities with arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in mountain regions worldwide","authors":"Jan Clavel,&nbsp;Jonas J. Lembrechts,&nbsp;Jonathan Lenoir,&nbsp;Sylvia Haider,&nbsp;Keith McDougall,&nbsp;Martin A. Nuñez,&nbsp;Jake Alexander,&nbsp;Agustina Barros,&nbsp;Ann Milbau,&nbsp;Tim Seipel,&nbsp;Anibal Pauchard,&nbsp;Eduardo Fuentes-Lillo,&nbsp;Amanda Ratier Backes,&nbsp;Pervaiz Dar,&nbsp;Zafar A. Reshi,&nbsp;Alla Aleksanyan,&nbsp;Shengwei Zong,&nbsp;José Ramón Arevalo Sierra,&nbsp;Valeria Aschero,&nbsp;Erik Verbruggen,&nbsp;Ivan Nijs","doi":"10.1111/ecog.07051","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ecog.07051","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We assessed the impact of road disturbances on the dominant mycorrhizal types in ecosystems at the global level and how this mechanism can potentially lead to lasting plant community changes. We used a database of coordinated plant community surveys following mountain roads from 894 plots in 11 mountain regions across the globe in combination with an existing database of mycorrhizal–plant associations in order to approximate the relative abundance of mycorrhizal types in natural and disturbed environments. Our findings show that roadside disturbance promotes the cover of plants associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. This effect is especially strong in colder mountain environments and in mountain regions where plant communities are dominated by ectomycorrhizal (EcM) or ericoid-mycorrhizal (ErM) associations. Furthermore, non-native plant species, which we confirmed to be mostly AM plants, are more successful in environments dominated by AM associations. These biogeographical patterns suggest that changes in mycorrhizal types could be a crucial factor in the worldwide impact of anthropogenic disturbances on mountain ecosystems. Indeed, roadsides foster AM-dominated systems, where AM-fungi might aid AM-associated plant species while potentially reducing the biotic resistance against invasive non-native species, often also associated with AM networks. Restoration efforts in mountain ecosystems will have to contend with changes in the fundamental make-up of EcM- and ErM plant communities induced by roadside disturbance.</p>","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ecog.07051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140538839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First genomic snapshots of recolonising lineages following a devastating earthquake","authors":"Felix Vaux,&nbsp;Elahe Parvizi,&nbsp;Grant A. Duffy,&nbsp;Ludovic Dutoit,&nbsp;Dave Craw,&nbsp;Jonathan M. Waters,&nbsp;Ceridwen I. Fraser","doi":"10.1111/ecog.07117","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ecog.07117","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Large-scale disturbance events provide ideal opportunities to directly study recolonisation processes in natural environments, via the removal of competitors and the formation of newly vacant habitat. A high magnitude earthquake in central New Zealand in 2016 created major ecological disturbance, with coastal tectonic uplift of up to ~ 6 m extirpating vast swathes of intertidal organisms. One of the affected species was <i>Durvillaea antarctica</i> (rimurapa or southern bull kelp), which is an important habitat-forming intertidal macroalga capable of long-distance dispersal. Across the complex fault system with varying amounts of uplift, the species was either locally extirpated or heavily reduced in abundance. We hypothesised that neutral priority effects and chance dispersal from other populations would influence which lineages would establish. We sampled individuals of <i>D. antarctica</i> across the uplift zone immediately after the earthquake in 2016 and then repeatedly sampled new recruits in the same areas between 2017 and 2020, using genotyping-by-sequencing to provide ‘before' and ‘after' genomic comparisons. Our results revealed strong geographic clustering but little evidence of new lineages establishing at disturbed sites, although populations at uplifted sites remain at remarkably low densities. We infer that recolonisation has thus far primarily originated from refugial, remnant patches within the uplift zone. To complement the phylogeographic analysis, we estimated oceanographic connectivity among the uplift zone sample locations. The connectivity modelling estimated that northbound dispersal of <i>D. antarctica</i> was more likely, but we have not yet detected southern genotypes in the recolonised populations. As the ongoing recolonisation process transitions from an ecological to an evolutionary timescale, change remains possible. This study provides the first genomic ‘snapshots' of a natural recolonisation process following a large-scale ecological disturbance event, and ongoing research has the potential to reveal important insight into both micro- and macroevolutionary processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ecog.07117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140538890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting time-at-depth weighted biodiversity patterns for sharks of the North Pacific","authors":"Zachary A. Siders, Lauren B. Trotta, William Patrone, Fabio P. Caltabellotta, Katherine B. Loesser, Benjamin Baiser","doi":"10.1111/ecog.07249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.07249","url":null,"abstract":"Depth is a fundamental and universal driver of ocean biogeography but it is unclear how the biodiversity patterns of larger, more mobile organisms change as a function of depth. Here, we developed a predictive biogeography model to explore how information of