International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Investigation of concrete constitutive models for predicting the response, damage, and residual capacity of reinforced concrete beams subject to low velocity impact","authors":"Amirmohammad Samadzad,&nbsp;Matthew Whelan,&nbsp;Seth Cathey,&nbsp;Nicole Braxtan,&nbsp;Shenen Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low velocity impact loading from accidental collisions is a common hazard for reinforced concrete components and structures used in infrastructure applications. Both the design of resilience measures and post-event forensic assessments of such structures can be supported using finite element analysis with advanced concrete constitutive models, however comparative benchmarking of available models to multiple experiments has been limited to date. This study comprehensively evaluates the performance of five concrete constitutive models – Continuous Surface Cap Model (CSCM), Karagozian and Case Concrete (KCC), Riedel–Hiermaier–Thoma (RHT), Concrete Damage Plasticity Model (CDPM), and Winfrith concrete – for analyzing the response of reinforced concrete beams to low-velocity impacts and the subsequent response of the damaged beam to static loading. The investigation includes simulation of five series of drop weight beam experiments conducted on reinforced concrete beams encompassing a range of reinforcement ratios, shear-to-flexural resistance ratios, and impact energies. The performance of each constitutive model is assessed based on comparisons with experimentally observed displacement time histories, damage patterns, and the load–displacement responses of the damaged beams under static loading. The results provide insight into the conditions under which each constitutive model replicates the experimental measurements with strong agreement when initialized with automatic parameter generation and default parameter assignments, while also identifying significant discrepancies in the nature and extent of damage predicted when using each model. This study highlights the importance of concrete constitutive model selection for accurate impact simulation and offers practical guidance for engineers and researchers in choosing appropriate constitutive models for assessing the response of reinforced concrete structures under impact loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105310"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of hybrid plate-rod lattices to static and dynamic compression–An experimental study","authors":"Zhuang Cui ,&nbsp;Zhengping Sun ,&nbsp;Jiayun Zhao ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Ding ,&nbsp;V.P.W. Shim","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In general, lattices are frequently composed of cells that are defined by struts or plates (shells), and each has its unique advantages and limitations in terms of load-bearing and energy dissipation under gross deformation. The hybrid plate-rod lattice structure in this study combines favorable features of these two basic constituent topologies, to achieve superior energy absorption properties under impact. The hybrid structure is established by combining a semi-open Octet-Plate lattice (SOPL) and a strut or rod-based open-cell lattice, to form a hybrid plate-rod lattice (HPRL), amenable to fabrication via selective laser melting (SLM). To elicit the quasi-static and dynamic mechanical response of the structures investigated, planar compression was applied to both SOPL and HPRL specimens using a universal testing machine, a high-speed compression tester, and a direct-impact Hopkinson pressure bar (DHPB); these generated quasi-static, medium strain rate, and high strain rate deformation respectively. Applicability of the DHPB and single wave data processing technique in obtaining valid experimental results was verified by digital image correlation (DIC). The test results show that the HPRL exhibits superior mechanical behavior and energy absorption compared to its SOPL counterpart, for both quasi-static and impact compression. Significant rate sensitivity of the responses was also observed. For impact at 57 m/s, the plateau stress and energy absorption of the HPRL both increase by approximately 30 %, above their respective values for quasi-static deformation. By using two specimen mounting approaches in DHPB tests, this study also demonstrates fulfillment of specimen stress equilibrium, inertia effects, and strain-rate sensitivity of HPRL lattices during high-speed compression. For impact velocities below 57 m/s, inertia effects are not obvious, and the elevation in stress can be attributed primarily to material strain rate sensitivity; beyond 57 m/s, inertia effects and stress non-uniformity begin to be manifested. In essence, this effort highlights the advantages of combining cells of dissimilar geometrical characteristics to attain enhanced responses, and the potential of applying this approach to other cell configurations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105321"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the factors influencing the separation characteristics of explosive bolts","authors":"Yongxing Zhao,&nbsp;Shizeng Zong,&nbsp;Xinyu Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Explosive bolts with weakening grooves are widely employed in aerospace, missile separation, and other fields due to their simple structure and high load-bearing capacity. However, the microsecond-level separation time of these bolts poses significant challenges in capturing the entire separation process. To elucidate the failure modes of explosive