Carbon Balance and Management最新文献

{"title":"Modeling sediment diagenesis processes on riverbed to better quantify aquatic carbon fluxes and stocks in a small watershed of the Mid-Atlantic region","authors":"Junyu Qi,&nbsp;Xuesong Zhang,&nbsp;Sangchul Lee,&nbsp;Yiping Wu,&nbsp;Glenn E. Moglen,&nbsp;Gregory W. McCarty","doi":"10.1186/s13021-020-00148-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00148-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite the widely recognized importance of aquatic processes for bridging gaps in the global carbon cycle, there is still a lack of understanding of the role of riverbed processes for carbon flows and stocks in aquatic environments. Here, we added a sediment diagenesis and sediment carbon (C) resuspension module into the SWAT-C model and tested it for simulating both particulate organic C (POC) and dissolved organic C (DOC) fluxes using 4?years of monthly observations (2014–2017) in the Tuckahoe watershed (TW) in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic region.</p><p>Sensitivity analyses show that parameters that regulate POC deposition in river networks are more sensitive than those that determine C resuspension from sediments. Further analyses indicate that allochthonous contributions to POC and DOC are about 36.6 and 46?kgC?ha^?1?year^?1, respectively, while autochthonous contributions are less than 0.72?kgC?ha^?1?year^?1 for both POC and DOC (less than 2% of allochthonous sources). The net deposition of POC on the riverbed (i.e., 11.4?kgC?ha^?1?year^?1) retained ca. 31% of terrestrial inputs of POC. In addition, average annual buried C was 0.34?kgC?ha^?1?year^?1, accounting for only 1% of terrestrial POC inputs or 3% of net POC deposition. The results indicate that about 79% of deposited organic C was converted to inorganic C (CH₄ and CO₂) in the sediment and eventually released into the overlying water column.</p><p>This study serves as an exploratory study on estimation of C fluxes from terrestrial to aquatic environments at the watershed scale. We demonstrated capabilities of the SWAT-C model to simulate C cycling from uplands to riverine ecosystems and estimated C sinks and sources in aquatic environments. Overall, the results highlight the importance of including carbon cycle dynamics within the riverbed in order to accurately estimate aquatic carbon fluxes and stocks. The new capabilities of SWAT-C are expected to serve as a useful tool to account for those processes in watershed C balance assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13021-020-00148-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4254176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of long dry periods on the aboveground biomass in a tropical forest: 20 years of monitoring","authors":"Milton Serpa de Meira Junior,&nbsp;José Roberto Rodrigues Pinto,&nbsp;Natália Oliveira Ramos,&nbsp;Eder Pereira Miguel,&nbsp;Ricardo de Oliveira Gaspar,&nbsp;Oliver L. Phillips","doi":"10.1186/s13021-020-00147-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00147-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Long-term studies of community and population dynamics indicate that abrupt disturbances often catalyse changes in vegetation and carbon stocks. These disturbances include the opening of clearings, rainfall seasonality, and drought, as well as fire and direct human disturbance. Such events may be super-imposed on longer-term trends in disturbance, such as those associated with climate change (heating, drying), as well as resources. Intact neotropical forests have recently experienced increased drought frequency and fire occurrence, on top of pervasive increases in atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, but we lack long-term records of responses to such changes especially in the critical transitional areas at the interface of forest and savanna biomes. Here, we present results from 20?years monitoring a valley forest (moist tropical forest outlier) in central Brazil. The forest has experienced multiple drought events and includes plots which have and which have not experienced fire. We focus on how forest structure (stem density and aboveground biomass carbon) and dynamics (stem and biomass mortality and recruitment) have responded to these disturbance regimes.</p><p>Overall, the biomass carbon stock increased due to the growth of the trees already present in the forest, without any increase in the overall number of tree stems. Over time, both recruitment and especially mortality of trees tended to increase, and periods of prolonged drought in particular resulted in increased mortality rates of larger trees. This increased mortality was in turn responsible for a decline in aboveground carbon toward the end of the monitoring period.