Fire Safety Journal最新文献_第6页

Experimental study on flame characteristics and heat transfer analysis in flame spread in all directions over flowing n-butanol fuel surface 流动正丁醇燃料表面火焰特性及火焰向四面蔓延的传热分析实验研究

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104479

Jingbo Xu, Sai Luo, Chen Wang, Jie Ji

{"title":"Experimental study on flame characteristics and heat transfer analysis in flame spread in all directions over flowing n-butanol fuel surface","authors":"Jingbo Xu, Sai Luo, Chen Wang, Jie Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work carries out a series of experiments on a 130 cm × 90 cm substrate under different leakage rates (8.9–87.1 mL/s, corresponding to the flow velocity of 5.2–35.6 mm/s) to reveal the flame spread characteristics over flowing fuel. The results show that the flame front expands gradually in an approximate circular shape, and the flame height increases continuously during the spreading process and slightly with the increase in leakage rate. Based on the parallel shear flow hypothesis, a method for calculating the surface flow structure is proposed, and the heat balance relationship and calculation method for various components in the heat transfer process are established. In the downstream, the increase of leakage rate inhibits the backflow of surface flow, which leads to increased heat transfer to the unburned zone and higher spread speed. In the upstream, the increase in leakage rate causes more heat to be carried and lost, reducing heat accumulation in the unburned area and resulting in slower spread speed or even no spread. As time progresses, the increase of flame volume enhance flame radiation, which promotes the heating of the upstream unburned area and gradually forms an opposed spread.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 104479"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144750752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An experimental study on the fire temperature characteristic of commuter express carriages with multiple side doors in tunnel of urban rail transit 城市轨道交通隧道多侧门通勤快车车厢火灾温度特性实验研究

IF 3.3 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104480

Shiyi Chen , Zhisheng Xu , Yaolong Yin , Zihan Yu , Houlin Ying , Wenbin Wei , Guanhong He , Yuelin Wang , Jiaming Zhao

{"title":"An experimental study on the fire temperature characteristic of commuter express carriages with multiple side doors in tunnel of urban rail transit","authors":"Shiyi Chen , Zhisheng Xu , Yaolong Yin , Zihan Yu , Houlin Ying , Wenbin Wei , Guanhong He , Yuelin Wang , Jiaming Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In extra-long urban rail transit tunnels, fires create a unique double narrow space between the tunnel and the train, making high-temperature smoke discharge difficult and increasing evacuation and rescue distances. This study investigates the temperature distribution of a commuter express carriage fire using a 1:15 scale tunnel model. The effects of heat release rate, number of side doors, and door opening modes were considered. Results show that the fire source's relative position to the side door and the door opening modes significantly influence temperature distribution inside the carriage and tunnel. Three distinct transverse temperature patterns beneath the carriage ceiling were identified. A maximum temperature rise prediction model was developed, incorporating structural correction factors to account for flame deflection under different door opening conditions, achieving an error within 30 %. Additionally, the longitudinal temperature decay beneath the carriage roof follows an exponential trend. A piecewise model was proposed, showing that the decay rate is influenced by the heat release rate, opening factor, and gangway door status. This study provides a quantitative framework for evaluating temperature distribution characteristics during carriage fires in tunnel-train narrow spaces and offers theoretical guidance to improve the safety of passengers and vehicles in extra-long urban rail transit tunnels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"157 ","pages":"Article 104480"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144750753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical study of the impact of global mechanisms in LES of propane pool fire using the EDC - finite-rate chemistry approach 用EDC -有限速率化学方法对丙烷池火灾的整体机制影响进行数值研究

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104472

Jeri At Thabari, Georgios Maragkos, Youk Moorthamers, Alexander Snegirev, Bart Merci

{"title":"Numerical study of the impact of global mechanisms in LES of propane pool fire using the EDC - finite-rate chemistry approach","authors":"Jeri At Thabari, Georgios Maragkos, Youk Moorthamers, Alexander Snegirev, Bart Merci","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large eddy simulations of propane pool fires are presented considering the eddy dissipation concept (EDC) with finite-rate chemistry. Two global chemistry mechanisms (with 2-step reactions) are evaluated in different grid resolutions. The main focus is on the capability of EDC to accurately capture the flame dynamics and key parameters such as temperature, velocity and heat release rate. In addition, the performance of the global mechanisms in predicting species yield, particularly carbon monoxide (CO), is evaluated. Supplementing the LES results, an analysis of 1D counterflow diffusion flames is also presented. The results reveal minimal differences in the predicted temperature and flow field between the two mechanisms. A strong grid dependency is observed for the coarser grid sizes, and unsatisfactory behavior near the burner highlights some EDC limitations. Although the heat release rates are captured reasonably well, there are significant discrepancies in the CO predictions and the resulting flow field when compared against the experiments. These findings reveal that these mechanisms are not suitable for predicting minor species in fires and that the EDC formulation for fire scenarios could be improved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 104472"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Luminous flux transfer from multiple light sources considering scattering in smoke layer 考虑烟雾层散射的多光源光通量传递

