{"title":"OpenCL-accelerated FPGA for real-time AES-128 signal encryption and decryption","authors":"Iman Firmansyah , Bambang Setiadi , Suyoto Suyoto , Salita Ulitia Prini , Ratna Indrawijaya , Budiman P.A. Rohman , Yoshiki Yamaguchi","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156187","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156187","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for secure, real-time signal transmission in applications such as IoT, communication systems, and multimedia necessitates low-latency cryptographic solutions. FPGAs are well-suited for this task due to their parallelism and high-throughput capabilities. However, conventional development using hardware description languages (HDLs) can be time-consuming, especially when debugging complex systems. To address these limitations, this work introduces an OpenCL-based framework for implementing real-time AES-128 encryption and decryption on FPGA platforms. The proposed method leverages hardware acceleration and high-level synthesis (HLS) to significantly reduce development time while sustaining high computational performance. A custom analog-to-digital converter (ADC) module based on the Avalon Streaming interface was developed to facilitate continuous data acquisition and real-time signal encryption through OpenCL I/O streaming channels. The system was implemented on an Intel Cyclone V FPGA, interfaced with a dual-channel, 14-bit ADC operating at 100 MHz. Experimental results show that the optimized AES-128 encryption pipeline achieved 98% of its theoretical maximum throughput (3.15 Gbps) when processing streamed ADC input, while the decryption process reached 98% of its peak throughput (9.6 Gbps) when using DDR memory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156187"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spatiotemporal modulated multi-functional Non-reciprocal filtering phase shifter with continuously tunable frequency and isolator functionalities","authors":"Girdhari Chaudhary , Yongchae Jeong","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents RF co-design approach for a multi-function filtering phase shifter that integrate functionalities of a tunable bandpass filter, continuously tunable phase shifter, and isolator into a single circuit. To support detailed design, the analytical spectral S-parameters of the proposed multi-function non-reciprocal filtering phase shifter have been derived. The isolator functionality (<em>i.e.</em> |S<sub>21</sub>| ≠ |S<sub>12</sub>|) can be achieved using time-varying capacitors modulated by progressive phase shift sinusoidal signal. The frequency and transmission phase can be simultaneously tuned by varying resonant frequency of resonators. For experimental validation, a microstrip line multi-function non-reciprocal filtering phase shifter is designed, fabricated and measured. The measurement demonstrates a phase shift range of 200<sup>o</sup> with forward insertion loss less than 4.9 dB and reverse isolation higher than 30 dB across all phase shift and frequency tuning states. The passband frequency is tuned from 1.42 GHz to 1.75 GHz, providing frequency tunability range of 330 MHz (<em>i.e.</em> tuning ratio: 1:1.2324), while maintaining phase shift range of 200<sup>o</sup> at each frequency tuning state. Furthermore, the measured input and output return losses are higher than 12 dB for each phase shift and passband frequency tuning states.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156192"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design and application of memristive emotion-driven behavior circuit influenced by reward and punishment mechanisms","authors":"Mi Lin, Xuanxuan Zhou, Chong Zhang, Jiapan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emotion is a psychological state triggered by the presentation, cessation, or absence of reward or punishment stimuli, and can also be seen as a set of responses elicited by instrumental reinforcers, where rewards and punishments serve as such stimuli to provoke emotional reactions. Emotions are integral to human cognition and behavior, serving as a driving force for various physical actions. This study presents a memristive emotion-driven behavior circuit, designed to simulate the influence of reward and punishment mechanisms on emotional and behavioral responses. The Self-Responding Emotional Behavior (SEB) model is employed to explain the generation of emotions, motivational behaviors, and the neural mechanisms underlying these processes. The circuit replicates how rewards, punishments, and other reinforcers modulate emotional responses, facilitating the generation of emotion-driven behaviors, the formation of associative emotional reactions, and the expression of emotions triggered by environmental stimuli. Ultimately, this memristive circuit is intended for integration into the emotion module of interactive robots, providing a reference for enhancing robots’ emotional responses to external stimuli. This work contributes to the development of robots capable of emotional expression and responsive interaction with humans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 156175"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Binwen Wang , Hui Ning , Youjie Yan , Yan Wang , Xiaorun Li
