Carbon Balance and Management最新文献

{"title":"A city-level comparison of fossil-fuel and industry processes-induced CO2 emissions over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from eight emission inventories","authors":"Pengfei Han,&nbsp;Ning Zeng,&nbsp;Tomohiro Oda,&nbsp;Wen Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaohui Lin,&nbsp;Di Liu,&nbsp;Qixiang Cai,&nbsp;Xiaolin Ma,&nbsp;Wenjun Meng,&nbsp;Guocheng Wang,&nbsp;Rong Wang,&nbsp;Bo Zheng","doi":"10.1186/s13021-020-00163-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00163-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Quantifying CO₂ emissions from cities is of great importance because cities contribute more than 70% of the global total CO₂ emissions. As the largest urbanized megalopolis region in northern China, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji, JJJ) region (population: 112.7 million) is under considerable pressure to reduce carbon emissions. Despite the several emission inventories covering the JJJ region, a comprehensive evaluation of the CO₂ emissions at the prefectural city scale in JJJ is still limited, and this information is crucial to implementing mitigation strategies.</p><p>Here, we collected and analyzed 8 published emission inventories to assess the emissions and uncertainty at the JJJ city level. The results showed that a large discrepancy existed in the JJJ emissions among downscaled country-level emission inventories, with total emissions ranging from 657 to 1132 Mt CO₂ (or 849?±?214 for mean?±?standard deviation (SD)) in 2012, while emission estimates based on provincial-level data estimated emissions to be 1038 and 1056 Mt. Compared to the mean emissions of city-data-based inventories (989 Mt), provincial-data-based inventories were 6% higher, and national-data-based inventories were 14% lower. Emissions from national-data-based inventories were 53–75% lower in the high-emitting industrial cities of Tangshan and Handan, while they were 47–160% higher in Beijing and Tianjin than those from city-data-based inventories. Spatially, the emissions pattern was consistent with the distribution of urban areas, and urban emissions in Beijing contributed 50–70% of the total emissions. Higher emissions from Beijing and Tianjin resulted in lower estimates of prefectural cities in Hebei for some national inventories.</p><p>National-level data-based emission inventories produce large differences in JJJ prefectural city-level emission estimates. The city-level statistics data-based inventories produced more consistent estimates. The consistent spatial distribution patterns recognized by these inventories (such as high emissions in southern Beijing, central Tianjin and Tangshan) potentially indicate areas with robust emission estimates. This result could be useful in the efficient deployment of monitoring instruments, and if proven by such measurements, it will increase our confidence in inventories and provide support for policy makers trying to reduce emissions in key regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13021-020-00163-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4457884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responses of forest carbon and water coupling to thinning treatments from leaf to stand scales in a young montane pine forest","authors":"Yi Wang,&nbsp;Antonio D. del Campo,&nbsp;Xiaohua Wei,&nbsp;Rita Winkler,&nbsp;Wanyi Liu,&nbsp;Qiang Li","doi":"10.1186/s13021-020-00159-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00159-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Water-use efficiency (WUE) represents the coupling of forest carbon and water. Little is known about the responses of WUE to thinning at multiple spatial scales. The objective of this research was to use field measurements to understand short-term effects of two thinning treatments (T1: 4500 stems ha^?1; and T2: 1100 stems ha^?1) and the control (NT: 27,000 stems ha^?1) on WUE at the three spatial scales (leaf level: the ratio of leaf photosynthesis to leaf transpiration; tree-level: tree growth to tree transpiration; and stand level: net primary production (NPP) to stand transpiration) and intrinsic WUEi (the ratio of leaf photosynthesis to stomatal conductance at leaf-level; and NPP to canopy conductance at stand-level) in a 16-year old natural lodgepole pine forest. Leaf-level measurements were conducted in 2017, while tree- and stand-level measurements were conducted in both 2016 (the normal precipitation year) and 2017 (the drought year).</p><p>The thinning treatments did not significantly affect the tree- and stand-level WUE in the normal year of 2016. However, the thinning significantly affected WUE in the drought year of 2017: T2 exhibited significantly higher tree-level WUE (0.49?mm²?kg^?1) than NT?(0.08?mm²?kg^?1), and compared to NT, the stand-level WUE values in the thinned stands (T1 and T2) were significantly higher, with means of?0.31, 0.56 and 0.70?kg?m^?3, respectively. However, the leaf-level and stand-level WUEi in the thinned stands in the drought year were significantly lower than those in the unthinned stands. No significant differences in the leaf-level WUE were found among the treatments in 2017. In addition, the thinning?did not significantly change the WUE-VPD relationships at any studied spatial scale.