</p><p>Prolonged droughts influence the mortality of large trees, leading to a decline in aboveground carbon stocks. Here, and in other neotropical forests, recent droughts are capable of shutting down and reversing biomass carbon sinks. These new results add to evidence that anthropogenic climate changes are already adversely impacting tropical forests.</p>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13021-020-00147-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4029323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Building houses and managing lawns could limit yard soil carbon for centuries","authors":"Morgan E. Peach,&nbsp;Laura A. Ogden,&nbsp;Eleni A. Mora,&nbsp;Andrew J. Friedland","doi":"10.1186/s13021-020-00145-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00145-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13021-020-00145-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4909926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating New Zealand’s harvested wood products carbon stocks and stock changes","authors":"Stephen J. Wakelin,&nbsp;Nigel Searles,&nbsp;Daniel Lawrence,&nbsp;Thomas S. H. Paul","doi":"10.1186/s13021-020-00144-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00144-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reducing net greenhouse gas emissions through conserving existing forest carbon stocks and encouraging additional uptake of carbon in existing and new forests have become important climate change mitigation tools. The contribution of harvested wood products (HWPs) to increasing carbon uptake has been recognised and approaches to quantifying this pool developed. In New Zealand, harvesting has more than doubled since 1990 while log exports have increased by a factor of 11 due to past afforestation and comparatively little expansion in domestic processing. This paper documents New Zealand’s application of the IPCC approaches for reporting contributions of the HWP pool to net emissions, in order to meet international greenhouse gas inventory reporting requirements. We examine the implications of the different approaches and assumptions used in calculating the HWP contribution and highlight model limitations.</p><p>Choice of system boundary has a large impact for a country with a small domestic market and significant HWP exports. Under the Production approach used for New Zealand’s greenhouse gas inventory reporting, stock changes in planted forests and in HWPs both rank highly as key categories. The contribution from HWPs is even greater under the Atmospheric Flow approach, because emissions from exported HWPs are not included. Conversely the Stock Change approach minimises the contribution of HWPs because the domestic market is small. The use of country-specific data to backfill the time series from 1900 to 1960 has little impact but using country-specific parameters in place of IPCC defaults results in a smaller HWP sink for New Zealand. This is because of the dominance of plantation forestry based on a softwood mainly used in relatively short-lived products.</p><p>The NZ HWP Model currently meets international inventory reporting requirements. Further disaggregation of the semi-finished HWP end uses both within New Zealand and in export markets is required to improve accuracy. Product end-uses and lifespans need to be continually assessed to capture changes. More extensive analyses that include the benefits of avoided emissions through product substitution and life cycle emissions from the forestry sector are required to fully assess the contribution of forests and forest products to climate change mitigation and a low emissions future.</p>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13021-020-00144-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4837899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing a global high-resolution downscaled fossil fuel CO2 emission dataset to local inventory-based estimates over 14 global cities","authors":"Jingwen Chen,&nbsp;Fang Zhao,&nbsp;Ning Zeng,&nbsp;Tomohiro Oda","doi":"10.1186/s13021-020-00146-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00146-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Compilation of emission inventories (EIs) for cities is a whole new challenge to assess the subnational climate mitigation effort under the Paris Climate Agreement. Some cities have started compiling EIs, often following a global community protocol. However, EIs are often difficult to systematically examine because of the ways they were compiled (data collection and emission calculation) and reported (sector definition and direct vs consumption). In addition, such EI estimates are not readily applicable to objective evaluation using modeling and observations due to the lack of spatial emission extents. City emission estimates used in the science community are often based on downscaled gridded EIs, while the accuracy of the downscaled emissions at city level is not fully assessed.