Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications最新文献

{"title":"Optimization and performance analysis of UAV-based full-duplex systems with residual transceiver hardware impairments","authors":"Trong Hai Nguyen ,&nbsp;Ba Cao Nguyen ,&nbsp;Tran Manh Hoang ,&nbsp;Le The Dung ,&nbsp;Jaydeep Bodwadkar ,&nbsp;Aditya Kaushik ,&nbsp;Lam-Thanh Tu","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we study a full-duplex (FD) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication system affected by residual transceiver hardware impairments (RTHI) and residual self-interference (RSI). We derive analytical expressions for the symbol error probability (SEP) and achievable rate (AR) under the separate and combined effects of RTHI and RSI. To mitigate the negative impact of these impairments, particularly RSI inherent in FD operation, we propose an optimal UAV transmit power scheme that minimizes the SEP or, equivalently, maximizes the AR, subject to RTHI, RSI, and a practical transmit power constraint. The derived expressions are validated through Monte-Carlo simulations. Numerical results show that both RTHI and RSI significantly affect system performance. When one impairment is small, the effect of the other becomes more noticeable. When both are strong, SEP and AR rapidly saturate. In such cases, the proposed power control strategy helps reduce SEP, increase AR, and prevent saturation at high transmit power levels. The results also show that using optimal transmit power improves the performance of FD systems compared to conventional half-duplex (HD) systems. Importantly, the optimal transmit power is much lower than the traditional power commonly used by UAVs. As a result, the full-duplex unmanned aerial vehicle (FD-UAV) system with RTHI consumes less power than the scenario without power optimization. We also analyze the impact of modulation order, bandwidth, UAV altitude, and operating frequency on SEP and AR. Based on the results, we provide useful recommendations to improve the performance of FD-UAV systems under RTHI and RSI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 156045"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Broadband low-profile and Low-RCS circular polarization metasurface antenna based on hybrid mechanism with characteristic mode analysis","authors":"Ziyi Tian ,&nbsp;Lingling Yang ,&nbsp;Zhigang Cheng ,&nbsp;Bin Cai ,&nbsp;Yongzhi Cheng ,&nbsp;Hui Luo ,&nbsp;Xiangcheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this letter, we present a broadband low-profile and low-RCS circularly polarized (CP) antenna, comprising three layered integrated components: metasurface (MS) layer based on a centrosymmetric architecture with dual-effect control components, an absorbing layer featuring four disk-shaped patches, and an aperture-coupled feed network, which are separated by dielectric substrates. These dual-effect control components simultaneously broaden the CP bandwidth by indirect mode suppression and achieve RCS reduction via phase-cancellation effects. An aperture-coupled feeding structure, implemented with microstrip lines and an L-shaped slot, is employed to excite two orthogonal modes with a 90^° phase difference, thereby achieving CP radiation. Then, leveraging the hybrid mechanism of phase cancellation and absorption, an absorbing layer is employed to further attenuate the RCS. Finally, a low-profile CP antenna with dimensions of λ₀×λ₀×0.075λ₀ at 5 GHz is successfully designed, fabricated, and experimentally validated. The experimental results demonstrate that the measured 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of the MS antenna spans from 3.78 GHz to 6.41 GHz, covering 51.7 % of the frequency range. The corresponding impedance bandwidth ranges from 3.82 GHz to 6.38 GHz, achieving 50.2 % bandwidth. Furthermore, the MS antenna exhibits a 10 dB RCS reduction bandwidth from 6 GHz to 8.91 GHz, representing 40 % of the frequency range. The peak gain is measured at 13.1 dBic at the center frequency of 5.8 GHz.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 156043"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Miniaturized quad-element UWB MIMO antenna with reconfigurable X/Ku/K-band notched performance for cognitive radio application","authors":"Biswa Ranjan Swain,&nbsp;Ashish Kumar Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this manuscript, a miniaturized Ultra-Wideband (UWB) reconfigurable MIMO antenna system with sequentially rotated quad elements is proposed to support cognitive radio applications. The developed antenna utilizes a second-order Koch fractal configuration in conjunction with a perturbed ground structure. The individual antenna elements operate at 3<em>.</em>7 <em>−</em> 24 GHz UWB band, where the frequency reconfigurability is realized using a pair of P-I-N diodes connected to the ground plane of each individual antenna. This antenna configuration uses a simplest biasing mechanism using a high impedance H-shaped transmission line. The switching modes of the pair of diodes in each antenna elements determine the band-reject characteristics in Ku and K band (10<em>.