Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications最新文献

{"title":"Transmission-gate based Phase Frequency Detector and 0.33% current mismatch MOS charge pump for reference spur reduction in 2.5 GHz PLL","authors":"Sriparna Sarma,&nbsp;Tshering Sangmoo Sherpa,&nbsp;Sanjay Kumar Jana","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes high-performance, low-power Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) architecture designed using transmission-gate-based Phase Frequency Detector (PFD) and 12-transistor-based MOS Charge Pump (CP) implemented using the SCL 180 nm CMOS process and simulated in Cadence Virtuoso environment. The proposed PFD eliminate blind zones and reduces dead zone to 4 ps through direct reset mechanism, operating over 1–6.5 GHz frequency range using only eight transistors, resulting in a low power consumption of 171.2 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span> W and phase noise of –156.4 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. The proposed CP achieves minimal current mismatch of 0.33 % while consuming 181.8 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span> W. The proposed PFD-CP is integrated with a conventional loop filter, voltage-controlled oscillator and frequency divider to design a 2.5 GHz PLL, which achieves lock time below 20 ns and spur-to-floor delta of 72.07 dB. The compact core area of 0.0014 mm<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> and power consumption of 338.8 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span> W are achieved. It demonstrates that approximately 80%–85% smaller area and 75%–90% lower power consumption compared to recent state-of-the-art, along with 10 dB improvement in spur suppression and two-times faster locking response, highlighting its efficiency and scalability for high-speed, low-spur, low-jitter Serializer–Deserializer (SERDES) and clock recovery systems. The Monte Carlo simulation and Process, Voltage, Temperature (PVT) analyses confirm robust performance of the design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 156156"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pattern synthesis of antenna array with beam direction and polarization steering and null control","authors":"Xin-Ran Jin ,&nbsp;Shen-Yun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the need for simultaneous beam control and anti-interference in wireless systems, a novel antenna array pattern synthesis method capable of beam direction and polarization steering, with flexible null position, width, and depth control, is proposed. In this method, a performance index is newly defined and maximized to calculate the optimal excitation distribution (OED) of the antenna array. The principle of the pattern synthesis is to maximize the ratio of radiated energy density directed toward the beam region over that radiated toward the sidelobe and interference regions. The beam polarization and null depth are controlled by introducing two polarization constraint matrices and a null weight. To validate the method, a dual-polarization 2 × 8 patch antenna array working at 3.4 GHz is designed. Both the simulated and measured antenna array patterns agree well with the theoretical predictions. The proposed pattern synthesis method may be applied in wireless systems where both accurate beam scanning and anti-inference are needed, such as radar detection and wireless communication systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156179"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equivalent transmission line model for multilayered uniaxial dielectric-magnetic anisotropic media","authors":"Chaoyue Zhao ,&nbsp;Yu Luo ,&nbsp;Ningning Yan ,&nbsp;Kangda Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, an equivalent transmission line model (TLM) for multilayered uniaxial dielectric-magnetically anisotropic media is proposed, which theoretically enables the calculation of plane wave propagation characteristics in uniaxial anisotropic media. Based on Maxwell's equations, the model elucidates the directional relationships among field vectors after birefringence occurs in anisotropic media. The model calculates the refractive index and corresponding characteristic impedance for waves incident at arbitrary angles into uniaxial anisotropic media, transforming a multidimensional electromagnetic problem into a one-dimensional circuit problem. This model efficiently computes the amplitude and phase of reflection and transmission coefficients for plane waves in multilayer media at any incidence angle, with reduced computational complexity compared to traditional 4 × 4 matrix methods. Finally, validation is performed within the 10–20 GHz frequency band for a five-layer medium structure, showing excellent agreement between calculated and simulated results. The model provides a concise and efficient approach for analyzing wave propagation in anisotropic media, while its circuit-based framework will enhance the analysis of entire systems incorporating multilayer anisotropic structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156171"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced dual-population collaborative evolutionary mechanism assisted by EoD learning for optimization of MBRA design","authors":"Weibin Kong ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhongqing Fang ,&nbsp;Weidong Li ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Wenwen Yang ,&nbsp;Rugang Wang ,&nbsp;Ke Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The multilayer broadband radar absorber optimization problem (MBRAOP) is characterized as a mixed-variable multimodal multiobjective optimization problem (MVMMOP) in