</p><p>This study attempts to assess the utility of the downscaled emissions at city level. We collected EIs from 14 major global cities and compare them to the estimates from a global high-resolution fossil fuel CO₂ emission data product (ODIAC) commonly used in the science research community. We made necessary adjustments to the estimates to make our comparison as reasonable as possible. We found that the two methods produce very close area-wide emission estimates for Shanghai and Delhi (&lt;?10% difference), and reach good consistency in half of the cities examined (&lt;?30% difference). The ODIAC dataset exhibits a much higher emission compared to inventory estimates in Cape Town (+?148%), Sao Paulo (+?43%) and Beijing (+?40%), possibly related to poor correlation between nightlight intensity with human activity, such as the high-emission and low-lighting industrial parks in developing countries. On the other hand, ODIAC shows lower estimates in Manhattan (??62%), New York City (??45%), Washington D.C. (??42%) and Toronto (??33%), all located in North America, which may be attributable to an underestimation of residential emissions from heating in ODIAC’s nightlight-based approach, and an overestimation of emission from ground transportation in registered vehicles statistics of inventory estimates.</p><p>The relatively good agreement suggests that the ODIAC data product could potentially be used as a first source for prior estimate of city-level CO₂ emission, which is valuable for atmosphere CO₂ inversion modeling and comparing with satellite CO₂ observations. Our compilation of in-boundary emission estimates for 14 cities contributes towards establishing an accurate inventory in-boundary global city carbon emission dataset, necessary for accountable local climate mitigation policies in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13021-020-00146-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5060672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variability and uncertainty in forest biomass estimates from the tree to landscape scale: the role of allometric equations","authors":"Anthony G. Vorster,&nbsp;Paul H. Evangelista,&nbsp;Atticus E. L. Stovall,&nbsp;Seth Ex","doi":"10.1186/s13021-020-00143-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00143-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biomass maps are valuable tools for estimating forest carbon and forest planning. Individual-tree biomass estimates made using allometric equations are the foundation for these maps, yet the potentially-high uncertainty and bias associated with individual-tree estimates is commonly ignored in biomass map error. We developed allometric equations for lodgepole pine (<i>Pinus contorta)</i>, ponderosa pine (<i>P. ponderosa)</i>, and Douglas-fir (<i>Pseudotsuga menziesii)</i> in northern Colorado. Plot-level biomass estimates were combined with Landsat imagery and geomorphometric and climate layers to map aboveground tree biomass. We compared biomass estimates for individual trees, plots, and at the landscape-scale using our locally-developed allometric equations, nationwide equations applied across the U.S., and the Forest Inventory and Analysis Component Ratio Method (FIA-CRM). Total biomass map uncertainty was calculated by propagating errors from allometric equations and remote sensing model predictions. Two evaluation methods for the allometric equations were compared in the error propagation—errors calculated from the equation fit (equation-derived) and errors from an independent dataset of destructively-sampled trees (n?=?285).</p><p>Tree-scale error and bias of allometric equations varied dramatically between species, but local equations were generally most accurate. Depending on allometric equation and evaluation method, allometric uncertainty contributed 30–75% of total uncertainty, while remote sensing model prediction uncertainty contributed 25–70%. When using equation-derived allometric error, local equations had the lowest total uncertainty (root mean square error percent of the mean [% RMSE]?=?50%). This is likely due to low-sample size (10–20 trees sampled per species) allometric equations and evaluation not representing true variability in tree growth forms. When independently evaluated, allometric uncertainty outsized remote sensing model prediction uncertainty. Biomass across the 1.56 million ha study area and uncertainties were similar for local (2.1 billion Mg;?% RMSE?=?97%) and nationwide (2.2 billion Mg; ?% RMSE?=?94%) equations, while FIA-CRM estimates were lower and more uncertain (1.5 billion Mg; ?% RMSE?=?165%).</p><p>Allometric equations should be selected carefully since they drive substantial differences in bias and uncertainty. Biomass quantification efforts should consider contributions of allometric uncertainty to total uncertainty, at a minimum, and independently evaluate allometric equations when suitable data are available.