</em>6 <em>−</em> 24 GHz). The prototype MIMO antenna system is analyzed through simulations by using CST MWS and verified with fabrication followed by measurement. The MIMO configuration exhibits more than 20 dB inter-port isolation in all diode switching states. Furthermore, the MIMO performance metrices such as ECC (envelop correlation) and CCL (channel capacity loss) are estimated having values <em>&lt;</em> 0<em>.</em>12 and <em>&lt;</em> 0<em>.</em>4 bits/s/Hz respectively. The UWB MIMO configuration is suitable in cognitive radio applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 156049"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel design of RIS unit cell with ML-PSO based varactor diode tuning for optimal reflection characteristics","authors":"Mohammad Hannan,&nbsp;Saptarshi Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156048","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This paper introduces a novel reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) unit cell capable of frequency-dependent dynamic phase and polarization control. The structure integrates four SMV series varactor diodes, enabling continuous tuning of both phase and axial ratio across multiple frequency bands without requiring physical modification. Full-wave simulations confirm the reconfigurability of the structure across multiple frequency bands. The proposed unit cell demonstrates wideband phase tunability, ranging from &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;78&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;66&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; to &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;134&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;31&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; at 3.2&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;GHz, &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;146&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;87&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; to &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;177&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;571&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; at 4.7&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;GHz, &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;158&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;54&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; to &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;192&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; at 5.0&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;GHz, &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;163&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;41&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; to &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;239&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;73&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; at 5.15&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;GHz and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;156&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;99&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; to &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;179&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;9&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;°&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; at 6.75&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;GHz. The reflection amplitude remains high (better than –3 dB) across the lower bands (3.2–5.15 GHz), whereas certain states at 6.75 GHz exhibit increased loss, primarily due to tuning asymmetry. At 3.2 and 6.75 GHz, the unit cell demonstrates significant polarization agility, where the axial ratio varies from 1 dB to 65 dB under different biasing conditions, allowing transitions between circular, elliptical, and linear polarization states. Electromagnetic (EM) behavior is validated through co-simulation, and an equivalent circuit model is developed to replicate the varactor-based tuning response. Thereby, a machine learning (ML)-Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-based framework is proposed to optimize the reflection characteristics by tuning the input to the varactor diodes. The proposed methodology leverages ML models, including Random Forest, XGBoost, Gradient Boost, Neural Networks, and Circular Regression, to estimate the values of optimal fitness functions. Thereby, the best-performing ML model is utilized to solve a multi-objective optimization problem using PSO, leading to a performance improvement of phase of 16.78%, 8.77%, 7.3%, 3.31% and 1.6% at each frequency respectively. Consequently, the proposed integration of EM simulation, circuit modeling, and data-driven optimization offers a scalable design methodology for RIS, which has been proven with a design of 4 × 3 RIS array and validated with fabrication and testing in an a","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 156048"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EHRP-WSN: Energy-Efficient Hyperheuristic Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Soni Chaurasia ,&nbsp;Kamal Kumar ,&nbsp;Anil Kumar Kamboj","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), the energy efficiency of sensor nodes is a major concern, as these nodes quickly deplete their energy during data transmission. This leads to network overhead and hotspot problems. To address these issues, an Energy-Efficient Hyperheuristic Routing Protocol (EHRP-WSN) is proposed. The proposed protocol integrates Q-learning with a BES metaheuristic routing algorithm. Q-learning selects a forwarder node (FN) based on experience-driven heuristics, while BES determines the most energy-efficient path for transmission to the base station. This hyperheuristic method is based on an optimal decision-making approach. Therefore, EHRP-WSN minimizes unnecessary transmissions by forwarding only optimal data to the base station (BS) through optimal routes. Simulation results demonstrate that EHRP-WSN outperforms existing metaheuristic routing protocols such as HMBCR, GAPSO-H, EPO-BES, MOCRAW, and MH-ARO. EHRP-WSN also compares with the Q-learning protocol, such as EAQ-AODV and QTAR. The protocol achieves a notable average energy consumption (AEC) from 0.0108 J to 0.0423 J, a packet delivery ratio (PDR) of 96.47%, alive node 98%, throughput ranging from 856 to 1387 bits/s, and average delay (AD) from 0.0111 ms to 0.0169 ms. These results validate the effectiveness of EHRP-WSN in enhancing energy efficiency and overall performance in WSN environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 156044"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Ultra-Low Noise, Power-Efficient AFE based on Current-Reuse and splitting techniques for Multibiosignal acquisition","authors":"Zahra Mehrabi Moghadam,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Salehi,&nbsp;Maziar Gordi,&nbsp;Ebrahim Abiri","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an ultra-low-power and low-noise Bio-analog front-end (BioAFE) with a tunable frequency response for bio signals acquisition such as EEG, ECG, and EMG. The proposed BioAFE consists of only two stages. In the first stage, the proposed operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) successfully employs current reuse and gain boosting techniques to enhance power efficiency and gain. In the second stage of the proposed BioAFE, the band-pass filter (BPF) and variable gain amplifier (VGA) are integrated to optimize energy consumption and reduce chip area. A current-splitting technique is proposed in this stage, which adjusts the high cut-off frequency by modifying the OTA’s transconductance without additional power consumption. Consequently, the proposed BioAFE can provide a gain of 65 dB, 54 dB and 44 dB with bandwidth of (0.4–100 Hz), (0.5–500 Hz) and (12–1500 Hz) for EEG, ECG and EMG signals, respectively. The proposed BioAFE, which employs chopper stabilization and positive feedback loop (PFL) techniques in its first stage, has successfully improved the input-referred noise and input impedance to 309 nVrms and 9 GΩ, respectively. The proposed BioAFE operates with a 0.8 V power supply and consumes a total power of 144 nW. The proposed structure has been designed and evaluated using Cadence software on TSMC 65 nm CMOS technology, occupying a chip area of 0.0645 mm².</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 156051"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of monopole antennas with various grounds for 2.4 GHz applications","authors":"Manh Tuan Nguyen,&nbsp;Talgat R. Gazizov","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work we presented the design and comparative analysis of monopole antennas with various grounds, such as solid, wire-grid (WG), and sparse WG. The design details of sparse WG structures using the optimal current grid approximation (OCGA) and its modifications with changed grid element elimination tolerance are presented. Notably, the mass and surface area of the sparse WG structures are smaller than those of the original WG structure and significantly smaller than those of the solid structure. The mass and surface area of the sparse WG structures are reduced up to 13 and 7 times, respectively, compared to the solid structure. Comparisons of antenna characteristics show good agreement between the simulation results and the experimental results obtained for the solid structure, original and sparse WG structures. In some cases, the antenna characteristics of the sparse WG structures are even slightly better than those of the original WG and solid structures. The comparative analysis further demonstrates the effectiveness of OCGA and its modifications in creating sparse WG antennas. They can be used as a replacement for the solid structure, while significantly reducing the antenna mass and maintaining the required antenna characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 156050"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Al2O3 Ceramic-Based Swastika-Shaped Quad-Port MIMO antenna with diversity feature