mobile species' depth preferences influence biodiversity patterns. We employed a literature review to collate shark biotelemetry studies and used open-access tools to extract 283 total records from 119 studies of 1133 sharks from 35 species. We then matched field guide reported depth ranges and IUCN habitat associations for each shark species to use as covariates in a hurdle variant of ensemble random forests. We successfully fit this model (R² = 0.63) to the noisy time-at-depth observations and used it to predict the time budgets of the northeast Pacific shark regional pool (n = 52). We then assessed how occurrence diversity patterns, informed by minimum and maximum depth of occurrence, compared to time-at-depth weighted diversity patterns. Time-at-depth weighted richness was highest between 0 and 25 m and at the upper part of the mesopelagic zone, 250–300 m; resulting in little similarity to common depth or elevational biodiversity patterns while the occurrence-weighted richness pattern was similar to the ‘low-plateau' pattern. In the phylogenetic and functional dimensions of biodiversity and over three different distance metrics, we found strong but haphazard differences between the occurrence- and time-at-depth weighted biodiversity patterns. The strong influence of time budgets on biodiversity led us to conclude that occurrence data alone are likely insufficient or even misleading in terms of the depth-driven biogeographic patterns in the open ocean. Utilizing the increasing amount of time-at-depth information from biotelemetry studies in predictive biogeographic models may be critical for capturing the preferences of pelagic, mobile species occupying the largest biome on the planet.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140534697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invasion risk of the currently cultivated alien flora in southern Africa is predicted to decline under climate change","authors":"Ali Omer,&nbsp;Franz Essl,&nbsp;Stefan Dullinger,&nbsp;Bernd Lenzner,&nbsp;Adrián García-Rodríguez,&nbsp;Dietmar Moser,&nbsp;Trevor Fristoe,&nbsp;Wayne Dawson,&nbsp;Patrick Weigelt,&nbsp;Holger Kreft,&nbsp;Jan Pergl,&nbsp;Petr Pyšek,&nbsp;Mark van Kleunen,&nbsp;Johannes Wessely","doi":"10.1111/ecog.07010","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ecog.07010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Alien species can have massive impacts on native biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and human livelihoods. Assessing which species from currently cultivated alien floras may escape into the wild and naturalize is essential for efficient and proactive ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation. Climate change has already promoted the naturalization of many alien plants in temperate regions, but whether it is similar in (sub)tropical areas is insufficiently known. In this study, we used species distribution models for 1527 cultivated alien plants to evaluate current and future invasion risks across different biomes and 10 countries in southern Africa. Our results confirm that the area of suitable climate is a strong predictor of naturalization success among the cultivated alien flora. In contrast to previous findings from temperate regions, however, climatic suitability is generally predicted to decrease for potential aliens across our (sub)tropical study region. While increasingly hotter and drier conditions are likely to drive declines in suitability for potential aliens across most biomes of southern Africa, in some the number of potential invaders is predicted to increase under moderate climate change scenarios (e.g. in dry broadleaf forests and flooded grasslands). We found that climatic suitability is expected to decline less for aliens originating from continents with the tropical biome or from the Southern Hemisphere. In addition, we found that the climatically suitable area will decline less for aliens that have already naturalized in the region. While the number of potential invaders may decrease across southern Africa under future climate change, our results suggest that already naturalized aliens will continue to threaten native species and ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ecog.07010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140534717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making better use of tracking data can reveal the spatiotemporal and intraspecific variability of species distributions","authors":"Michiel P. Boom, W. Daniel Kissling","doi":"10.1111/ecog.07246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.07246","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding geographic ranges and species distributions is crucial for effective conservation, especially in the light of climate and land use change. However, the spatial, temporal and intraspecific resolution of digital accessible information on species distributions is often limited. Here, we suggest to make better use of high-resolution tracking data to address existing limitations of occurrence records such as spatial biases (e.g. lack of observations in parts of the geographic range), temporal biases (e.g. lack of observations during a certain period of the year), and insufficient information on intraspecific variability (e.g. lack of population- or individual-level variation). Addressing these gaps can improve our knowledge on geographic ranges, intra-annual changes in species distributions, and population-level differences in habitat and space use. We demonstrate this with tracking data and species distribution models (SDMs) of the barnacle goose, a migratory bird species wintering in western Europe and breeding in