</p>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13021-020-00143-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4586554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of increasing land productivity on groundwater dynamics: a case study of an oasis located at the edge of the Gobi Desert","authors":"Wu Lei,&nbsp;Li Changbin,&nbsp;Xie Xuhong,&nbsp;He Zhibin,&nbsp;Wang Wanrui,&nbsp;Zhang Yuan,&nbsp;Wei Jianmei,&nbsp;Lv Jianan","doi":"10.1186/s13021-020-00142-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00142-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Intensification of agricultural systems may result in overexploitation of water resources in arid regions because enhanced productivity of crops is often associated with increased actual evapotranspiration (AET). The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of increased regional AET on the groundwater level in a case study of the oasis located within the Shiyang River Basin near the edge of the Gobi Desert.</p><p>The results of the study show that regional AET increased during the period from 1981 to 2010 due to increasing oasis area and air temperature. The water losses due to AET exceeded the water supply from the mountainous discharges of the basin by the end of this period, leading to groundwater overexploitation in the oasis area.</p><p>This case study shows the importance of considering the effect of climate change on water losses associated with increasing agricultural production for the sustainable agricultural development of arid regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13021-020-00142-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4096561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remotely monitoring ecosystem respiration from various grasslands along a large-scale east–west transect across northern China","authors":"Xuguang Tang,&nbsp;Yanlian Zhou,&nbsp;Hengpeng Li,&nbsp;Li Yao,&nbsp;Zhi Ding,&nbsp;Mingguo Ma,&nbsp;Pujia Yu","doi":"10.1186/s13021-020-00141-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00141-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Grassland ecosystems play an important role in the terrestrial carbon cycles through carbon emission by ecosystem respiration (<i>R</i>_<i>e</i>) and carbon uptake by plant photosynthesis (GPP). Surprisingly, given <i>R</i>_<i>e</i> occupies a large component of annual carbon balance, rather less attention has been paid to developing the estimates of <i>R</i>_<i>e</i> compared to GPP.</p><p>Based on 11 flux sites over the diverse grassland ecosystems in northern China, this study examined the amounts of carbon released by <i>R</i>_<i>e</i> as well as the dominant environmental controls across temperate meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe and alpine meadow, respectively. Multi-year mean <i>R</i>_<i>e</i> revealed relatively less CO₂ emitted by the desert steppe in comparison with other grassland ecosystems. Meanwhile, C emissions of all grasslands were mainly controlled by the growing period. Correlation analysis revealed that apart from air and soil temperature, soil water content exerted a strong effect on the variability in <i>R</i>_<i>e</i>, which implied the great potential to derive <i>R</i>_<i>e</i> using relevant remote sensing data. Then, these field-measured <i>R</i>_<i>e</i> data were up-scaled to large areas using time-series MODIS information and remote sensing-based piecewise regression models. These semi-empirical models appeared to work well with a small margin of error (<i>R</i>^<i>2</i> and RMSE ranged from 0.45 to 0.88 and from 0.21 to 0.69?g C m^?2 d^?1, respectively).</p><p>Generally, the piecewise models from the growth period and dormant season performed better than model developed directly from the entire year. Moreover, the biases between annual mean <i>R</i>_<i>e</i> observations and the remotely-derived products were usually within 20%. Finally, the regional <i>R</i>_<i>e</i> emissions across northern China’s grasslands was approximately 100.66 Tg C in 2010, about 1/3 of carbon fixed from the MODIS GPP product. Specially, the desert steppe exhibited the highest ratio, followed by the temperate meadow steppe, typical steppe and alpine meadow. Therefore, this work provides a novel framework to accurately predict the spatio-temporal patterns of <i>R</i>_<i>e</i> over large areas, which can greatly reduce the uncertainties in global carbon estimates and climate projections.