{"title":"Harnessing Electrocardiography Signals for Driver State Classification Using Multi-layered Neural Networks","authors":"Amir Tjolleng, Kihyo Jung","doi":"10.1007/s12239-024-00109-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00109-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Driving under conditions of cognitive overload or drowsiness poses serious safety risks and is recognized as a major cause of vehicle collisions. Thus, timely detection of the driver’s state is crucial for preventing accidents. This study proposed the utilization of electrocardiography (ECG) data in conjunction with multi-layered neural network (MNN) models to determine the driver’s state. ECG signals were obtained from 67 participants during simulated driving scenarios that induced either cognitive load or drowsiness. The study considered five driver states: drowsiness, fighting-off drowsiness, normal, medium cognitive load, and high cognitive load. Statistical analysis revealed significant changes in ECG measurements as the driver’s attentiveness levels varied from low (drowsiness) to high (cognitive overload). Multiple MNN models were developed to address individual variations in heart response and achieved classification accuracies exceeding 95%. These findings demonstrated the potential of ECG signal utilization for driver’s state detection to prevent vehicle accidents.</p>","PeriodicalId":50338,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141529640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancing Connected Autonomous Vehicle Formations: Discrete–Offline–Online Three-Layer Architecture for Platoon Reconfiguration","authors":"Weishan Yang, Yuepeng Chen, Yixin Su","doi":"10.1007/s12239-024-00083-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00083-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The formation transformation in intelligent connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) enhances platoon versatility and significantly improves traffic efficiency. Current formation control strategies for CAV platoons often focus on fixed formation scenarios. This paper proposes a three-layer architecture for platoon reconfiguration, encompassing discrete, offline, and online layers. CAV platoons utilize this architecture to transform their existing formation into a specified target formation from the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). In the discrete layer, we propose a formation representation scheme and design A* and cooperative sorting algorithms to achieve the optimal intermediate formation sequence. Moving to the offline layer, we design a Signal Temporal Logic-based model predictive control algorithm (MPC). This algorithm plans continuous, dynamically feasible, and collision-free safe trajectories, which are stored in an offline trajectory database. In the online layer, we design a successive linearization-based MPC to track the offline trajectories in real-time traffic environments and accomplish the platoon reconfiguration task. We implement single-lane and multi-lane platoon reconfiguration tasks in the MATLAB platform, comparing them with two advanced platoon reconfiguration algorithms. The experimental results, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach, are presented and discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":50338,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141190867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Diagnosis of EV Gearbox Bearing Fault Using Deep Learning-Based Signal Processing","authors":"Kicheol Jeong, Chulwoo Moon","doi":"10.1007/s12239-024-00094-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00094-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The gearbox of an electric vehicle operates under the high load torque and axial load of electric vehicles. In particular, the bearings that support the shaft of the gearbox are subjected to several tons of axial load, and as the mileage increases, fault occurs on bearing rolling elements frequently. Such bearing fault has a serious impact on driving comfort and vehicle safety, however, bearing faults are diagnosed by human experts nowadays, and algorithm-based electric vehicle bearing fault diagnosis has not been implemented. Therefore, in this paper, a deep learning-based bearing vibration signal processing method to diagnose bearing fault in electric vehicle gearboxes is proposed. The proposed method consists of a deep neural network learning stage and an application stage of the pre-trained neural network. In the deep neural network learning stage, supervised learning is carried out based on two acceleration sensors. In the neural network application stage, signal processing of a single accelerometer signal is performed through a pre-trained neural network. In conclusion, the pre-trained neural network makes bearing fault signals stand out and can utilize these signals to extract frequency characteristics of bearing fault.</p>","PeriodicalId":50338,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141171792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Developing a Tubular Type Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Linear Machine for a Semi-active Suspension Systems","authors":"Serdal Arslan","doi":"10.1007/s12239-024-00100-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00100-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Safety, comfort, range, and energy consumption continue to be highly important for today’s motor vehicles. This study considers suspension systems and investigates a semi-active suspension system based on a tubular flux-switching linear machine. The study optimizes motor performance by defining objective functions that use genetic algorithms to reduce cogging forces. Different configurations of model including block, circular, and cylindrical magnetized have been compared in terms of flux density, mesh size, and manufacturing cost by using magnetostatic analyses. Changes in induced voltage, cogging force, and thrust force according to the current based on 2D transient time analysis data were investigated. Multi-physics analysis of the machine was performed on a quarter-vehicle model using linear analysis, as using a linear machine was more effective for vibration mitigation. A prototype of the proposed block magnet-configurated machine was manufactured, comprising a linear motion system driven by an induction motor with a crankshaft to simulate linear motion of the suspension system. Analysis shows that the designed machine is effective as a semi-active suspension system for vibration and damping.</p>","PeriodicalId":50338,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141172280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Study on the Improvement of Acoustic Characteristics of Wheeled Armored Command Vehicles","authors":"Myoung Woon Kim, Seong Mok Moon, Ho Bum Kim","doi":"10.1007/s12239-024-00091-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00091-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50338,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141107284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chanhee Lee, Yoora Choi, Younghyeon Kim, Sangseok Yu