real-world applications. This paper proposes a novel approach called HEDA-DulMVMO to solve the MBRAOP. The method introduces an enhanced dual-population cooperative evolutionary mechanism to balance convergence and diversity in both the discrete decision space and the objective space. Additionally, the histogram-based estimation of distribution (EoD) model is employed to generate high-quality auxiliary evolutionary populations. The performance of the proposed approach is validated on the designed MVMMOP benchmark problems. Final optimization and evaluation are conducted on the multilayer broadband radar absorber (MBRA) for configurations ranging from 2 to 7 layers, with incident angles from 0°to 75°across five critical frequency bands. Experimental results on both the benchmark problems and the MBRA demonstrate the effectiveness and competitiveness of the proposed approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 156164"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on joint optimization of rate and energy harvesting in STAR-RIS-empowered SWIPT system","authors":"Xiaojuan Bai,&nbsp;Caixia Liang,&nbsp;Tianxiang Liu,&nbsp;Ao Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we investigate a simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS)-assisted downlink multi-user (MU) simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) system to overcome the performance limitations of SWIPT system caused by environmental factors and the deployment constraints of traditional RIS. We adopt a practical non-linear energy harvesting (EH) model and design a resource allocation algorithm for SWIPT systems. By applying the energy splitting (ES) protocol of STAR-RIS, we aim to improve both the transmission rate and EH. Therefore, we formulate a multi-objective optimization problem (MOOP) to simultaneously maximize both the weighted sum rate and EH, by jointly optimizing the base station (BS) beamforming, STAR-RIS coefficient matrices, and power splitting (PS) ratio. To address the non-convexity and variable coupling, an efficient alternating optimization (AO) algorithm integrating fractional programming (FP) and semidefinite relaxation (SDR) is proposed, which decomposes the original problem into three tractable subproblems solved iteratively. Simulation results indicate favorable convergence behavior of the proposed algorithm and achieve substantial performance gains facilitated by the STAR-RIS. The proposed scheme outperforms benchmark schemes in both sum rate and EH, thereby providing theoretical support for the design of future energy-efficient communication networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 156165"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wideband RCS reduction in microstrip antennas using integrated artificial magnetic conductors and frequency-selective surface","authors":"Saeed Amini Harooni,&nbsp;Mohammad Naser-Moghadasi,&nbsp;Behbod Ghalamkari,&nbsp;Mehdi Khatir","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel AMC-FSS structure is proposed to reduce the radar cross-section (RCS) of a microstrip antenna for wideband applications while maintaining stable antenna characteristics. The design integrates artificial magnetic conductors (AMCs) and a frequency-selective surface (FSS), both implemented as metallic patterns on a shared ground plane. The structure consists of a 3 × 3 array of unit cells, with the bottom layer forming the FSS and the top layer containing two AMC elements engineered to maintain a 180° phase difference across a broad frequency range. In this configuration, we propose a dual-layer structure to achieve effective RCS reduction while preserving the radiation characteristics of the reference antenna. A prototype was fabricated to validate the concept, and the measured results demonstrate strong agreement with simulations, confirming the performance and practicality of the proposed approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 156135"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive neuro fuzzy control of a high gain bidirectional power converter for photovoltaic-hydrogen renewable electric vehicles with enhanced lifespan and reliability","authors":"Davut Ertekin ,&nbsp;Mustafa Özden","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2026.156198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2026.156198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The demand for green energy and application of hydrogen or photovoltaic (PV) for electrical vehicles (EVs) are enhancing steadily each day. DC–DC converters are critical power conversion systems that regulate voltage and current levels for battery packs in electric vehicles (EVs) powered by fuel cells (FCs) or PV panels and set the voltage for electric motor through an inverter circuit. The longevity of renewable energy sources (RESs) such as the FCs and PV arrays is heavily influenced by the current drawn by the DC–DC converter. Additionally, the converter topology must be cost-effective, minimize voltage and current stresses on semiconductor devices, offer ease of control, and provide flexible voltage outputs to meet the dynamic demands of the battery pack. This study introduces a switching DC–DC power converter designed specifically for FC-based electric vehicles (FCEVs), controlled by an innovative adaptive neuro fuzzy controller (ANFC). The high gain of the proposed converter enables the energy obtained from FCs and PV cells to be stored in a high-voltage battery pack and subsequently used to drive the electric motor and other electric vehicle components (such as lighting, heating, or cooling). This implies that, in an electric vehicle, it is sufficient to use only