Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications最新文献

{"title":"2-D DOA estimation based on augmented structured Nyquist correlation reconstruction for L-shaped nested array","authors":"Lang Zhou ,&nbsp;Kun Ye ,&nbsp;Jie Qi ,&nbsp;Shaohua Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a two-dimensional (2-D) direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm based on augmented structured Nyquist correlation reconstruction (ASNCR) is proposed for the L-shaped nested array (LsNA). Specifically, the Nyquist spatial filling method is first introduced to generate the equivalent filled array, followed by utilizing compressed sampling to build the correlation between the covariance matrix in the physical array domain and the equivalent one. Then, the augmented structured correlation matrix reconstruction problem based on nuclear norm minus Frobenius norm (NMF) is established by combining the estimation error of the covariance matrix and structural information in the physical array domain to resolve the noise-free covariance matrix, which in turn yields the estimated azimuth angles. Finally, by joining the cross-correlation matrix (CCM) and the estimated azimuth angles, the estimated elevation angles are obtained. In particular, the automatic pairing of 2-D angles of the source signals can be achieved by this algorithm. The results of numerical simulations show that the ASNCR algorithm possesses the capability of underdetermined DOA estimation. Furthermore, compared to existing competing algorithms, the ASNCR algorithm achieves more favorable performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 156059"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145236645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compact polarization-reconfigurable AFSIW array with integrated biasing network","authors":"Victor Van der Elst,&nbsp;Kamil Yavuz Kapusuz,&nbsp;Sam Lemey,&nbsp;Jo Verhaevert,&nbsp;Hendrik Rogier","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A polarization-reconfigurable antenna array with an integrated biasing network is demonstrated using air-filled substrate-integrated waveguide (AFSIW) technology for the [7.75–8.25] GHz sub-band of Frequency Range 3 (FR3). The antenna element features a compact 0.6<span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>6</mn><msub><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> footprint, utilizing a U-shaped slot within a quarter-mode AFSIW topology. Two PIN diodes enable +45°/-45°polarization switching by electrically shorting the slot at well-defined positions. Their DC bias is provided through inductive vias, which are isolated by capacitive gaps, allowing seamless integration without additional biasing components. The stand-alone antenna prototype was fabricated using low-cost printed circuit board (PCB) technology. Moreover, a 2 × 2 array was fabricated to validate the platform’s scalability. Measurements reveal a -10 dB impedance bandwidth of 590 MHz (7.46%) for both the single element and the array. The stand-alone antenna achieves a peak gain of 5.18 dBi, 91% efficiency, and 16.5 dB boresight cross-polarization discrimination across the entire frequency band. The array achieves a peak realized gain of 9.5 dBi, with embedded element radiation patterns closely matching the single-element patterns owing to mutual coupling remaining below -15 dB. 2D steering was demonstrated in simulation for a 4 × 4 array up to 40<span><math><mo>°</mo></math></span>. Measurement results align closely with simulations, confirming effective polarization reconfigurability, making the design well-suited for next-generation FR3 communication systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 156042"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-realistic evaluation of an implantable antenna for safe neurostimulation medical system","authors":"Sherene Jacob,&nbsp;Vasudevan Karuppiah","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work demonstrates a Roman mosaic-inspired meandered-line antenna with a Defected Ground Structure (DGS) for neurostimulator implant devices in the 2.45  GHz ISM band. The ultra-miniaturized antenna has a compact footprint of 4 × 4 × 0.635  mm³, one of the smallest reported in implantable antenna literature. The combined meandered geometry and DGS introduce a slow-wave effect, effectively extending the electrical current path and enabling resonance within this constrained volume. Fabricated on a Rogers 6010 substrate, the antenna has a significant fractional bandwidth of 34.3 % (840 MHz) with −17.1 dBi peak gain when measured. Evaluations of the packaged prototype with battery under tissue-equivalent conditions confirm excellent antenna performance. The design complies with IEEE C95.1 SAR limits. Thermal analysis indicates temperature rise within the safety margins, not more than 1 °C. The antenna maintains stable operation under temperature rise and in the presence of nearby electronic devices. A detailed link budget analysis evaluates the system performance at different bitrates. The results affirm the suitability of the proposed antenna for long-term, safe, and efficient