{"title":"Nonlinear Water Transport Through a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Under Transient Operation of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell","authors":"Chanhee Lee, Yoora Choi, Younghyeon Kim, Sangseok Yu","doi":"10.1007/s12239-024-00101-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00101-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50338,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141115435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sara Hong, Su Kyeong Kim, Byung Seok Kong, Sung Sik Choi, Ji Hyun Yang
{"title":"Evaluation of Display Configuration and Seat Orientation Considering Various Automated Driving Situations Using a Vehicle Simulator","authors":"Sara Hong, Su Kyeong Kim, Byung Seok Kong, Sung Sik Choi, Ji Hyun Yang","doi":"10.1007/s12239-024-00097-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00097-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50338,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141119632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dal Ho Shin, Seok Joo Kwon, Yun Seo Park, Chul Yoo, Suhan Park
{"title":"Load Factor Characteristics of 200 kw Class Excavators in Real-Work Operation Mode","authors":"Dal Ho Shin, Seok Joo Kwon, Yun Seo Park, Chul Yoo, Suhan Park","doi":"10.1007/s12239-024-00095-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00095-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To improve emissions inventory, design a real-work operation mode that simulates the operating characteristics of an excavator. The test was conducted at a specialized construction machinery test site to maintain constant operator and soil conditions. Engine speed and actual engine percentage torque were obtained from the onboard diagnostic terminal through a data acquisition device. In Korea, a fixed LF of 0.48 is uniformly applied to all construction machinery. However, it may not be entirely reasonable to use this LF for construction machines performing a variety of tasks. In practical operation tests conducted on two excavators, the LF was measured as 0.426 and 0.47, demonstrating that the fixed LF may not always be applicable. By implementing an LF that is subdivided for each specific type of construction machine, the error in emission calculations could potentially be reduced by 2% to 12%.</p>","PeriodicalId":50338,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141061796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Study on Lateral Stability Control of Distributed Drive Electric Vehicle Based on Fuzzy Adaptive Sliding Mode Control","authors":"Guo Qing Geng, Peng Cheng, Li Qin Sun, Xing Xu, Fanqi Shen","doi":"10.1007/s12239-024-00099-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00099-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a joint sliding mode control algorithm with fuzzy adaptive gain to address the problem that the lateral stability of distributed drive electric vehicles is affected by system parameter perturbation and external environment disturbances under steering conditions. The control system is designed by considering the influence of road conditions and tire nonlinearity, taking the yaw rate and sideslip angle as control variables. The difference between the expected value and the actual value of the control quantity is taken as the input to obtain the expected front-wheel angle for feedback correction. Aiming at the problem that it is difficult to obtain the critical driving state parameters of vehicles and to directly measure the road adhesion coefficient which affects the vehicle's lateral stability, this paper presents a simplified unscented Kalman filter observer which is designed to dynamically estimate the vehicle state parameters and road adhesion coefficient for the lateral stability controller. Based on CarSim and MATLAB/Simulink, a co-simulation model is developed and verified under different working conditions. The results reveal that the proposed lateral stability control algorithm effectively reduces the front wheel steering angle, improving the vehicle's handling stability while reducing the driver's operating burden and improving driving safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":50338,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141061798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"SOC Estimation of Li-Ion Power Battery Based on Strong Tracking UKF with Multiple Suboptimal Fading Factors","authors":"Zhengjun Huang, Tengfei Xiang, Yu Chen, Ludan Shi","doi":"10.1007/s12239-024-00093-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-024-00093-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A method based on strong tracking unscented Kalman filter with multiple suboptimal fading factors (MSTUKF) was proposed to accurately estimate the state of charge (SOC) of power batteries of electric vehicles online. Taking a certain lithium-ion battery as the research object, a second-order RC equivalent circuit model of the battery was established based on its external characteristics and related mechanism. Then the recursive least squares method with forgetting factor was adopted to identify the model parameters, and the MSTUKF nonlinear state space equation of the battery was established according to the equivalent circuit model. Finally, the SOC estimation algorithm was verified by simulation experiments under ECE15 and UDDS conditions. The results show that the error of MSTUKF in SOC estimation of lithium-ion battery is kept within 1.5%, so this method can estimate battery SOC accurately.</p>","PeriodicalId":50338,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141061747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}