</p><p>The thinning treatments did not cause significant changes in all studied WUE metrics in a normal year. However, their effects were significantly promoted under the drought conditions probably due to the decrease in soil water availability, demonstrating that thinning can improve WUE and consequently support forests to cope with the drought effects. The inconsistent results on the effects of the thinning on forest carbon and water coupling at the spatial scales and the lack of the consistent WUE metrics constraint across-scale comparison and transferring of WUE.</p>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13021-020-00159-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4137173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecosystem services in vineyard landscapes: a focus on aboveground carbon storage and accumulation","authors":"J. N. Williams,&nbsp;J. A. Morandé,&nbsp;M. G. Vaghti,&nbsp;J Medellín-Azuara,&nbsp;J. H. Viers","doi":"10.1186/s13021-020-00158-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00158-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Organic viticulture can generate a range of ecosystem services including supporting biodiversity, reducing the use of conventional pesticides and fertilizers, and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions through long-term carbon (C) storage. Here we focused on aboveground C storage rates and accumulation using a one-year increment analysis applied across different winegrape varietals and different-aged vineyard blocks. This produced a chronosequence of C storage rates over what is roughly the productive lifespan of most vines (aged 2–30?years). To our knowledge, this study provides the first estimate of C storage rates in the woody biomass of vines. Additionally, we assessed C storage in wildland buffers and adjacent oak-dominated habitats over a 9-year period.</p><p>Carbon storage averaged 6.5?Mg/Ha in vines. We found the average annual increase in woody C storage was 43% by mass. Variation correlated most strongly with vine age, where the younger the vine, the greater the relative increase in annual C. Decreases in C increment rates with vine age were more than offset by the greater overall biomass of older vines, such that C on the landscape continued to increase over the life of the vines at 18.5% per year on average. Varietal did not significantly affect storage rates or total C stored. Carbon storage averaged 81.7?Mg/Ha in native perennial buffer vegetation; we found an 11% increase in mass over 9?years for oak woodlands and savannas.</p><p>Despite a decrease in the annual rate of C accumulation as vines age, we found a net increase in aboveground C in the woody biomass of vines. The results indicate the positive role that older vines play in on-farm (vineyard) C and overall aboveground accumulation rates. Additionally, we found that the conservation of native perennial vegetation as vineyard buffers and edge habitats contributes substantially to overall C stores. We recommend that future research consider longer time horizons for increment analysis, as this should improve the precision of C accumulation rate estimates, including in belowground (i.e., soil) reservoirs.</p>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13021-020-00158-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4481627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Informing urban climate planning with high resolution data: the Hestia fossil fuel CO2 emissions for Baltimore, Maryland","authors":"Geoffrey S. Roest,&nbsp;K. R. Gurney,&nbsp;S. M. Miller,&nbsp;J. Liang","doi":"10.1186/s13021-020-00157-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00157-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cities contribute more than 70% of global anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and are leading the effort to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through sustainable planning and development. However, urban greenhouse gas mitigation often relies on self-reported emissions estimates that may be incomplete and unverifiable via atmospheric monitoring of GHGs. We present the Hestia Scope 1 fossil fuel CO₂ (FFCO₂) emissions for the city of Baltimore, Maryland—a gridded annual and hourly emissions data product for 2010 through 2015 (Hestia-Baltimore v1.6). We also compare the Hestia-Baltimore emissions to overlapping Scope 1 FFCO₂ emissions in Baltimore’s self-reported inventory for 2014.</p><p>The Hestia-Baltimore emissions in 2014 totaled 1487.3 kt C (95% confidence interval of 1158.9–1944.9 kt C), with the largest emissions coming from onroad (34.2% of total city emissions), commercial (19.9%), residential (19.0%), and industrial (11.8%) sectors. Scope 1 electricity production and marine shipping were each generally less than 10% of the city’s total emissions. Baltimore’s self-reported Scope 1 FFCO₂ emissions included onroad, natural gas consumption in buildings, and some electricity generating facilities within city limits. The self-reported Scope 1 FFCO₂ total of 1182.6 kt C was similar to the sum of matching emission sectors and fuels in Hestia-Baltimore v1.6. However, 20.5% of Hestia-Baltimore’s emissions were in sectors and fuels that were not included in the self-reported inventory. Petroleum use in buildings were omitted and all Scope 1 emissions from industrial point sources, marine shipping, nonroad vehicles, rail, and aircraft were categorically excluded.