the Arctic. Our analyses show that tracking data can 1) supplement occurrence records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) in remote areas such as the European and Russian Arctic, 2) improve information on the temporal use of wintering, staging and breeding areas of migratory species and 3) be used to reveal distribution patterns at the population level. We recommend a broader use of tracking data to address the Wallacean shortfall (i.e. the incomplete knowledge on the geographic distribution of species) and to improve forecasts of biodiversity responses to climate and land use change (e.g. species vulnerability assessments). To avoid common pitfalls, we provide six recommendations for consideration during the research cycle when using tracking data in species distribution modelling, including steps to assess biases and integrate information on intraspecific variability in modelling approaches.","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140349694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling microbial community structure–function relationships in the horizontal and vertical spatial dimensions in extreme environments","authors":"Xin Jing,&nbsp;Aimée T. Classen,&nbsp;Daijiang Li,&nbsp;Litao Lin,&nbsp;Mingzhen Lu,&nbsp;Nathan J. Sanders,&nbsp;Yugang Wang,&nbsp;Wenting Feng","doi":"10.1111/ecog.07118","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ecog.07118","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A fundamental challenge in soil macroecology is to understand how microbial community structure shapes ecosystem function along environmental gradients of the land surface at broad spatial scales (i.e. the horizontal dimension). However, little is known about microbial community structure–function relationships in extreme environments along environmental gradients of soil depth at finer spatial scales (i.e. the vertical dimension). Here, we propose a general spatial dimension partitioning approach for assessing the patterns and drivers of soil microbial community structure–function relationships across horizontal and vertical spatial gradients simultaneously. We leveraged a 200-km desert soil salinity gradient created by a 12-year saline-water irrigation in the Tarim basin of Taklamakan Desert. Specifically, using a general linear model, hierarchical variance partitioning, and a path model, we assessed the patterns and key ecological processes controlling spatial turnover in microbial community structure (i.e. β-diversity) and enzymatic activity relevant to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling along soil salinity gradients across study sites (horizontal dimension) and soil depths (vertical dimension). We found a decoupled relationship between soil microbial β-diversity and enzymatic activity. Differences in soil depth (on the scale of meters) were as important as geographic distance (on the scale of kilometers) in shaping bacterial and fungal β-diversity. However, the vertical and horizontal turnover in enzymatic activity was largely attributed to an increase in the heterogeneity of soil properties, such as soil texture, water content, and pH. Our findings suggest that dispersal limitation controls microbial community β-diversity and that environmental heterogeneity, rather than soil salinization, controls enzymatic activity. Taken together, this work highlights that in the face of ongoing environmental alterations, soil depth is an under-explored spatial dimension that must be considered in soil conservation efforts as a critical factor in determining microbial community structure and function in extreme environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ecog.07118","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140352062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From earthquakes to island area: multi-scale effects upon local diversity","authors":"Liam A. Trethowan,&nbsp;Fabian Brambach,&nbsp;Rodrigo Cámara-Leret,&nbsp;Yves Laumonier,&nbsp;Douglas Sheil,&nbsp;J. W. Ferry Slik,&nbsp;Campbell O. Webb,&nbsp;Agustinus Murdjoko,&nbsp;Meredith L. Bastian,&nbsp;Kuswata Kartawinata,&nbsp;Asryaf Mansor,&nbsp;Muhammad Mansur,&nbsp;Edi Mirmanto,&nbsp;Eddy Nurtjahya,&nbsp;Andrea Permana,&nbsp;Andes H. Rozak,&nbsp;Peter Wilkie,&nbsp;Zakaria Rahmad,&nbsp;Deby Arifiani,&nbsp;I. Putu Gede P. Damayanto,&nbsp;Carmen Puglisi,&nbsp;Rani Asmarayani,&nbsp;Nithanel M. H. Benu,&nbsp;Gemma L. C. Bramley,&nbsp;Wira Dharma,&nbsp;Charlie D. Heatubun,&nbsp;Arief Hidayat,&nbsp;Relawan Kuswandi,&nbsp;Sarah Mathews,&nbsp; Megawati,&nbsp;Himmah Rustiami,&nbsp;Yessi Santika,&nbsp;Wahyudi Santoso,&nbsp;Endro Setiawan,&nbsp;Teguh Triono,&nbsp;Kalvin Wambrauw,&nbsp;Jimmy F. Wanma,&nbsp;Acun Hery Yanto,&nbsp;Mustaid Siregar,&nbsp;Asep Sadili,&nbsp;Tika Dewi Atikah,&nbsp;Endang Kintamani,&nbsp;Aiyen Tjoa,&nbsp;Heike Culmsee,&nbsp;Deden Girmansyah,&nbsp;Hendra Gunawan,&nbsp;Ramadanil Pitopang,&nbsp;Timothy M. A. Utteridge,&nbsp;Robert Morley,&nbsp;Julian Schrader,&nbsp;Francis Q. Brearley","doi":"10.1111/ecog.07038","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ecog.07038","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tropical forests occupy small coral atolls to the vast Amazon basin. They occur across bioregions with different geological and climatic history. Differences in area and bioregional history shape species immigration, extinction and diversification. How this effects local diversity is unclear. The Indonesian archipelago hosts thousands of tree species whose coexistence should depend upon these factors. Using a novel dataset of 215 Indonesian forest plots, across fifteen islands ranging in area from 120 to 785 000 km², we apply Gaussian mixed effects models to examine the simultaneous effects of environment, earthquake proximity, island area and bioregion upon tree diversity for trees ≥ 10 cm diameter at breast height. We find that tree diversity declines with precipitation seasonality and increases with island area. Accounting for the effects of environment and island area we show that the westernmost bioregion Sunda has greater local diversity than Wallacea, which in turn has greater local diversity than easternmost Sahul. However, when the model includes geological activity (here proximity to major earthquakes), bioregion differences are reduced. Overall, results indicate that multi-scale, current and historic effects dictate tree diversity. These multi-scale drivers should not be ignored when studying biodiversity gradients and their impacts upon ecosystem function.