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104477

Daisaku Nii, Tetsu Oto, Kazunori Harada, Anyang Sun

{"title":"Luminous flux transfer from multiple light sources considering scattering in smoke layer","authors":"Daisaku Nii, Tetsu Oto, Kazunori Harada, Anyang Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The visual environment in a fire significantly influences evacuation behavior, such as perception, walking speed and route selection. Luminous exit signs and emergency lighting systems are necessary for ensuring adequate floor illuminance and clarity of evacuation routes. However, smoke would severely obstruct visibility and induce the difficulty of evacuation, especially for occupants who are in unfamiliar buildings.</div><div>In this study, luminous flux transfer in smoke-layered environments was investigated through model experiments and simplified calculating models. It was observed that for small light sources relative to smoke layer thickness, attenuation of direct luminous flux and increase of indirect luminous flux on the floor level as increasing smoke density are similar. It was found that indirect flux mostly depends on luminous flux scattered once within the smoke layer when the product of optical smoke density and layer thickness was approximately 0.35 or less. The study summarized the importance of considering scattered luminous flux affected in fire evacuation strategies to enhance visibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 104477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144704533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Structural response of a column under eccentric loading in a travelling fire scenario with open ventilation conditions 开放通风条件下移动火灾中偏心荷载作用下柱的结构响应

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104474

Rabinder Kumar, Naveed Alam, Ali Nadjai

{"title":"Structural response of a column under eccentric loading in a travelling fire scenario with open ventilation conditions","authors":"Rabinder Kumar, Naveed Alam, Ali Nadjai","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104474","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104474","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Columns are crucial structural elements designed to carry axial loads. When these loads are applied off the column's central axis, it results in eccentric loading, introducing both axial stress and bending moments in the column. This complexity becomes even more pronounced under transient heating conditions, such as those encountered during travelling fire. In consideration of this, the present study undertakes nonlinear analyses to explore the structural response of columns under eccentric loading and exposed to a travelling compartment fire with open ventilation conditions. The structural response is evaluated considering the effects of eccentricity ratios along the strong and weak axis of the column section for different load ratios. The analysis reveals that critical buckling temperature is higher in travelling fire scenarios compared to standard fire condition. However, when load ratios exceed 0.4, travelling fire become more critical, leading to reduced critical buckling temperature. Furthermore, the vulnerability of columns to fail under eccentric loading is influenced by the degree of eccentricity, load ratio, and the axis of loading. The columns along the strong axis being more prone to global buckling and those along the weak axis exhibiting localized failure. The study shows that failure modes differ between standard and travelling fire scenarios. In standard fire, failure occurs at mid-height, while in travelling fire case, it concentrates in the lower section of a column. Based on the analysis results, an analytical approach is proposed to estimate critical temperature while considering eccentricity and load ratios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 104474"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Structural performance of steel automated rack-supported warehouses under fire 火灾下钢架自动化仓库的结构性能

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104475

Margherita Autiero , Donatella de Silva , Naveed Alam , Emidio Nigro

{"title":"Structural performance of steel automated rack-supported warehouses under fire","authors":"Margherita Autiero , Donatella de Silva , Naveed Alam , Emidio Nigro","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work focusses on the fire modelling and structural thermo-mechanical assessment of Automated Rack Supported Warehouses (ARSWs), a special steel racking system that combines the benefits of steel constructions with automated handling of stored products. The study consists of two phases with the first phase being related to the development of a fire model for multi-depth ARSW structures, by adopting simplified and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models. A fire model capable of simulating vertical and horizontal fire propagation, starting from a localized fire is proposed and validated on experimental results available in literature. The second phase of the paper analyses the structural collapse mechanisms and examines the methodologies for efficient analysis to interpret collapse mechanisms. Computational modelling has been conducted through several subsequent implicit analyses carried out with SAFIR software and the results are compared with the detailed modelling using ABAQUS, which enables a combination of implicit and explicit analyses. The study shows insights into the response of ARSWs in fire and provides knowledge for the safer and reliable fire designs of such structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 104475"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Computational methodology for investigating the fire behavior of modular steel buildings using full-scale testing and coupled CFD-FEM analysis 采用全尺寸试验和耦合CFD-FEM分析的组合式钢结构建筑火灾行为的计算方法

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104476

Hyuk Kim , Chang-Hwan Lee , Jun-Ho Choi , Kyu-Hong Han , Taehyu Ha , Min Jae Park