</p><p>The omission of petroleum combustion in buildings and categorical exclusions of several sectors resulted in an underestimate of total Scope 1 FFCO₂ emissions in Baltimore’s self-reported inventory. Accurate Scope 1 FFCO₂ emissions, along with Scope 2 and 3 emissions, are needed to inform effective urban policymaking for system-wide GHG mitigation. We emphasize the need for comprehensive Scope 1 emissions estimates for emissions verification and measuring progress towards Scope 1 GHG mitigation goals using atmospheric monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13021-020-00157-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4589171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change mitigation in British Columbia’s forest sector: GHG reductions, costs, and environmental impacts","authors":"C. E. Smyth,&nbsp;Z. Xu,&nbsp;T. C. Lemprière,&nbsp;W. A. Kurz","doi":"10.1186/s13021-020-00155-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00155-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The potential contributions from forest-based greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation actions need to be quantified to develop pathways towards net negative emissions. Here we present results from a comparative analysis that examined mitigation options for British Columbia’s forest sector. Mitigation scenarios were evaluated using a systems perspective that takes into account the changes in emissions and removals in forest ecosystems, in harvested wood product (HWP) carbon stocks, and in other sectors where wood products substitute for emission-intensive materials and fossil fuels. All mitigation activities were assessed relative to a forward-looking ‘business as usual’ baseline for three implementation levels. In addition to quantifying net GHG emission reductions, we assessed economic, and socio-economic impacts as well as other environmental indicators relating to forest species, age class, deadwood availability and future timber supply. We further considered risks of reversal for land-based scenarios, by assessing impacts of increasing future wildfires on stands that were not harvested.</p><p>Our spatially explicit analyses of forest sector mitigation options demonstrated a cost-effective portfolio of regionally differentiated scenarios that directed more of the harvested wood to longer-lived wood products, stopped burning of harvest residues and instead produced bioenergy to displace fossil fuel burning, and reduced harvest levels in regions with low disturbance rates. Domestically, net GHG emissions were reduced by an average of -9 MtCO₂e year^?1 over 2020–2050 for a portfolio of mitigation activities at a default implementation level, with about 85% of the GHG emission reductions achieved below a cost of $50/tCO₂e. Normalizing the net GHG reduction by changes in harvested wood levels permitted comparisons of the scenarios with different ambition levels, and showed that a 1 MtCO₂ increase in cumulative harvested stemwood results in a 1 MtCO₂e reduction in cumulative emissions, relative to the baseline, for the <i>Higher Recovery</i> scenario in 2070.</p><p>The analyses conducted in this study contribute to the global understanding of forest sector mitigation options by providing an integrated framework to synthesize the methods, assumptions, datasets and models needed to quantify mitigation activities using a systems approach. An understanding of economically feasible and socio-economically attractive mitigation scenarios along with trade offs for environmental indicators relating to species composition and age, helps decision makers with long-term planning for land sector contributions to GHG emission reduction efforts, and provides valuable information for stakeholder consultations.</p>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13021-020-00155-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4055806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remote sensing of the impact of flash drought events on terrestrial carbon dynamics over China","authors":"Miao Zhang,&nbsp;Xing Yuan,&nbsp;Jason A. Otkin","doi":"10.1186/s13021-020-00156-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00156-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Flash drought poses a great threat to terrestrial ecosystems and influences carbon dynamics due to its unusually rapid onset and increasing frequency in a warming climate. Understanding the response of regional terrestrial carbon dynamics to flash drought requires long-term observations of carbon fluxes and soil moisture at a large scale. Here, MODIS satellite observations of ecosystem productivity and ERA5 reanalysis modeling of soil moisture are used to detect the response of ecosystems to flash drought over China.</p><p>The results show that GPP, NPP, and LAI respond to 79–86% of the flash drought events over China, with highest and lowest response frequency for NPP and LAI, respectively. The discrepancies in the response of GPP, NPP, and LAI to flash drought result from vegetation physiological and structural changes. The negative anomalies of GPP, NPP, and LAI occur within 19?days after the start of flash drought, with the fastest response occurring over North China, and slower responses in southern and northeastern China. Water use efficiency (WUE) is increased in most regions of China except for western regions during flash drought, illustrating the resilience of ecosystems to rapid changes in soil moisture conditions.