</p>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13021-020-00141-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4916211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hundred year projected carbon loads and species compositions for four National Forests in the northwestern USA","authors":"Patrick A. Fekety,&nbsp;Nicholas L. Crookston,&nbsp;Andrew T. Hudak,&nbsp;Steven K. Filippelli,&nbsp;Jody C. Vogeler,&nbsp;Michael J. Falkowski","doi":"10.1186/s13021-020-00140-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00140-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Forests are an important component of the global carbon balance, and climate sensitive growth and yield models are an essential tool when predicting future forest conditions. In this study, we used the dynamic climate capability of the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) to simulate future (100?year) forest conditions on four National Forests in the northwestern USA: Payette National Forest (NF), Ochoco NF, Gifford Pinchot NF, and Siuslaw NF. Using Forest Inventory and Analysis field plots, aboveground carbon estimates and species compositions were simulated with Climate-FVS for the period between 2016 and 2116 under a no climate change scenario and a future climate scenario. We included a sensitivity analysis that varied calculated disturbance probabilities and the dClim rule, which is one method used by Climate-FVS to introduce climate-related mortality. The dClim rule initiates mortality when the predicted climate change at a site is greater than the change in climate associated with a predetermined shift in elevation.</p><p>Results of the simulations indicated the dClim rule influenced future carbon projections more than estimates of disturbance probability. Future aboveground carbon estimates increased and species composition remained stable under the no climate change scenario. The future climate scenario we tested resulted in less carbon at the end of the projections compared to the no climate change scenarios for all cases except when the dClim rule was disengaged on the Payette NF. Under the climate change scenario, species compositions shifted to climatically adapted species or early successional species.</p><p>This research highlights the need to consider climate projections in long-term planning or future forest conditions may be unexpected. Forest managers and planners could perform similar simulations and use the results as a planning tool when analyzing climate change effects at the National Forest level.</p>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13021-020-00140-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5093912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping deep peat carbon stock from a LiDAR based DTM and field measurements, with application to eastern Sumatra","authors":"Ronald Vernimmen,&nbsp;Aljosja Hooijer,&nbsp;Rizka Akmalia,&nbsp;Natan Fitranatanegara,&nbsp;Dedi Mulyadi,&nbsp;Angga Yuherdha,&nbsp;Heri Andreas,&nbsp;Susan Page","doi":"10.1186/s13021-020-00139-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00139-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reduction of carbon emissions from peatlands is recognized as an important factor in global climate change mitigation. Within the SE Asia region, areas of deeper peat present the greatest carbon stocks, and therefore the greatest potential for future carbon emissions from degradation and fire. They also support most of the remaining lowland swamp forest and its associated biodiversity. Accurate maps of deep peat are central to providing correct estimates of peat carbon stocks and to facilitating appropriate management interventions. We present a rapid and cost-effective approach to peat thickness mapping in raised peat bogs that applies a model of peat bottom elevation based on field measurements subtracted from a surface elevation model created from airborne LiDAR data.</p><p>In two raised peat bog test areas in Indonesia, we find that field peat thickness measurements correlate well with surface elevation derived from airborne LiDAR based DTMs (R² 0.83–0.88), confirming that the peat bottom is often relatively flat. On this basis, we created a map of extent and depth of deep peat (&gt;?3?m) from a new DTM that covers two-thirds of Sumatran peatlands, applying a flat peat bottom of 0.61?m +MSL determined from the average of 2446 field measurements. A deep peat area coverage of 2.6?Mha or 60.1% of the total peat area in eastern Sumatra is mapped, suggesting that deep peat in this region is more common than shallow peat and its extent was underestimated in earlier maps. The associated deep peat carbon stock range is 9.0–11.5 Pg C in eastern Sumatra alone.</p><p>We discuss how the deep peat map may be used to identify priority areas for peat and forest conservation and thereby help prevent major potential future carbon emissions and support the safeguarding of the remaining forest and biodiversity. We propose rapid application of this method to other coastal raised bog peatland areas in SE Asia in support of improved peatland zoning and management. We demonstrate that the upcoming global ICESat-2 and GEDI satellite LiDAR coverage will likely result in a global DTM that, within a few years, will be sufficiently accurate for this application.</p>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13021-020-00139-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4900921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}