Carbon Balance and Management最新文献

{"title":"Stand structure and Brazilian pine as key determinants of carbon stock in a subtropical Atlantic forest","authors":"Vinicius Costa Cysneiros,&nbsp;Allan Libanio Pelissari,&nbsp;Afonso Figueiredo Filho","doi":"10.1186/s13021-024-00284-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-024-00284-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Understanding the drivers of variations in carbon stocks is essential for developing the effective management strategies that contribute to mitigating climate change. Although a positive relationship between biodiversity and the aboveground carbon (AGC) has been widely reported for various Brazilian forest types, representing a win–win scenario for climate change mitigation, this association has not been commonly found in Brazilian subtropical forests. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of <i>Araucaria angustifolia</i>, stand structure and species diversity in shaping AGC stocks in Brazilian subtropical mixed forest. We hypothesized that the effects on the AGC of stand structure and diversity would be mediated by <i>A. angustifolia</i>. We also evaluated the expectation of higher carbon stocks in protected forest as a result of their positive correlation with biodiversity conservation.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>We found that stand structure, followed by <i>A. angustifolia</i>, played the most important role in shaping the AGC stock. Our hypothesis was partially confirmed, the indirect effects of <i>A. angustifolia</i> on stand structure being found to have shaped the AGC. Similarly, our expectation was partially supported, with the higher AGC in the protected area being related not to diversity, but rather to the presence of larger trees, denser stands, and a greater abundance of <i>A. angustifolia</i>.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Although the win–win strategy between diversity conservation and carbon storage is not a peculiarity of Araucaria forests, we highlight the potential of these forests as a nature-based climate solution, maintaining high levels of carbon storage in harmony with the provision of keystone socio-economic resources.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-024-00284-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon, climate, and natural disturbance: a review of mechanisms, challenges, and tools for understanding forest carbon stability in an uncertain future","authors":"Alex W. Dye,&nbsp;Rachel M. Houtman,&nbsp;Peng Gao,&nbsp;William R. L. Anderegg,&nbsp;Christopher J. Fettig,&nbsp;Jeffrey A. Hicke,&nbsp;John B. Kim,&nbsp;Christopher J. Still,&nbsp;Kevin Young,&nbsp;Karin L. Riley","doi":"10.1186/s13021-024-00282-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-024-00282-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this review, we discuss current research on forest carbon risk from natural disturbance under climate change for the United States, with emphasis on advancements in analytical mapping and modeling tools that have potential to drive research for managing future long-term stability of forest carbon. As a natural mechanism for carbon storage, forests are a critical component of meeting climate mitigation strategies designed to combat anthropogenic emissions. Forests consist of long-lived organisms (trees) that can store carbon for centuries or more. However, trees have finite lifespans, and disturbances such as wildfire, insect and disease outbreaks, and drought can hasten tree mortality or reduce tree growth, thereby slowing carbon sequestration, driving carbon emissions, and reducing forest carbon storage in stable pools, particularly the live and standing dead portions that are counted in many carbon offset programs. Many forests have natural disturbance regimes, but climate change and human activities disrupt the frequency and severity of disturbances in ways that are likely to have consequences for the long-term stability of forest carbon. To minimize negative effects and maximize resilience of forest carbon, disturbance risks must be accounted for in carbon offset protocols, carbon management practices, and carbon mapping and modeling techniques. This requires detailed mapping and modeling of the quantities and distribution of forest carbon across the United States and hopefully one day globally; the frequency, severity, and timing of disturbances; the mechanisms by which disturbances affect carbon storage; and how climate change may alter each of these elements. Several tools (e.g. fire spread models, imputed forest inventory models, and forest growth simulators) exist to address one or more of the aforementioned items and can help inform management strategies that reduce forest carbon risk, maintain long-term stability of forest carbon, and further explore challenges, uncertainties, and opportunities for evaluating the continued potential of, and threats to, forests as viable mechanisms for forest carbon storage, including carbon offsets. A growing collective body of research and technological improvements have advanced the science, but we highlight and discuss key limitations, uncertainties, and gaps that remain.