</p><p>This study shows the rapid response of ecosystems to flash drought based on remote-sensing observations, especially for northern China with semiarid climates. Besides, NPP is more sensitive than GPP and LAI to flash drought under the influence of vegetation respiration and physiological regulations. Although the mean WUE increases during flash drought over most of China, western China shows less resilience to flash drought with little changes in WUE during the recovery stage. This study highlights the impacts of flash drought on ecosystems and the necessity to monitor rapid drought intensification.</p>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13021-020-00156-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4881868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil carbon fluxes and balances of crop rotations under long-term no-till","authors":"João Paulo Gonsiorkiewicz Rigon,&nbsp;Juliano Carlos Calonego","doi":"10.1186/s13021-020-00154-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00154-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A field study with the same crop rotations was conducted to test the hypothesis that the soil Carbon fluxes and balances could vary according to the crop species and also mitigate carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission. This study aimed to assess the CO₂ emission from crop rotations according to C and N inputs from crop residue, the influences on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total soil nitrogen (TN) stocks, identifying the soybean production systems with positive C balance. Triticale (<i>x Triticosecale</i>) or sunflower (<i>Helianthus annuus</i>) are grown in the fall/winter; sunn hemp (<i>Crotalaria juncea</i>), forage sorghum (<i>Sorghum bicolor</i>), pearl millet (<i>Pennisetum glaucum</i>), or fallow are the spring treatments, and soybean as a main crop in summer.</p><p>We found that high C inputs from crop residues modify the C dynamics in crop rotations by reducing the C output (CO₂) and increasing C sequestration in the soil. In general, the higher SOC, C stocks, and TN in soil surface were due to higher C and N inputs from sunn hemp or forage sorghum crop residues in spring. These crops also produced lower accumulated CO₂ emissions and, when rotating with triticale in the fall-winter season resulted in a positive C balance, making these soybean crop rotations more efficient.</p><p>Our study suggests the ideal crop species choice in a rotation can mitigate the CO₂ emissions by increasing C and N input from crop residues and consequently SOC and C stocks. In particular, crop rotation comprises an important tool to achieve a positive C balance, mitigate CO₂ emissions and provide an additional ecosystem service to soybean cultivation option.</p>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13021-020-00154-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4667461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The potential of a constellation of low earth orbit satellite imagers to monitor worldwide fossil fuel CO2 emissions from large cities and point sources","authors":"Franck Lespinas,&nbsp;Yilong Wang,&nbsp;Grégoire Broquet,&nbsp;François-Marie Bréon,&nbsp;Michael Buchwitz,&nbsp;Maximilian Reuter,&nbsp;Yasjka Meijer,&nbsp;Armin Loescher,&nbsp;Greet Janssens-Maenhout,&nbsp;Bo Zheng,&nbsp;Philippe Ciais","doi":"10.1186/s13021-020-00153-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00153-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Satellite imagery will offer unparalleled global spatial coverage at high-resolution for long term cost-effective monitoring of CO₂ concentration plumes generated by emission hotspots. CO₂ emissions can then be estimated from the magnitude of these plumes. In this paper, we assimilate pseudo-observations in a global atmospheric inversion system to assess the performance of a constellation of one to four sun-synchronous low-Earth orbit (LEO) imagers to monitor anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. The constellation of imagers follows the specifications from the European Spatial Agency (ESA) for the Copernicus Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Monitoring (CO2M) concept for a future operational mission dedicated to the monitoring of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. This study assesses the uncertainties in the inversion estimates of emissions (“posterior uncertainties”).</p><p>The posterior uncertainties of emissions for individual cities and power plants are estimated for the 3?h before satellite overpasses, and extrapolated at annual scale assuming temporal auto-correlations in the uncertainties in the emission products that are used as a prior knowledge on the emissions by the Bayesian framework of the inversion. The results indicate that (i) the number of satellites has a proportional impact on the number of 3?h time windows for which emissions are constrained to better than 20%, but it has a small impact on the posterior uncertainties in annual emissions; (ii) having one satellite with wide swath would provide full images of the XCO₂ plumes, and is more beneficial than having two satellites with half the width of reference swath; and (iii) an increase in the precision of XCO₂ retrievals from 0.7?ppm to 0.35?ppm has a marginal impact on the emission monitoring performance.