Carbon Balance and Management最新文献

{"title":"Spatiotemporal variations in urban CO2 flux with land-use types in Seoul","authors":"Chaerin Park,&nbsp;Sujong Jeong,&nbsp;Moon-Soo Park,&nbsp;Hoonyoung Park,&nbsp;Jeongmin Yun,&nbsp;Sang-Sam Lee,&nbsp;Sung-Hwa Park","doi":"10.1186/s13021-022-00206-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-022-00206-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Cities are a major source of atmospheric CO₂; however, understanding the surface CO₂ exchange processes that determine the net CO₂ flux emitted from each city is challenging owing to the high heterogeneity of urban land use. Therefore, this study investigates the spatiotemporal variations of urban CO₂ flux over the Seoul Capital Area, South Korea from 2017 to 2018, using CO₂ flux measurements at nine sites with different urban land-use types (baseline, residential, old town residential, commercial, and vegetation areas).</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Annual CO₂ flux significantly varied from 1.09 kg C m^− 2 year^− 1 at the baseline site to 16.28 kg C m^− 2 year^− 1 at the old town residential site in the Seoul Capital Area. Monthly CO₂ flux variations were closely correlated with the vegetation activity (r = − 0.61) at all sites; however, its correlation with building energy usage differed for each land-use type (r = 0.72 at residential sites and r = 0.34 at commercial sites). Diurnal CO₂ flux variations were mostly correlated with traffic volume at all sites (r = 0.8); however, its correlation with the floating population was the opposite at residential (r = − 0.44) and commercial (r = 0.80) sites. Additionally, the hourly CO₂ flux was highly related to temperature. At the vegetation site, as the temperature exceeded 24 ℃, the sensitivity of CO₂ absorption to temperature increased 7.44-fold than that at the previous temperature. Conversely, the CO₂ flux of non-vegetation sites increased when the temperature was less than or exceeded the 18 ℃ baseline, being three-times more sensitive to cold temperatures than hot ones. On average, non-vegetation urban sites emitted 0.45 g C m^− 2 h^− 1 of CO₂ throughout the year, regardless of the temperature.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our results demonstrated that most urban areas acted as CO₂ emission sources in all time zones; however, the CO₂ flux characteristics varied extensively based on urban land-use types, even within cities. Therefore, multiple observations from various land-use types are essential for identifying the comprehensive CO₂ cycle of each city to develop effective urban CO₂ reduction policies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-022-00206-w","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41753963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wood Vault: remove atmospheric CO2 with trees, store wood for carbon sequestration for now and as biomass, bioenergy and carbon reserve for the future","authors":"Ning Zeng,&nbsp;Henry Hausmann","doi":"10.1186/s13021-022-00202-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-022-00202-0","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wood harvesting and storage (WHS) is a hybrid Nature-Engineering combination method to combat climate change by harvesting wood sustainably and storing it semi-permanently for carbon sequestration. To date, the technology has only been purposefully tested in small-scale demonstration projects. This study aims to develop a concrete way to carry out WHS at large-scale.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;We describe a method of constructing a wood storage facility, named Wood Vault, that can bury woody biomass on a mega-tonne scale in specially engineered enclosures to ensure anaerobic environments, thus preventing wood decay. The buried wood enters a quasi-geological reservoir that is expected to stay intact semi-permanently. Storing wood in many environments is possible, leading to seven versions of Wood Vault: (1) Burial Mound (Tumulus or Barrow), (2) Underground (Pit, Quarry, or Mine), (3) Super Vault, (4) Shelter, (5) AquaOpen or AquaVault with wood submerged under water, (6) DesertOpen or DesertVault in dry regions, (7) FreezeVault in cold regions such as Antarctica. Smaller sizes are also possible, named Baby Vault. A prototype Wood Vault Unit (WVU) occupies 1 hectare (ha, 100 m by 100 m) of surface land, 20 m tall, stores up to 100,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of wood, sequestering 0.1 MtCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. A 1 MtCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; y&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; sequestration rate can be achieved by collecting currently unused wood residuals (WR) on an area of 25,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, the size of 10 typical counties in the eastern US, corresponding to an average transportation distance of less than 100 km. After 30 years of operation, such a Wood Vault facility would have sequestered 30 MtCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, stored