neurostimulator-based biotelemetry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 156054"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) implementation using the pull-up/pull-down resistances integrated in microcontrollers GPIO","authors":"Marco Grossi,&nbsp;Martin Omaña","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Security in wireless sensor networks is usually improved by lightweight authentication and data obfuscation approaches. In such wireless networks, authentication passwords and cryptographic keys can be generated at low cost by Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) devices, that exploit the occurrence of random variations in CMOS technology parameters during manufacturing. In this paper, we study the feasibility to implement PUFs by exploiting the pull-up and pull-down resistances integrated in the General Purpose Input Output (GPIO) interface of microcontrollers. For our study, we performed experimental measurements of the considered PUF on five different STM32F103C8T6 microcontrollers, and we derived its PUF performance metrics commonly used in the literature (uniqueness, uniformity, steadiness, reliability to temperature fluctuations and reliability to power supply fluctuations). The results have shown that different groups of microcontroller pins, that are able to tolerate different maximum voltages, can be characterized by significant differences in the values of the pull-up/pull-down resistances and thus on the performance of the designed PUF. The best results have been obtained for the case of the pull-up resistances of 5 V tolerant pins, for which we have obtained a uniqueness of 44.92 %, a uniformity of 53.31 %, a steadiness of a 99.41 %, a reliability for temperature fluctuations of 97.57 %, and a reliability for power supply fluctuations of 99.84 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 156053"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization and performance analysis of UAV-based full-duplex systems with residual transceiver hardware impairments","authors":"Trong Hai Nguyen ,&nbsp;Ba Cao Nguyen ,&nbsp;Tran Manh Hoang ,&nbsp;Le The Dung ,&nbsp;Jaydeep Bodwadkar ,&nbsp;Aditya Kaushik ,&nbsp;Lam-Thanh Tu","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we study a full-duplex (FD) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication system affected by residual transceiver hardware impairments (RTHI) and residual self-interference (RSI). We derive analytical expressions for the symbol error probability (SEP) and achievable rate (AR) under the separate and combined effects of RTHI and RSI. To mitigate the negative impact of these impairments, particularly RSI inherent in FD operation, we propose an optimal UAV transmit power scheme that minimizes the SEP or, equivalently, maximizes the AR, subject to RTHI, RSI, and a practical transmit power constraint. The derived expressions are validated through Monte-Carlo simulations. Numerical results show that both RTHI and RSI significantly affect system performance. When one impairment is small, the effect of the other becomes more noticeable. When both are strong, SEP and AR rapidly saturate. In such cases, the proposed power control strategy helps reduce SEP, increase AR, and prevent saturation at high transmit power levels. The results also show that using optimal transmit power improves the performance of FD systems compared to conventional half-duplex (HD) systems. Importantly, the optimal transmit power is much lower than the traditional power commonly used by UAVs. As a result, the full-duplex unmanned aerial vehicle (FD-UAV) system with RTHI consumes less power than the scenario without power optimization. We also analyze the impact of modulation order, bandwidth, UAV altitude, and operating frequency on SEP and AR. Based on the results, we provide useful recommendations to improve the performance of FD-UAV systems under RTHI and RSI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 156045"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Broadband low-profile and Low-RCS circular polarization metasurface antenna based on hybrid mechanism with characteristic mode analysis","authors":"Ziyi Tian ,&nbsp;Lingling Yang ,&nbsp;Zhigang Cheng ,&nbsp;Bin Cai ,&nbsp;Yongzhi Cheng ,&nbsp;Hui Luo ,&nbsp;Xiangcheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this letter, we present a broadband low-profile and low-RCS circularly polarized (CP) antenna, comprising three layered integrated components: metasurface (MS) layer based on a centrosymmetric architecture with dual-effect control components, an absorbing layer featuring four disk-shaped patches, and an aperture-coupled feed network, which are separated by dielectric substrates. These dual-effect control components simultaneously broaden the CP bandwidth by indirect mode suppression and achieve RCS reduction via phase-cancellation effects. An aperture-coupled feeding structure, implemented with microstrip lines and an L-shaped slot, is employed to excite two orthogonal modes with a 90^° phase difference, thereby achieving CP radiation. Then, leveraging the hybrid mechanism of phase cancellation and absorption, an absorbing layer is employed to further attenuate the RCS. Finally, a low-profile CP antenna with dimensions of λ₀×λ₀×0.075λ₀ at 5 GHz is successfully designed, fabricated, and experimentally validated. The experimental results demonstrate that the measured 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of the MS antenna spans from 3.78 GHz to 6.41 GHz, covering 51.7 % of the frequency range. The corresponding impedance bandwidth ranges from 3.82 GHz to 6.38 GHz, achieving 50.2 % bandwidth. Furthermore, the MS antenna exhibits a 10 dB RCS reduction bandwidth from 6 GHz to 8.91 GHz, representing 40 % of the frequency range. The peak gain is measured at 13.1 dBic at the center frequency of 5.8 GHz.