{"title":"Dual-plane Vivaldi antenna with inherent reflection suppression for UWB pulse applications","authors":"Binwen Wang , Hui Ning , Youjie Yan , Yan Wang , Xiaorun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Planar end-fire antennas are inherently compatible with the key advantages and practical requirements of solid-state pulse sources and array configurations. This paper presents a fundamental resistive loading dual-plane Vivaldi antenna model. Its unique configuration features inherent time-domain reflection voltage suppression and enhanced power-handling capacity. Critically, the introduced resistive loading has a negligible impact on the antenna’s time-domain radiation performance. Building upon this foundational model, an element antenna for large-scale arrays in electromagnetic vulnerability testing is further developed, conforming to a <span><math><mrow><mi>A</mi><mn>4</mn></mrow></math></span> paper size. Measurements under monopolar pulse excitation (270 ps rise time) demonstrate a consistent effective potential gain of 1.5 with or without loading, while resistive loading reduces the time-domain reflection voltage peak by 68%. Moreover, the design achieves an optimized S11<span><math><mo><</mo></math></span> −15 dB from 0.60 to 2.84 GHz while maintaining a stable, high gain (<span><math><mo>≥</mo></math></span>5.18 dBi) across this band. The proposed design successfully concurrently integrates low reflection, high gain, and improved power tolerance, offering a comprehensive and effective solution for UWB short-pulse radiation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156180"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A real-time FPGA-based hardware module for adaptive noise correction in cardiac bioelectronic systems: Toward robust signal conditioning for implantable biosensors","authors":"Milad Ghanbarpour , Muhammad Akmal Chaudhary , Maher Assaad , Gilda Ghanbarpour","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Recent efforts focus on hardware-based emulation of cardiac pacemaker cells using differential equation models for the electrophysiological activity of sinoatrial (SA) and Purkinje Fiber (PF) cells. While these models provide high signal fidelity, they assume ideal, noise-free conditions, ignoring the inevitable presence of noise in biological and digital biosensor systems, including implantable bioelectronic platforms. This study presents a hardware module for real-time noise correction in cardiac biosignals, designed for processing data from various sources by identifying disturbances and applying corrective algorithms. It examines noise correction using two filtering algorithms: Least Mean Squares (LMS) and Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), highlighting the specific advantages and applications of each. Additionally, the impact of several optimization techniques on the results of the hardware implementation, including accuracy, power consumption, resource usage, and frequency, is analyzed. This work can serve as an initial step toward integrating adaptive noise correction methods into future implantable or diagnostic cardiac biosensing systems, enhancing the robustness and reliability of next-generation bioelectronic interfaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 156162"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julia Nako , Ahmed S. Elwakil , Costas Psychalinos , Brent J. Maundy
{"title":"On the behavior of cascaded Gaussian impulse response filters","authors":"Julia Nako , Ahmed S. Elwakil , Costas Psychalinos , Brent J. Maundy","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The behavior of the cascade connection of two filters each having a true Gaussian impulse response function is studied in this work. It is particularly shown that the impulse response of the resulting higher-order filter is not a true Gaussian function, as might initially be assumed based on the properties of the Gaussian distribution. To validate our findings, an approximation of the cascade filter transfer function was performed through the employment of a curve-fitting technique, and simulations as well as experimental results (using a Field Programmable Analog Array) are shown to match well with the theory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 156132"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design and analysis of a self-interference-free QR decomposition-based GFDM system under generalized α–η–κ–μ fading channels for next-generation wireless applications","authors":"Naga Siva Prasad Bodempudi, Ashvini Chaturvedi, Rashmi H., Muralidhar Kulkarni","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing is a potential multicarrier waveform designed to meet the diverse requirements of beyond 5G (B5G)/6G systems. However, its non-orthogonal design leads to intrinsic self-interference, such as inter-subsymbol and inter-subcarrier interference. This paper proposes a QR decomposition (QRD)-based GFDM transceiver using a direct current shift–triangular raised cosine filter to eradicate self-interference. Proposed QRD-GFDM ensures orthogonality among subsymbols and subcarriers, enabling interference-free pilot insertion, reliable data transmission, and accurate channel estimation. Analytical symbol error rate expressions for QRD-GFDM with M-PSK and M-QAM under generalized <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>–<span><math><mi>η</mi></math></span>–<span><math><mi>κ</mi></math></span>–<span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span> fading are derived and validated for various channel conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that QRD-GFDM outperforms conventional GFDM by eradicating self-interference, enhancing channel estimation, and delivering robust performance in fading environments, making it a potential waveform for next-generation wireless applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 156168"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feifei Yang , Jia He , Xinlin Song , Huiping Yin , Jiangxing Chen