the proposed power converter instead of employing separate DC–DC converters for different energy sources such as PV or FCs. Subsequently, the stored energy can be used to operate the motor by providing the input voltage to the inverter. This approach makes the overall system more efficient and cost-effective. At the end of the simulation studies, it was observed that the proposed controller successfully ensures the control of the DC–DC converter, that no overshoot or oscillation occurs at the converter output, that an extremely short settling time of 0.016 s is achieved, and that a very low steady-state error of 0.7 is obtained. Experimental results for the proposed power converter are presented, thereby validating the theoretical findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156198"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-efficiency and dual-circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna based on mode-modulated spoof surface plasmon polaritons","authors":"Zhang Wen Cheng ,&nbsp;Meng Wang ,&nbsp;Qian Yao ,&nbsp;Zong Ling Zhong ,&nbsp;Jia Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Sen Zheng ,&nbsp;Hui Feng Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes a mode-modulated leaky-wave antenna (LWA) based on spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs), featuring spatial high-efficiency right-handed circularly polarized (RHCP) and left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP) radiation in different azimuth directions simultaneously. The LWA consists of the grooved SSPP units loaded with 45°-tilted branch and some same complementary structures etched on the metal ground, where the top-layer SSPP units adopt a symmetric grooved design to improve circular polarization purity. The application of mode modulation theory significantly enhances leaky-wave radiation, enabling the proposed LWA to achieve extremely high radiation efficiency. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed LWA achieves frequency beam-scanning RHCP radiation from 1° to 33° and LHCP radiation from 179° to 147° with high radiation efficiency of over 97 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156189"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A high-sensitivity CMOS rectifier with wide input power range for ambient RF energy harvesting","authors":"Chen Wang,&nbsp;Jian Liu,&nbsp;Ang Li,&nbsp;Di Luo,&nbsp;Rui Wang,&nbsp;Kang Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a CMOS rectifier with wide power dynamic range (PDR) and high-sensitivity for RF energy harvesting. It is developed based on the conventional cross-coupled differentially-driven (CCDD) topology. In this rectifier, a voltage divider is introduced to provide the gate voltage for the bias circuit and to clamp the output voltage. This divider exists between output dc voltage (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>OUT</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span>) and the ground reference (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>SS</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span>). This bias circuit can be used to set the gate voltage of the rectifying MOSFETs. The proposed bias circuit can be employed to enhance the NMOS transistors’ gate voltage and reduce that of the PMOS transistors. This mechanism serves to extend the rectifier’s PDR. For validation, this rectifier is designed and simulated in a 40-nm CMOS process in Cadence software. The post-simulation results show that the proposed rectifier achieves a 87% peak power conversion efficiency (PCE) with a -18.9<!--> <!-->dBm input power (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>in</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span>), a 33.8<!--> <!-->dB PDR (from -38.8<!--> <!-->dBm to -5<!--> <!-->dBm) for PCE <span><math><mo>&gt;</mo></math></span> 20% and a -19.4<!--> <!-->dBm sensitivity with a 1-V output voltage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156181"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A wideband filtering antenna for wearable applications with high suppression level","authors":"Yong-Dan Kong,&nbsp;Xu-Cheng Zhang,&nbsp;Qing-Xin Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A wideband wearable filtering antenna with high suppression level is proposed in this paper. The antenna comprises a radiating patch and a T-shaped strip. A split-ring slot is introduced into the patch, producing a radiation null <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> within the lower stopband. Moreover, by extending the patch width and adding symmetric vertical slots, the TM₀₂ mode is shifted downward toward the passband, creating the second radiation null <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>. The third radiation null <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> is achieved by incorporating the T-shaped strip. A horizontal slot is embedded within the split-ring slot to enhance high-frequency suppression level. In addition, the introduction of the split-ring slot and T-shaped strip efficiently improves the bandwidth of the antenna. The antenna maintains a steady gain of <span><math><mrow><mn>5</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></math></span> dB across its broad impedance bandwidth of 26.4% (2.93–3.88 GHz), while achieving a suppression level exceeding 31.4 dB. What is more, the antenna uses flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the substrate. This enables the antenna to be more easily integrated into wearable devices. A prototype has been fabricated to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 156167"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}