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 156043"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Miniaturized quad-element UWB MIMO antenna with reconfigurable X/Ku/K-band notched performance for cognitive radio application","authors":"Biswa Ranjan Swain,&nbsp;Ashish Kumar Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this manuscript, a miniaturized Ultra-Wideband (UWB) reconfigurable MIMO antenna system with sequentially rotated quad elements is proposed to support cognitive radio applications. The developed antenna utilizes a second-order Koch fractal configuration in conjunction with a perturbed ground structure. The individual antenna elements operate at 3<em>.</em>7 <em>−</em> 24 GHz UWB band, where the frequency reconfigurability is realized using a pair of P-I-N diodes connected to the ground plane of each individual antenna. This antenna configuration uses a simplest biasing mechanism using a high impedance H-shaped transmission line. The switching modes of the pair of diodes in each antenna elements determine the band-reject characteristics in Ku and K band (10<em>.</em>6 <em>−</em> 24 GHz). The prototype MIMO antenna system is analyzed through simulations by using CST MWS and verified with fabrication followed by measurement. The MIMO configuration exhibits more than 20 dB inter-port isolation in all diode switching states. Furthermore, the MIMO performance metrices such as ECC (envelop correlation) and CCL (channel capacity loss) are estimated having values <em>&lt;</em> 0<em>.</em>12 and <em>&lt;</em> 0<em>.</em>4 bits/s/Hz respectively. The UWB MIMO configuration is suitable in cognitive radio applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 156049"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel design of RIS unit cell with ML-PSO based varactor diode tuning for optimal reflection characteristics","authors":"Mohammad Hannan,&nbsp;Saptarshi Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156048","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This paper introduces a novel reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) unit cell capable of frequency-dependent dynamic phase and polarization control. The structure integrates four SMV series varactor diodes, enabling continuous tuning of both phase and axial ratio across multiple frequency bands without requiring physical modification. Full-wave simulations confirm the reconfigurability of the structure across multiple frequency bands. The proposed unit cell demonstrates wideband phase tunability, ranging from &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;78&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;66&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; to &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;134&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;31&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; at 3.2&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;GHz, &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;146&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;87&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; to &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;177&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;571&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; at 4.7&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;GHz, &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;158&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;54&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; to &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;192&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; at 5.0&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;GHz, &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;163&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;41&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; to &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;239&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;73&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; at 5.15&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;GHz and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;156&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;99&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; to &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;179&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;9&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; at 