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-024-00282-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142411152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accounting for carbon emissions in social water cycle system in nine provinces along the yellow river and analysis of influencing factors","authors":"Lanbo Cui,&nbsp;Fuqiang Wang,&nbsp;Honglu Zhang,&nbsp;Heng Zhao,&nbsp;Jiahao Shi","doi":"10.1186/s13021-024-00280-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-024-00280-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Water resources is an essential factor to ensure the sustainable development of the society, but along with the utilization and treatment of water resources, a large amount of carbon emissions will be generated. The study of carbon emissions in social water cycle system is of great significance in promoting the achievement of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. This study calculated the carbon emissions generated in social water cycle system in nine provinces along the Yellow River, used the Tapio decoupling model to analyze the decoupling relationship between water and carbon emissions, and constructed the STIRPAT expanded model to analyze the main influencing factors of carbon emissions.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>(1) The total carbon emissions of the nine provinces showed an increasing trend over time, with a growth rate of 25.13%. (2) The carbon emission intensity of water use (1.60kg/m³) and drainage (1.45kg/m³) system is higher, the carbon emission intensity of water supply (0.30kg/m³) and water withdrawal (0.56kg/m³) system is lower. (3) The relationship between water resources utilization and carbon emissions along the Yellow River is generally in a state of negative decoupling and coupling. (4) Energy structure and population growth are the main factors affecting carbon emissions in social water cycle system, while water supply quantity and water use system are secondary factors.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Water use system is the main body of carbon emissions in social water cycle system, and as the water consumption increases, the carbon emissions will continue to increase. In order to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate climate change, carbon emission factors should be incorporated into water resources management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-024-00280-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142329385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of biomass availability for wood harvesting and storage in the continental United States with a carbon cycle model","authors":"Henry Hausmann,&nbsp;Qixiang Cai,&nbsp;Ning Zeng","doi":"10.1186/s13021-024-00270-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-024-00270-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Wood Harvesting and Storage (WHS) is a form of Biomass Carbon Removal and Storage (BiCRS) that utilizes a combined natural and engineered process to harvest woody biomass and put it into long term storage, most frequently in the form of subterranean burial. This paper aims to quantify the availability of woody biomass for the purposes of WHS in the continental United States using a carbon cycle modeling approach. Using a regional version of the VEGAS terrestrial carbon cycle model at 10 km resolution, this paper calculates the annual woody net primary production in the continental United States. It then applies a series of constraints to exclude woody biomass that is unavailable for WHS. These constraints include fine woody biomass, current land use, current wood utilization, land conservation, and topographical limitations. These results were then split into state by state and regional totals.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>In total, the model projects the continental United States could produce 1,274 MtCO₂e (CO₂ equivalent) worth of coarse woody biomass annually in a scenario with no anthropogenic land use or constraints. In a scenario with anthropogenic land use and constraints on wood availability, the model projects that 415 MtCO₂e of coarse woody biomass is available for WHS annually. This is enough to offset 8.5% of the United States’ 2020 greenhouse gas emissions. Of this potential, 20 MtCO₂e is from the Pacific region, 77 MtCO₂e is from the Western Interior, 91 MtCO₂e is from the Northeast region, and 228 MtCO₂e is from the Southeast region.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>There is enough coarse woody biomass available in the continental United States to make WHS a viable form of carbon removal and storage in the country. There is coarse woody biomass available across the continental United States. All four primary regions analyzed have enough coarse woody biomass available to justify investment in WHS projects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-024-00270-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142329427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in the net primary production of ecosystems across Western Europe from 2015 to 2022 in response to historic drought events","authors":"Christopher Potter,&nbsp;Stephanie Pass","doi":"10.1186/s13021-024-00279-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-024-00279-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Ecosystem models are valuable tools to make climate-related assessments of change when ground-based measurements of water and carbon fluxes are not adequately detailed to realistically capture geographic variability. The Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) is one such model based on satellite observations of monthly vegetation cover to estimate net primary production (NPP) of terrestrial ecosystems.