{"title":"Computational methodology for investigating the fire behavior of modular steel buildings using full-scale testing and coupled CFD-FEM analysis","authors":"Hyuk Kim , Chang-Hwan Lee , Jun-Ho Choi , Kyu-Hong Han , Taehyu Ha , Min Jae Park","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposed a computational methodology that combined full-scale fire testing and coupled computational fluid dynamics-finite element method (CFD-FEM) analysis to precisely evaluate the fire behavior of modular steel buildings. Conventional fire resistance assessments conducted at the individual component level do not adequately consider interactions between modules and incur high costs and time requirements, making them unsuitable for evaluating modular buildings. To address this, a full-scale fire test was conducted in accordance with the LPS 1501-1 standards. Temperatures were measured at key locations, including the floor of the upper module, walls of side modules, the inside of center module, and critical structural members. However, due to the limitations in real-time structural behavior measurements and the practical constraints associated with repeating full-scale modular fire tests, an alternative coupled numerical analysis model was developed. The fire spread and temperature distributions were analyzed using CFD simulations under matching conditions, and the resulting thermal fields were incorporated into FEM-based thermal analysis to evaluate the fire behavior of modular steel buildings. The analysis results were compared with experimental temperature data, in terms of maximum temperatures, to confirm general consistency. Furthermore, to estimate the structural behavior of members at elevated temperatures, the deflection of the upper module was obtained through structural analysis and compared against the failure criterion defined in LPS 1501–1. The proposed methodology offers a practical framework for assessing the fire-resistance performance of modular construction and serves as a complementary tool to address experimental limitations in full-scale testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 104476"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reaction-to-fire performance of vertical laminated toughened glass panels with different inter-layer materials when exposed to an external heat flux 不同层间材料的垂直夹层钢化玻璃板在暴露于外部热流时的防火性能

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104470

Michael Spearpoint , Guillaume Remy , Ieuan Rickard , Luke Bisby

{"title":"Reaction-to-fire performance of vertical laminated toughened glass panels with different inter-layer materials when exposed to an external heat flux","authors":"Michael Spearpoint , Guillaume Remy , Ieuan Rickard , Luke Bisby","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the fire performance of laminated glass used in balcony balustrades under external heat flux conditions. Experiments examined ignition times and heat release rates (HRR) from laminated glass with different thicknesses of toughened glass with four inter-layer types: polyvinyl butyral (PVB), SentryGlas Plus (SGP), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), and cast-in-place (CIP). Parameters included glass thickness, sample size, thermal exposure, and the condition of the glass pane (broken or unbroken). Thinner PVB samples showed a poorer reaction-to-fire performance when compared to the three other laminate types. At 75 kW/m<sup>2</sup> exposure conditions the 17.5 mm thick PVB samples ignited after 5.6 ± 0.9 min versus 8.3 ± 1.6 min for 25.5 mm think samples, faster times than equivalent samples containing SGP and EVA. When 21.5 mm thick unbroken samples were exposed to 75 kW/m<sup>2</sup>, the peak HRR was ∼167 kW/m<sup>2</sup> for PVB and SGP samples compared to ∼85 kW/m<sup>2</sup> for EVA and CIP. However, the HRR from a 17.5 mm thick PVB sample peaked at 256 kW/m<sup>2</sup> versus 122 kW/m<sup>2</sup> for an equivalent SGP sample. Findings supported using 17.5 mm thick toughened laminated glass with a PVB inter-layer for a series of large-scale balcony fire spread tests in a related study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 104470"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144604522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On the increase in carbon monoxide production during the activation of water mist spray on a fire 在火上喷水雾活化过程中一氧化碳产量的增加

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104473

Yuta Miyanoiri , Futoshi Tanaka , Daito Morita , Tarek Beji

引用次数: 0

Modelling 18650-type lithium-ion battery fires using surrogate fuels 使用替代燃料模拟18650型锂离子电池火灾

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Safety Journal Pub Date : 2025-07-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104464

Hosein Sadeghi , Francesco Restuccia

{"title":"Modelling 18650-type lithium-ion battery fires using surrogate fuels","authors":"Hosein Sadeghi , Francesco Restuccia","doi":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a simplified combustion modelling approach for 18650-type lithium-ion battery fires in thermal runaway by using surrogate fuels instead of the complex fuel mixture of the vent gases. Twelve different fuels were compared through 1-D premixed and counterflow diffusion flame simulations to identify the most suitable surrogate fuel for batteries with LCO, LFP, and NMC cathodes. The investigation focused on batteries at 100% state of charge (SOC), which pose a higher risk of thermal runaway and greater subsequent hazards compared to lower SOCs. For 1-D flames, CH<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>/CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>/CO showed the best performance for all the battery chemistries studied. The battery flame was further validated with 3-D simulations and it was shown that the use of surrogate fuel significantly reduced CPU time by at least 55% compared to the two-step kinetic modelling of the vent gas, which is the common approach used in the literature. This efficiency was achieved while maintaining acceptable levels of accuracy, with maximum errors of 12.2% and 9.5% in flame scalar fields and radiative heat flux, respectively. These findings demonstrate that this approach holds promise for improving computational efficiency in CFD simulations of lithium-ion battery fires in thermal runaway, potentially enhancing the prediction of such events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50445,"journal":{"name":"Fire Safety Journal","volume":"156 ","pages":"Article 104464"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144587571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0