in 300 WVUs, occupying a land surface of 300 ha. The cost is estimated at $10–50/tCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; with a mid-point price of $30/tCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. To sequester 1 GtCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; y&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, wood can be sourced from currently unexploited wood residuals on an area of 9 Mkm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; forested land (9 million square kilometers, size of the US), corresponding to a low areal harvesting intensity of 1.1 tCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; y&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;. Alternatively, giga-tonne scale carbon removal can be achieved by harvesting wood at a medium harvesting intensity of 4 tCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ha&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; y&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; on 3 Mkm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of forest (equivalent to increasing current world wood harvest rate by 25%), or harvest on 0.8 Mkm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; forest restored from past Amazon deforestation at high harvest intensity, or many combinations of these and other possibilities. It takes 1000 facilities as discussed above to store 1 GtCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; y&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, compared to more than 6000 landfills currently in operation in the US. After full closure of a Wood Vault, the land can be utilized for recreation, agriculture, solar farm, or agrivoltaics. A more distributed small operator model (Baby Vault) has somewhat different operation and economic constraints. A 10 gi","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://cbmjournal.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13021-022-00202-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4002423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling the disappearance of coarse woody debris, following a land clearing event","authors":"Matthew J. Pringle,&nbsp;Steven G. Bray,&nbsp;John O. Carter","doi":"10.1186/s13021-021-00199-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-021-00199-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Land clearing generates coarse woody debris (CWD), much of which ultimately becomes atmospheric CO₂. Schemes for greenhouse gas accounting must consider the contribution from land clearing, but the timing of the contribution will have large uncertainty, due to a paucity of knowledge about the rate of CWD disappearance. To better understand above-ground CWD disappearance following a land clearing event—through the actions of microorganisms, invertebrates, wildfire, or deliberate burning—we combined statistical modelling with an archive of semi-quantitative observations (units of CWD %), made within Queensland, Australia.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Using a generalised additive mixed-effects model (median absolute error = 14.7%), we found that CWD disappearance was strongly influenced by the: (i) number of years elapsed since clearing; (ii) clearing method; (iii) bioregion (effectively a climate-by-tree species interaction); and (iv) the number of times burned. Years-since-clearing had a strongly non-linear effect on the rate of CWD disappearance. The data suggested that disappearance was reverse-sigmoidal, with little change in CWD apparent for the first three years after clearing. In typical conditions for Queensland, the model predicted that it will take 38 years for 95% of CWD to disappear, following a land clearing event; however, accounting for uncertainty in the data and model, this value could be as few as 5 years, or &gt; 100 years. In contrast, due to an assumption about the propensity of land managers to burn CWD, the official method used to assess Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions predicted that 95% of CWD will disappear in &lt; 1 year.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>In Queensland, the CWD generated by land clearing typically takes 38 years to disappear. This ultimately implies that a key assumption of Australia’s official greenhouse gas reporting—i.e. that 98% of CWD is burned soon after a clearing event—does not adequately account for delayed CO₂ emissions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8650528/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39576737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Multi‑predictor mapping of soil organic carbon in the alpine tundra: a case study for the central Ecuadorian páramo","authors":"Johanna Elizabeth Ayala Izurieta,&nbsp;Carmen Omaira Márquez,&nbsp;Víctor Julio García,&nbsp;Carlos Arturo Jara Santillán,&nbsp;Jorge Marcelo Sisti,&nbsp;Nieves Pasqualotto,&nbsp;Shari Van Wittenberghe,&nbsp;Jesús