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>CASA model predictions from 2015 to 2022 for Western Europe revealed several notable high and low periods in growing season NPP totals in most countries of the region. For the total land coverage of France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, 2018 was the year with the highest terrestrial plant growth, whereas 2017 and 2019 were the years with the highest summed NPP across the UK, Germany, and Croatia. For most of Western Europe, 2022 was the year predicted with the lowest summed plant growth. Annual precipitation in most countries of Western Europe gradually declined from a high average rate in 2018 to a low average precipitation level in 2022.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The CASA model predicted decreased growing season NPP of between − 25 and − 60% across all of Spain, southern France, and northern Italy from 2021 to 2022, and much of that plant production loss was detected in the important cropland regions of these nations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-024-00279-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142246695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving soil carbon estimates of Philippine mangroves using localized organic matter to organic carbon equations","authors":"Severino G. Salmo III,&nbsp;Sean Paul B. Manalo,&nbsp;Precious B. Jacob,&nbsp;Maria Elisa B. Gerona-Daga,&nbsp;Camila Frances P. Naputo,&nbsp;Mareah Wayne A. Maramag,&nbsp;Mohammad Basyuni,&nbsp;Frida Sidik,&nbsp;Richard MacKenzie","doi":"10.1186/s13021-024-00276-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-024-00276-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Southeast Asian (SEA) mangroves are globally recognized as blue carbon hotspots. Methodologies that measure mangrove soil carbon stock (SCS) are either accurate but costly (i.e., elemental analyzers), or economical but less accurate (i.e., loss-on-ignition [LOI]). Most SEA countries estimate SCS by measuring soil organic matter (OM) through the LOI method then converting it into organic carbon (OC) using a conventional conversion equation (%C_org = 0.415 * % LOI + 2.89, R² = 0.59, n = 78) developed from Palau mangroves. The local site conditions in Palau does not reflect the wide range of environmental settings and disturbances in the Philippines. Consequently, the conventional conversion equation possibly compounds the inaccuracies of converting OM to OC causing over- or under-estimated SCS. Here, we generated a localized OM-OC conversion equation and tested its accuracy in computing SCS against the conventional equation. The localized equation was generated by plotting % OC (from elemental analyzer) against the % OM (from LOI). The study was conducted in different mangrove stands (natural, restored, and mangrove-recolonized fishponds) in Oriental Mindoro and Sorsogon, Philippines from the West and North Philippine Sea biogeographic regions, respectively. The OM:OC ratios were also statistically tested based on (a) stand types, (b) among natural stands, and (c) across different ages of the restored and recolonized stands. Increasing the accuracy of OM-OC conversion equations will improve SCS estimates that will yield reasonable C emission reduction targets for the country’s commitments on Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) under the Paris Agreement.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The localized conversion equation is %OC = 0.36 * % LOI + 2.40 (R² = 0.67; n = 458). The SOM:OC ratios showed significant differences based on stand types (<i>x</i>² = 19.24; P = 6.63 × 10^–05), among natural stands (F = 23.22; p = 1.17 × 10^–08), and among ages of restored (F = 5.14; P = 0.03) and recolonized stands (F = 3.4; P = 0.02). SCS estimates using the localized (5%) and stand-specific equations (7%) were similar with the values derived from an elemental analyzer. In contrast, the conventional equation overestimates SCS by 20%.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The calculated SCS improves as the conversion equation becomes more reflective of localized site conditions. Both localized and stand-specific conversion equations yielded more accurate SCS compared to the conventional equation. While our study explored only two out of the six marine biogeographic regions in the Philippines, we proved that having a localized conversion equation leads to improved SCS measurements. Using our proposed equations will make more realistic SCS targets (and therefore GHG reductions) in designing mangrove restoration programs to achieve the country’s NDC commitments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-024-00276-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142169793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the role of canopy cover and environmental factors in shaping carbon storage in Desa’a forest, Ethiopia","authors":"Negasi Solomon,&nbsp;Emiru Birhane,&nbsp;Mulley Teklay,&nbsp;Aklilu Negussie,&nbsp;Tesfay