</p><p>For all constellation configurations, only the cities and power plants with an annual emission higher than 0.5 MtC per year can have at least one 8:30–11:30 time window during one year when the emissions can be constrained to better than 20%. The potential of satellite imagers to constrain annual emissions not only depend on the design of the imagers, but also strongly depend on the temporal error structure in the prior uncertainties, which is needed to be objectively assessed in the bottom-up emission maps.</p>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13021-020-00153-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4194177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of aboveground and belowground carbon stocks in urban freshwater wetlands of Sri Lanka","authors":"Deekirikewage Dona Thamali Lushanya Dayathilake,&nbsp;Erandathie Lokupitiya,&nbsp;Vithana Pathirannehelage Indika Sandamali Wijeratne","doi":"10.1186/s13021-020-00152-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00152-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The occurrence of climate change at an unprecedented scale has resulted in alterations of ecosystems around the world. Numerous studies have reported on the potential to slow down climate change through the sequestration of carbon in soil and trees. Freshwater wetlands hold significant potential for climate change mitigation owing to their large capacity to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂). Wetlands among all terrestrial ecosystems have the highest carbon density and are found to store up to three to five times more carbon than terrestrial forests. The current study was undertaken to quantify carbon stocks of two carbon pools: aboveground biomass (AGB) and belowground biomass (BGB). Chosen study sites; Kolonnawa wetland and Thalawathugoda wetland park are distributed within the Colombo wetland complex. Colombo was recognized as one of the 18 global Ramsar wetland cities in 2018. A combination of field measurements and allometric tree biomass regression models was used in the study. Stratification of the project area was performed using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI).</p><p>The AGB carbon stock, across strata, is estimated to be in the range of 13.79?±?3.65–66.49?±?6.70 tC/ha and 8.13?±?2.42–52.63?±?10.00 tC/ha at Kolonnawa wetland and Thalawathugoda wetland park, respectively. The BGB carbon stock is estimated to be in the range of 2.47?±?0.61–10.12?±?0.89 tC/ha and 1.56?±?0.41–8.17?±?1.39 tC/ha at Kolonnawa wetland and Thalawathugoda wetland park, respectively. The total AGB carbon stock of Kolonnawa wetland was estimated at 19,803?±?1566 tCO₂eq and that of Thalawathugoda wetland park was estimated at 4180?±?729 tCO₂eq.</p><p>In conclusion, the study reveals that tropical freshwater wetlands contain considerable potential as carbon reservoirs. The study suggests the use of tropical freshwater wetlands in carbon sequestration enhancement plans in the tropics. The study also shows that <i>Annona glabra</i>, an invasive alien species (IAS), has the potential to enhance the net sink of AGB carbon in these non-mangrove wetlands. However, further studies are essential to confirm if enhanced carbon sequestration by <i>Annona glabra</i> is among the unexplored and unreported benefits of the species.</p>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13021-020-00152-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4105634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increases in soil and woody biomass carbon stocks as a result of rangeland riparian restoration","authors":"Virginia Matzek,&nbsp;David Lewis,&nbsp;Anthony O’Geen,&nbsp;Michael Lennox,&nbsp;Sean D. Hogan,&nbsp;Shane T. Feirer,&nbsp;Valerie Eviner,&nbsp;Kenneth W. Tate","doi":"10.1186/s13021-020-00150-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-020-00150-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Globally, vegetation in riparian zones is frequently the target of restoration efforts because of its importance in reducing the input of eroded sediment and agricultural nutrient runoff to surface waters. Here we examine the potential of riparian zone restoration to enhance carbon sequestration. We measured soil and woody biomass carbon stocks, as well as soil carbon properties, in a long-term chronosequence of 42 streambank revegetation projects in northern California rangelands, varying in restoration age from 1 to 45?years old.</p><p>Where revegetation was successful, we found that soil carbon measured to 50?cm depth increased at a rate of 0.87?Mg C ha^?1 year^?1 on the floodplain and 1.12?Mg C ha^?1 year^?1 on the upper bank landform. Restored sites also exhibited trends toward increased soil carbon permanence, including an increased C:N ratio and lower fulvic acid: humic acid ratio. Tree and shrub carbon in restored sites was modeled to achieve a 50-year maximum of 187.5?Mg C ha^?1 in the channel, 279.3?Mg?ha^?1 in the floodplain, and 238.66?Mg?ha^?1 on the upper bank. After 20?years of restoration, the value of this carbon at current per-ton C prices would amount to $US 15,000 per km of restored stream.</p><p>We conclude that revegetating rangeland streambanks for erosion control has a substantial additional benefit of mitigating global climate change, and should be considered in carbon accounting and any associated financial compensation mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":505,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Balance and Management","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s13021-020-00150-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5178835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}