for 5.9 GHz intelligent transport systems applications","authors":"Jayant Kumar Sahu,&nbsp;Anshul Gupta,&nbsp;Gouri Shankar Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The proposed work presents a quad-port Circularly Polarized (CP) cylindrical Al₂O₃ ceramic-based Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) designed for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with pattern diversity, operating within the 5.2 GHz to 6.3 GHz frequency range. The antenna achieves an axial-ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of 5.86 GHz to 6.02 GHz, maintaining an AR below 3 dB. A hybrid rectangular slot configuration is employed for electromagnetic excitation, utilizing a microstrip line to optimize coupling with the Al₂O₃ ceramic. Pattern diversity is achieved by positioning two Al₂O₃-based DRA’s above the substrate and two below, generating 180-degree out-of-phase radiation patterns in upward and downward directions, effectively reducing correlation and enhancing diversity gain. The proposed design exhibits distinct directional radiation patterns, ensuring efficient signal coverage and mitigating interference in multipath-rich environments. Furthermore, polarization diversity is realized through complementary left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) at oppositely oriented ports, improving signal quality and increasing channel capacity. The antenna demonstrates circular polarization, high isolation, diverse radiation patterns, and robust diversity performance, making it a promising candidate for intelligent transport system (ITS) applications and high-speed vehicular communications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 156052"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An improved multifunction network using two current feedback operational amplifiers","authors":"Data Ram Bhaskar ,&nbsp;Ajishek Raj ,&nbsp;Khushwant Sehra ,&nbsp;Raj Senani","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this communication, an improved multifunction network configuration realizable with only two Current Feedback Operational Amplifiers (CFOAs) has been introduced which can realise (i) a universal filter (ii) two different grounded capacitor single resistance controlled oscillators (GC-SRCOs) and (iii) two positive and two negative synthetic grounded inductors, by altering certain network connections with a variety of useful characteristics and features, as compared to a similar circuit presented earlier. The workability of the various modes of operation of the proposed circuit configuration has been verified through SPICE simulations as well as hardware implementations based on commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) AD844-type CFOAs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 156047"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sub-threshold 10 T FinFET-based single-ended SRAM cell for energy-efficient high-speed operation","authors":"Tejas D. Darji ,&nbsp;Arpita Patel ,&nbsp;Mitesh J. Limachia","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An ultra-low-power, high-speed 10-transistor (P10T) sub-threshold Static Random-Access Memory (SRAM) bit-cell featuring single-ended operation has been proposed and evaluated in this work. To enhance read stability and minimize read delay, a decoupled read path comprising an inverter and a low threshold voltage transistor has been employed. Furthermore, writability and write delay have been improved by integrating a power gating mechanism in the write path. The bit-cell design also benefits from reduced leakage power, which is attributed to the elimination of bitline leakage during read operations and the stacked transistors availability in the SRAM core. The bit-cell has been designed using 18 nm FinFET technology and analyzed under both near-threshold (near-Vt) and super-threshold (super-Vt) operating conditions. Comparative assessments were performed against several state-of-the-art single-ended 10 T and 11 T SRAM cells, as well as the traditional 6 T SRAM architecture. In the near-Vt region, the proposed design has demonstrated lower leakage power by 40.44 %, 25.07 %, 29.87 %, 0.58 %, 46.35 %, and 10.41 % when compared to 6 T, ESE10T, HSLP10T, ULP10T, FC11T, and LPWE11T designs, respectively. Additionally, improvements in read and write delays have been observed, with reductions of 3.61x/1.08x, 3.59x/2.51x, 3.82x/1.32x, 5.44x/1.57x, and 3.80x/1.08x relative to the same respective cells in the near-Vt region. The proposed cell area has been measured as 2.924 µm², which is approximately 1.794 times more than that of a conventional 6 T cell. To provide a more comprehensive evaluation, an Electrical Quality Metric (EQM) was formulated, incorporating all key performance indicators. Using this metric, the proposed SRAM bit-cell demonstrated enhanced performance in both near-threshold (near-Vt) and above-threshold (super-Vt) operating modes relative to the other evaluated designs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 156046"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}