Gidey","doi":"10.1186/s13021-024-00277-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-024-00277-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Dry Afromontane forests play a vital role in mitigating climate change by sequestering and storing carbon, as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Despite previous research highlighting the importance of carbon stocks in these ecosystems, the influence of canopy cover and environmental factors on carbon storage in dry Afromontane forests has been barely assessed. This study addresses this knowledge gap by investigating the effects of environmental factors and vegetation cover on carbon stocks in Desa’a forest, a unique and threatened Afromontane dry forest ecosystem in northern Ethiopia. Data on woody vegetation, dead litter, grass biomass, and soil samples were collected from 57 plots. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed at a 95% confidence level (α = 0.05) to examine the influence of canopy cover and environmental factors on the carbon stocks of various pools.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Among the 35 woody species identified, <i>Juniperus procera</i> was the most dominant, while <i>Carissa edulis</i> Vahl and <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> were the least dominant. The average total carbon stock was 92.89 Mg ha⁻¹, with contributions from aboveground carbon, below-ground carbon, litter carbon, grass carbon, and soil organic carbon. Among the carbon pools, soil organic carbon had the highest carbon stock, accounting for 76.8% of the total, followed by above-ground biomass carbon at 17.7%. Significant variations in carbon stocks were found across altitude class and canopy level but not slope and aspect factors.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>In summary, altitude and canopy level were found to significantly influence carbon stocks in Desa’a forest, providing valuable insights for conservation and climate change mitigation efforts in dry Afromontane forests. Forest intervention planning and management strategies should consider the influence of different environmental variables and tree canopy levels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-024-00277-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142152916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of thinning on carbon storage mediated by soil physicochemical properties and microbial community composition in large Chinese fir timber plantation","authors":"Lei Huang,&nbsp;Yunchao Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s13021-024-00269-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-024-00269-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Thinning practices are useful measures in forest management and play an essential role in maintaining ecological stability. However, the effects of thinning on the soil properties and microbial community in large Chinese fir timber plantations remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in soil physicochemical properties and microbial community composition in topsoil (0–20 cm) under six different intensities (i.e., 300 (R300), 450 (R450), 600 (R600), 750 (R750) and 900 (R900) trees per hectare and 1650 (R1650) as a control) in a large Chinese fir timber plantation.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Compared with the CK treatment, thinning significantly altered the contents of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its fractions but not in a linear fashion; these indicators were highest in R900. In addition, thinning did not significantly affect the soil microbial community diversity indices but significantly affected the relative abundance of the core microbial community. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the dominant bacterial phyla; the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were highest in R900, and that of Actinobacteria was lowest in R900. The dominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota; the relative abundance of Ascomycota was lowest in R900, and that of Mucoromycota was highest in R900. The fungal microbial community composition was more sensitive than the bacterial community composition. The activity of the carbon-cycling genes was not linearly correlated with thinning, and the abundance of C-cycle genes was highest in R900.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These findings are important because they show that SOC and its fractions and the abundance of the soil microorganism community in large Chinese fir timber plantations can be significantly altered by thinning, thus affecting the capacity for carbon storage. These results may advance our understanding of how the density of large timber plantations could be modified to promote soil carbon storage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-024-00269-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142118693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Montane evergreen forest deforestation for banana plantations decreased soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stores to alarming levels","authors":"Tarquinio Mateus Magalhães,&nbsp;Edna Rita Bernardo Cossa,&nbsp;Hunilcia Esperança Nhanombe,&nbsp;Amélia David Muchanga Mugabe","doi":"10.1186/s13021-024-00278-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-024-00278-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Forest