Delegido","doi":"10.1186/s13021-021-00198-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-021-00198-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8594098/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39892600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allometric equations for selected Acacia species (Vachellia and Senegalia genera) of Ethiopia","authors":"Abreham Berta Aneseyee,&nbsp;Teshome Soromessa,&nbsp;Eyasu Elias,&nbsp;Gudina Legese Feyisa","doi":"10.1186/s13021-021-00196-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-021-00196-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Allometric equations are used to estimate biomass and carbon stock of forests. In Ethiopia, despite the presence of large floral diversity, only a few site-specific allometric equations have been developed so far. This study was conducted in the Omo-Gibe woodland of south-western Ethiopia to develop an allometric equation to estimate the Above-ground Biomass (AGB) of the four <i>Acacia</i> species (<i>Senegalia polyacantha</i>, <i> Vachellia seyal, Vachellia etbaica</i> and <i>Vachellia tortilis</i>)<i>.</i> Fifty-four (54) <i>Acacia</i> trees were sampled and measured within 35 temporarily established square plots. In each plot, dendrometric variables were measured to derive the models based on combinations of Diameter at Breast Height (DBH), height, and wood density as predictor variables. Model performance was evaluated using goodness-of-fit statistics. The biomass was compared using four allometric biomass models that have been widely used in the tropics.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The model containing DBH alone was more accurate to estimate AGB compared to the use of multiple predictor variables. This study, therefore, substantiated the importance of site-specific allometric equations in estimating the AGB of <i>Acacia</i> woodlands. This is because a site-specific allometric equation recognizes the environmental factors, vegetation types and management practices.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of allometric equations and an accurate estimate of AGB of <i>Acacia</i> woodlands in Ethiopia and similar ecosystems elsewhere.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8561847/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39672436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation-driven changes in fine root carbon stocks, productivity, mortality, and decomposition rates in a palm swamp peat forest of the Peruvian Amazon","authors":"Nelda Dezzeo,&nbsp;Julio Grandez-Rios,&nbsp;Christopher Martius,&nbsp;Kristell Hergoualc’h","doi":"10.1186/s13021-021-00197-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-021-00197-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Amazon palm swamp peatlands are major carbon (C) sinks and reservoirs. In Peru, this ecosystem is widely threatened owing to the recurrent practice of cutting <i>Mauritia flexuosa</i> palms for fruit harvesting. Such degradation could significantly damage peat deposits by altering C fluxes through fine root productivity, mortality, and decomposition rates which contribute to and regulate peat accumulation. Along a same peat formation, we studied an undegraded site (Intact), a moderately degraded site (mDeg) and a heavily degraded site (hDeg) over 11 months. Fine root C stocks and fluxes were monthly sampled by sequential coring. Concomitantly, fine root decomposition was investigated using litter bags. In the experimental design, fine root stocks and dynamics were assessed separately according to vegetation type (<i>M. flexuosa</i> palm and other tree species) and <i>M. flexuosa</i> age class. Furthermore, results obtained from individual palms and trees were site-scaled by using forest composition and structure.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>At the scale of individuals, fine root C biomass in <i>M. flexuosa</i> adults was higher at the mDeg site than at the Intact and hDeg sites, while in trees it was lowest at the hDeg site. Site-scale fine root biomass (Mg C ha⁻¹) was higher at the mDeg site (0.58 ± 0.05) than at the Intact (0.48 ± 0.05) and hDeg sites (0.32 ± 0.03). Site-scale annual fine root mortality rate was not significantly different between sites (3.4 ± 1.3, 2.0 ± 0.8, 1.5 ± 0.7 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ at the Intact, mDeg, and hDeg sites) while productivity (same unit) was lower at the hDeg site (1.5 ± 0.8) than at the Intact site (3.7 ± 1.2), the mDeg site being intermediate (2.3 ± 0.9). Decomposition was slow with 63.5−74.4% of mass remaining after 300 days and it was similar among sites and vegetation types.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The significant lower fine root C stock and annual productivity rate at the hDeg site than at the Intact site suggests a potential for strong degradation to disrupt peat accretion. These results stress the need for a sustainable management of these forests to maintain their C sink function.