{"title":"Modeling and dynamical Behaviors of a hyperchaotic map based on dual-memristor circuit without inductor","authors":"Feifei Yang , Jia He , Xinlin Song , Huiping Yin , Jiangxing Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2026.156195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2026.156195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamic characteristics of nonlinear circuits can be significantly enriched by the introduction of memristors. However, most existing memristor-based nonlinear circuits rely on inductive components, which limit the potential of memristor-based nonlinear circuits for miniaturization and on-chip implementation. Therefore, a memristor-based nonlinear circuit without inductor can overcome these limitations. In this work, a dual-memristor nonlinear circuit without inductor is designed, and then the dynamical equation of the dual-memristor nonlinear circuit and the corresponding energy function are obtained by using Kirchhoff's laws and Helmholtz's theorems. Furthermore, a novel hyperchaotic map is established from the dynamical equations of the dual-memristor nonlinear circuit by linearly transforming the state equations. Phase portraits, complexity measures, Lyapunov exponents, and bifurcation diagrams are employed to comprehensively analyze the complex dynamical behaviors of the proposed map. The results demonstrate that the map exhibits rich dynamical phenomena, such as periodic, chaotic, and hyperchaotic regimes. This work offers a valuable framework for applications in secure communication and pseudo-random number generation that require complex, high-dimensional chaotic dynamics. In addition, the elimination of the inductor not only makes the circuit model more amenable to very large-scale integration implementation but also provides a new and efficient discrete-time model for theoretical research in hyperchaos.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156195"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samir Ait Lhadj Lamin , Ibrahim Elbatal , Mahmoud M. Abdelwahab , Kamal M. Othman , Mohamad Khairi Ishak , Mohammad Shokouhifar , Ali Wagdy Mohamed
{"title":"Fuzzy knowledge-based ant colony optimization for sequential RFID network design in hospitals using heterogeneous readers and antennas","authors":"Samir Ait Lhadj Lamin , Ibrahim Elbatal , Mahmoud M. Abdelwahab , Kamal M. Othman , Mohamad Khairi Ishak , Mohammad Shokouhifar , Ali Wagdy Mohamed","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) plays a vital role in hospital asset tracking, yet most existing RFID Network Planning (RNP) models assume identical antennas and single-antenna readers, leading to higher costs and limited flexibility. To address these challenges, this study proposes a Cost-Efficient Fuzzy-Driven Ant Colony Optimization (CEFD-ACO) framework for optimizing RNP in hospital environments. The framework introduces heterogeneous directional multi-antenna readers, where each reader can host multiple antennas with varying costs, beamwidths, and read ranges. This design allows for more efficient coverage and reduced interference. A fuzzy inference system is integrated into the metaheuristic-driven optimization process to guide intelligent decisions in reader placement and antenna selection. Simulation results from two hospital case studies show that CEFD-ACO improves coverage by 7.8%, reduces interference by 84.5%, and lowers deployment cost by 28.4% compared with existing approaches. These results demonstrate the framework’s potential to enhance cost-effectiveness and reliability in real-world RFID-based hospital asset tracking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 156152"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhiqing Liu , Cheng Bi , Xianrong Zhang , Zhijiang Dai
{"title":"Enhancing LMBA linearity using an AM–PM predefined output networks","authors":"Zhiqing Liu , Cheng Bi , Xianrong Zhang , Zhijiang Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a new method is proposed to design a linearity-enhanced load modulated balanced amplifier (LMBA). This method optimizes the phase difference parameter to achieve a predefined amplitude-to-phase (AM–PM) characteristic while ensuring proper load modulation and high efficiency at output back-off state. The predefined AM–PM characteristic is chosen to be the inverse of the control transistor to improve the overall linearity of the LMBA. For proof-of-concept validation purposes, a linearity-enhanced LMBA circuit prototype is designed to provide linear overall AM–PM characteristics at 2.1 GHz. Meanwhile, its input matching network is designed to minimize the AM–AM distortion by properly selecting the source impedances. Under continuous wave excitation, the fabricated LMBA show that the drain efficiency is 40.2% at 9 dB output back-off power level and the saturated drain efficiency is 50.6%. Besides, the gain compression under continuous-wave stimuli is 3.02 dB. Furthermore, under excitation by carrier aggregated signals with modulation bandwidths of up to 40 MHz and a peak-to-average power ratio equal to 9 dB, the LMBA prototype maintains an adjacent channel leakage ratio of better than −35.6 dBc with a drain efficiency excessing 40%, without any additional linearization schemes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156182"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}