</p>","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ecog.07038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140322092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bird-mediated endozoochory as a potential dispersal mechanism of bony fishes","authors":"Ádám Lovas-Kiss,&nbsp;László Antal,&nbsp;Attila Mozsár,&nbsp;Krisztián Nyeste,&nbsp;Dóra Somogyi,&nbsp;Balázs Kiss,&nbsp;Richárd Tóth,&nbsp;Flórián Tóth,&nbsp;Dorottya Lilla Fazekas,&nbsp;Zoltán Vitál,&nbsp;Béla Halasi-Kovács,&nbsp;Pál Tóth,&nbsp;Nándor Szabó,&nbsp;Viktor Löki,&nbsp;Orsolya Vincze,&nbsp;Balázs András Lukács","doi":"10.1111/ecog.07124","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ecog.07124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>The dispersal of fish into distant and isolated habitats remains a topic of continuous discussion in the field of fish biogeography. This is particularly relevant due to the perceived limitation of fish movement to what is known as active dispersal. Fish migration is often confined to interconnected water bodies, underscoring the significance of dispersal for fish inhabiting isolated aquatic habitats. However, empirical evidence for a natural (i.e. not human-mediated) mechanism has been limited. Here we explore and provide evidence for waterbird-mediated endozoochory as a possible dispersal mechanism in various fish species and families. We force-fed mallards</b> <i><b>Anas plathyrynchos</b></i> <b>with fertilised eggs of nine bony fish species, covering nine taxonomic families. We recovered viable embryos of five fish taxa in the faeces of mallard, proving the ability of fish eggs to survive the passing of the digestive system of waterbirds. Moreover, the recovered eggs successfully hatched into larvae in two fish species. Taking into the flight speed and numerosity of mallards, as well as the high abundance of fish eggs, our results highlight endozoochory of fish eggs by waterbirds as a possible significant, although likely rare natural dispersal mechanism that can occur across more species than previously known in freshwater fish.</b></p>","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ecog.07124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140322089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changing species dominance patterns of Boreal-Arctic heathlands: evidence of biotic homogenization","authors":"Kari Anne Bråthen,&nbsp;Maria Tuomi,&nbsp;Jutta Kapfer,&nbsp;Hanna Böhner,&nbsp;Tuija Maliniemi","doi":"10.1111/ecog.07116","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ecog.07116","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Heathlands are extensive systems often dominated by slow-growing and long-lived woody plants. These systems require longer-term studies to capture if and how they are changing over time. In 2020, we resurveyed species richness and cover of vascular plant communities in 139 heathlands along the coastline of northern Fennoscandia, first surveyed during 1965–1975. The first survey included six heathland types, each with dominance – a cover of 25% or more – of the dwarf shrubs <i>Calluna vulgaris</i>, <i>Kalmia procumbens</i>, <i>Betula nana</i>, <i>Vaccinium myrtillus</i> and <i>Empetrum nigrum</i>. The two latter heathland types made up 29% and 48%, respectively, of all heathlands. In addition to the dominant dwarf shrubs giving their names to the heathland types, a few other species qualified as dominant. In the resurvey, all the heathland types had <i>E. nigrum</i> as the single dominant species, except for the heathland formerly dominated by <i>B. nana</i>. Most other species had low cover both at the time of the original survey and the resurvey. Also, the heathland types were species poor at the time of the original survey, with an average of eight vascular plant species per 4 m² and were found equally species poor in the resurvey. Species richness differed between heathland types only at the time of the original survey, and the ratio of species exchange between the two surveys was negatively related to the original cover of <i>E. nigrum</i>.</p><p>Here we provide a half-century perspective on vegetation change, during which several heathland types in northern Fennoscandia have changed to <i>Empetrum</i> heathlands, reducing the diversity of heathland types across the Boreal to Arctic landscape. As a native plant, <i>E. nigrum</i> cannot be considered invasive, but its allelopathic capacity has likely already modified these heathland ecosystems and will continue to do so, reducing ecosystem multifunctionality across the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":51026,"journal":{"name":"Ecography","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ecog.07116","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140329097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}