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8555211/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39573732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-predictor mapping of soil organic carbon in the alpine tundra: a case study for the central Ecuadorian páramo","authors":"Johanna Elizabeth Ayala Izurieta,&nbsp;Carmen Omaira Márquez,&nbsp;Víctor Julio García,&nbsp;Carlos Arturo Jara Santillán,&nbsp;Jorge Marcelo Sisti,&nbsp;Nieves Pasqualotto,&nbsp;Shari Van Wittenberghe,&nbsp;Jesús Delegido","doi":"10.1186/s13021-021-00195-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-021-00195-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Soil organic carbon (SOC) affects essential biological, biochemical, and physical soil functions such as nutrient cycling, water retention, water distribution, and soil structure stability. The Andean páramo known as such a high carbon and water storage capacity ecosystem is a complex, heterogeneous and remote ecosystem complicating field studies to collect SOC data. Here, we propose a multi-predictor remote quantification of SOC using Random Forest Regression to map SOC stock in the herbaceous páramo of the Chimborazo province, Ecuador.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Spectral indices derived from the Landsat-8 (L8) sensors, OLI and TIRS, topographic, geological, soil taxonomy and climate variables were used in combination with 500 in situ SOC sampling data for training and calibrating a suitable predictive SOC model. The final predictive model selected uses nine predictors with a RMSE of 1.72% and a R² of 0.82 for SOC expressed in weight %, a RMSE of 25.8 Mg/ha and a R² of 0.77 for the model in units of Mg/ha. Satellite-derived indices such as VARIG, SLP, NDVI, NDWI, SAVI, EVI2, WDRVI, NDSI, NDMI, NBR and NBR2 were not found to be strong SOC predictors. Relevant predictors instead were in order of importance: geological unit, soil taxonomy, precipitation, elevation, orientation, slope length and steepness (LS Factor), Bare Soil Index (BI), average annual temperature and TOA Brightness Temperature.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Variables such as the BI index derived from satellite images and the LS factor from the DEM increase the SOC mapping accuracy. The mapping results show that over 57% of the study area contains high concentrations of SOC, between 150 and 205 Mg/ha, positioning the herbaceous páramo as an ecosystem of global importance. The results obtained with this study can be used to extent the SOC mapping in the whole herbaceous ecosystem of Ecuador offering an efficient and accurate methodology without the need for intensive in situ sampling.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8543914/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39554369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of rising temperatures on the biomass of humid old-growth forests of the world","authors":"Markku Larjavaara,&nbsp;Xiancheng Lu,&nbsp;Xia Chen,&nbsp;Mikko Vastaranta","doi":"10.1186/s13021-021-00194-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-021-00194-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Understanding how warming influence above-ground biomass in the world’s forests is necessary for quantifying future global carbon budgets. A climate-driven decrease in future carbon stocks could dangerously strengthen climate change. Empirical methods for studying the temperature response of forests have important limitations, and modelling is needed to provide another perspective. Here we evaluate the impact of rising air temperature on the future above-ground biomass of old-growth forests using a model that explains well the observed current variation in the above-ground biomass over the humid lowland areas of the world based on monthly air temperature.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Applying this model to the monthly air temperature data for 1970–2000 and monthly air temperature projections for 2081–2100, we found that the above-ground biomass of old-growth forests is expected to decrease everywhere in the humid lowland areas except boreal regions. The temperature-driven decrease is estimated at 41% in the tropics and at 29% globally.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings suggest that rising temperatures impact the above-ground biomass of old-growth forests dramatically. However, this impact could be mitigated by fertilization effects of increasing carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere and nitrogen deposition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8513374/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39515585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inward- versus outward-focused bioeconomy strategies for British Columbia’s forest products industry: a harvested wood products carbon storage and emission perspective","authors":"Sheng H. Xie,&nbsp;Werner A. Kurz,&nbsp;Paul N. McFarlane","doi":"10.1186/s13021-021-00193-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-021-00193-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>British Columbia’s (BC) extensive forest resources provide climate change mitigation opportunities that are available to few other jurisdictions. However, as a consequence of the Mountain Pine Beetle outbreak and large-scale wildfires, BC is anticipating reduced roundwood harvest for the next decades. Progress towards more climatically efficient utilization of forest resources is needed. This research quantitatively compared the greenhouse gas emission consequences of nine harvested wood products trade and consumption strategies. Inward-focused strategies use wood products within Canada to achieve emission reduction objectives, while outward-focused strategies encourage exports of wood products.