6.75&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;GHz. The reflection amplitude remains high (better than –3 dB) across the lower bands (3.2–5.15 GHz), whereas certain states at 6.75 GHz exhibit increased loss, primarily due to tuning asymmetry. At 3.2 and 6.75 GHz, the unit cell demonstrates significant polarization agility, where the axial ratio varies from 1 dB to 65 dB under different biasing conditions, allowing transitions between circular, elliptical, and linear polarization states. Electromagnetic (EM) behavior is validated through co-simulation, and an equivalent circuit model is developed to replicate the varactor-based tuning response. Thereby, a machine learning (ML)-Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-based framework is proposed to optimize the reflection characteristics by tuning the input to the varactor diodes. The proposed methodology leverages ML models, including Random Forest, XGBoost, Gradient Boost, Neural Networks, and Circular Regression, to estimate the values of optimal fitness functions. Thereby, the best-performing ML model is utilized to solve a multi-objective optimization problem using PSO, leading to a performance improvement of phase of 16.78%, 8.77%, 7.3%, 3.31% and 1.6% at each frequency respectively. Consequently, the proposed integration of EM simulation, circuit modeling, and data-driven optimization offers a scalable design methodology for RIS, which has been proven with a design of 4 × 3 RIS array and validated with fabrication and testing in an a","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 156048"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EHRP-WSN: Energy-Efficient Hyperheuristic Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Soni Chaurasia ,&nbsp;Kamal Kumar ,&nbsp;Anil Kumar Kamboj","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), the energy efficiency of sensor nodes is a major concern, as these nodes quickly deplete their energy during data transmission. This leads to network overhead and hotspot problems. To address these issues, an Energy-Efficient Hyperheuristic Routing Protocol (EHRP-WSN) is proposed. The proposed protocol integrates Q-learning with a BES metaheuristic routing algorithm. Q-learning selects a forwarder node (FN) based on experience-driven heuristics, while BES determines the most energy-efficient path for transmission to the base station. This hyperheuristic method is based on an optimal decision-making approach. Therefore, EHRP-WSN minimizes unnecessary transmissions by forwarding only optimal data to the base station (BS) through optimal routes. Simulation results demonstrate that EHRP-WSN outperforms existing metaheuristic routing protocols such as HMBCR, GAPSO-H, EPO-BES, MOCRAW, and MH-ARO. EHRP-WSN also compares with the Q-learning protocol, such as EAQ-AODV and QTAR. The protocol achieves a notable average energy consumption (AEC) from 0.0108 J to 0.0423 J, a packet delivery ratio (PDR) of 96.47%, alive node 98%, throughput ranging from 856 to 1387 bits/s, and average delay (AD) from 0.0111 ms to 0.0169 ms. These results validate the effectiveness of EHRP-WSN in enhancing energy efficiency and overall performance in WSN environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 156044"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Ultra-Low Noise, Power-Efficient AFE based on Current-Reuse and splitting techniques for Multibiosignal acquisition","authors":"Zahra Mehrabi Moghadam,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Salehi,&nbsp;Maziar Gordi,&nbsp;Ebrahim Abiri","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an ultra-low-power and low-noise Bio-analog front-end (BioAFE) with a tunable frequency response for bio signals acquisition such as EEG, ECG, and EMG. The proposed BioAFE consists of only two stages. In the first stage, the proposed operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) successfully employs current reuse and gain boosting techniques to enhance power efficiency and gain. In the second stage of the proposed BioAFE, the band-pass filter (BPF) and variable gain amplifier (VGA) are integrated to optimize energy consumption and reduce chip area. A current-splitting technique is proposed in this stage, which adjusts the high cut-off frequency by modifying the OTA’s transconductance without additional power consumption. Consequently, the proposed BioAFE can provide a gain of 65 dB, 54 dB and 44 dB with bandwidth of (0.4–100 Hz), (0.5–500 Hz) and (12–1500 Hz) for EEG, ECG and EMG signals, respectively. The proposed BioAFE, which employs chopper stabilization and positive feedback loop (PFL) techniques in its first stage, has successfully improved the input-referred noise and input impedance to 309 nVrms and 9 GΩ, respectively. The proposed BioAFE operates with a 0.8 V power supply and consumes a total power of 144 nW. The proposed structure has been designed and evaluated using Cadence software on TSMC 65 nm CMOS technology, occupying a chip area of 0.0645 mm².</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 156051"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}