conversion to agricultural land has been shown to deplete soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN) stocks. However, research on how soil properties respond to forest conversion to shifting cultivation has produced conflicting results. The conflicting findings suggest that the agricultural system may influence the response of SOC and STN to forest conversion to agriculture, depending on the presence of vegetative cover throughout the year. Due to the unique characteristics of montane evergreen forests (MEF) and banana plantations (BP), SOC and STN response to MEF conversion to BP may differ from existing models. Nevertheless, research on how soil properties are affected by MEF conversion to BP is scarce globally. In order to fill this research gap, the goal of this study was to evaluate how much deforestation for BP affects SOC, STN, and soil quality by analysing these soil parameters in MEF and BP fields down to 1-m depth, using standard profile-based procedures. Contrary to the specified hypothesis that SOC and STN losses would be restricted to the upper 20-cm soil layer, SOC losses were extended to the 40-cm depth layer and STN losses to the 60-cm depth layer. The soils lost 18.56 Mg ha ^{– 1} (37%) of SOC from the upper 20 cm and 33.15 Mg ha ^{– 1} (37%) from the upper 40 cm, following MEF conversion to BP. In terms of STN, the upper 20, 40, and 60 cm lost 2.98 (43%), 6.62 (47%), and 8.30 Mg ha ^{– 1} (44%), respectively. Following MEF conversion to BP, the SOC stratification ratio decreased by 49%, implying a decline in soil quality. Massive exportation of nutrients, reduced C inputs due to complete removal of the arboreal component and crop residues, the erodibility of the soils on the study area’s steep hillslopes, and the potential for banana plantations to increase throughfall kinetic energy, and splash erosion through canopy dripping are thought to be the leading causes of SOC and STN losses. More research is needed to identify the extent to which each cause influences SOC and STN losses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-024-00278-w","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Greenhouse gas Observations of Biospheric and Local Emissions from the Upper sky (GOBLEU): a mission overview, instrument description, and results from the first flight","authors":"Hiroshi Suto,&nbsp;Akihiko Kuze,&nbsp;Ayako Matsumoto,&nbsp;Tomohiro Oda,&nbsp;Shigetaka Mori,&nbsp;Yohsuke Miyashita,&nbsp;Chiharu Hoshino,&nbsp;Mayumi Shigetoh,&nbsp;Fumie Kataoka,&nbsp;Yasuhiro Tsubakihara","doi":"10.1186/s13021-024-00273-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-024-00273-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The Greenhouse gas Observations of Biospheric and Local Emissions from the Upper sky (GOBLEU) is a new joint project by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and ANA HOLDING INC. (ANAHD), which operates ANA flights. GOBLEU aims to visualizes our climate mitigation effort progress in support of subnational climate mitigation by collecting greenhouse gas (GHG) data as well as relevant data for emissions (nitrous dioxide, NO₂) and removals (Solar-Induced Fluorescence, SIF) from regular passenger flights. We developed a luggage-sized instrument based on the space remote-sensing techniques that JAXA has developed for Japan’s Greenhouse gas Observing SATellite (GOSAT). The instrument can be conveniently installed on a coach-class passenger seat without modifying the seat or the aircraft.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The first GOBLEU observation was made on the flight from the Tokyo Haneda Airport to the Fukuoka Airport, with only the NO₂ module activated. The collected high-spatial-resolution NO₂ data were compared to that from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) satellite and surface NO₂ data from ground-based air quality monitoring stations. While GOBLEU and TROPOMI data shared the major concentration patterns largely driven by cities and large point sources, regardless of different observation times, we found fine-scale concentration pattern differences, which might be an indication of potential room for GOBLEU to bring in new emission information and thus is worth further examination. We also characterized the levels of NO₂ spatial correlation that change over time. The quickly degrading correlation level of GOBLEU and TROPOMI suggests a potentially significant impact of the time difference between CO₂ and NO₂ as an emission marker and, thus, the significance of co-located observations planned by future space missions.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>GOBLEU proposes aircraft-based, cost-effective, frequent monitoring of greenhouse emissions by GOBLEU instruments carried on regular passenger aircraft. Theoretically, the GOBLEU instrument can be installed and operated in most commercially used passenger aircraft without modifications. JAXA and ANAHD wish to promote the observation technique by expanding the observation coverage and partnership to other countries by enhancing international cooperation under the Paris Agreement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-024-00273-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141995038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}