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>In the business-as-usual baseline scenario, average emissions arising from BC-originated harvested wood products between 2016 and 2050 were 40 MtCO₂e yr⁻¹. The estimated theoretical boundaries were 11 MtCO₂e yr⁻¹ and 54 MtCO₂e yr⁻¹, under the scenarios of using all harvests for either construction purposes or biofuel production, respectively. Due to the constrained domestic market size, inward-focused scenarios that were based on population and market capacity achieved 0.3–10% emission reductions compared to the baseline. The international markets were larger, however the emissions varied substantially between 68% reduction and 25% increase depending on wood products’ end uses.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Future bioeconomy strategies can have a substantial impact on emissions. This analysis revealed that from a carbon storage and emission perspective, it was better to consume BC’s harvests within Canada and only export those products that would be used for long-lived construction applications, provided that construction market access beyond the US was available. However, restricting export of wood products destined for short-lived uses such as pulp and wood pellets would have significant economic and social impacts. On the other hand, inward-focused strategies had a small but politically and environmentally meaningful contribution to BC’s climate action plan. This study also revealed the conflicts between a demand-driven bioeconomy and targeted environmental outcomes. A hierarchical incentive system that could co-exist with other market drivers may help achieve emission reduction goals, but this would require a better quantitative understanding of wood products’ substitution effects. While the analyses were conducted for BC, other regions that are net exporters of wood products may face similar issues.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8466961/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39447483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes of lake organic carbon sinks from closed basins since the Last Glacial Maximum and quantitative evaluation of human impacts","authors":"Yu Li,&nbsp;Xinzhong Zhang,&nbsp;Lingmei Xu,&nbsp;Yuxin Zhang,&nbsp;Wangting Ye,&nbsp;Yichan Li","doi":"10.1186/s13021-021-00191-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13021-021-00191-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Closed basins occupy 21% of the world’s land area and can substantially affect global carbon budgets. Conventional understanding suggests that the terminal areas of closed basins collect water and carbon from throughout the entire basin, and changes in lake organic carbon sinks are indicative of basin-wide organic carbon storages. However, this hypothesis lacks regional and global validation. Here, we first validate the depositional process of organic carbon in a typical closed-basin region of northwest China using organic geochemical proxies of both soil and lake sediments. Then we estimate the organic carbon sinks and human impacts in extant closed-basin lakes since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Results show that 80.56 Pg organic carbon is stored in extant closed-basin lakes mainly found in the northern mid-latitudes. Carbon accumulation rates vary from 17.54 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ during modern times, 6.36 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ during the mid-Holocene and 2.25 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ during the LGM. Then, we evaluated the influence by human activities during the late Holocene (in the past three thousand years). The ratio of human impacts on lake organic carbon storage in above closed basins is estimated to be 22.79%, and human-induced soil organic carbon emissions in the past three thousand years amounted to 207 Pg.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>While the magnitude of carbon storage is not comparable to those in peatland, vegetation and soil, lake organic carbon sinks from closed basins are significant to long-term terrestrial carbon budget and contain information of climate change and human impact from the whole basins. These observations improve our understanding of carbon sinks in closed basins at various time scales, and provide a basis for the future mitigation policies to global climate change.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8447695/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39445916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}