bolts and understand the factors influencing their separation characteristics, experimental studies were conducted respectively to investigate the effects of charge weight, the location of weakening grooves, and externally constrained conditions on the separation characteristics of explosive bolts. This study determined the critical charge weights required for explosive bolt separation, and the mechanism of interaction between the failure modes of explosive bolts and the area of stress concentration regions was understood by analyzing the variations in material stress and chamber pressure during the separation process. The findings show that the explosive bolt undergoes a tensile-shear composite fracture when the charge weight increases to a certain value. The creation of weakening grooves on the bolt surface can effectively confine the damaged area of the explosive bolts. A high degree of overlap was observed between the stress concentration areas on the separation cross-section of the explosive bolt and the weakening groove segment. Furthermore, the variations in the distance between the right end of the weakening groove and the bottom of the charge chamber significantly affect the separation cross-section state. Building on these findings, a comparative analysis of the separation characteristics of five experimental types with and without externally constrained conditions was conducted. Notably, under constrained conditions, the head structure of each type of bolt fuses with the upper connecting pieces through explosive welding. By comparing the impact area, the reasons for this phenomenon are elucidated. The research results provide a foundation for optimizing the structural design of weakening groove explosive bolts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105320"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic behavior of metals under laser-induced microparticle impact","authors":"Yiping Song ,&nbsp;Zhoupeng Gu ,&nbsp;Chenguang Huang ,&nbsp;Xianqian Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105318","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105318","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is challenging to assess the dynamic mechanical behavior of metallic materials under ultra-high strain rates. In this study, we obtained the dynamic behavior of metallic materials, including copper, aluminum alloy, and steel alloy, at strain rates ranging from 10³ to 10⁸ s^-1 by laser-induced particle impact test (LIPIT) experiments and numerical simulations. By measuring the energy dissipation of the microparticles and the impact-induced craters of the metallic materials, we determined the dynamic hardness of the metallic materials at different strain rates. We observed that the strain-rate sensitivity of copper hardness increases significantly after exceeding the critical strain rate, which should be ascribed to the transformation of deformation mechanisms from the thermally activated mechanism to the dislocation drag mechanism at ultra-high strain rates. Based on the relationships between hardness and strain rate, we proposed a modified Johnson-Cook constitutive model, which is capable of describing the dynamic behavior of metallic materials under strain rates ranging from 10³ to 10⁸ s^-1. This study presents an effective method for assessing the dynamic mechanical behavior of metals under a wide range of strain rates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105318"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiscale study of the dynamic behaviour of additively manufactured Ti6Al4V cellular metamaterials","authors":"Andrea Cardeña ,&nbsp;Rafael Sancho ,&nbsp;Francisco Gálvez ,&nbsp;Sergio Perosanz ,&nbsp;Daniel Barba","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive manufacturing (AM) enables the creation of complex geometries like lattices with tunable mechanical behaviour. This technique is frequently used in a diverse range of alloy systems, including steels, nickel-based superalloys, titanium and aluminium alloys, among others. These materials, combined with intricate designs, are leading to innovative metamaterials for lightweight, energy-efficient components in impact applications. However, gaps remain in understanding the connection between the lattice architecture, the resulting microstructure and processing defects and the mechanical behaviour under dynamic conditions of these cellular materials. . This study investigates the dynamic behaviour of Ti6Al4V BCC lattice structures manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF), using a multiscale approach to examine both individual struts and whole lattice structures under high strain rates. The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar and Direct Impact Hopkinson Pressure Bar are used for dynamic testing, while design variables such as printing orientation and strut diameter are considered. Additional analyses on surface quality, microstructure, and fractography are conducted to correlate with the mechanical performance. Results show that the mechanical properties of individual struts are both dependent on the diameter and orientation, especially the former. Struts with larger diameters exhibit higher ductility, while mid-size struts (1 mm diameter) present the higher peak flow stress. For the lattice structures, the dynamic plastic/crushing stress, the energy absorption and the failure modes are influenced strongly by strut diameter, with a minor impact from printing orientation. Lattices formed by struts with larger diameters exhibit higher plastic/crushing effective stresses, but the optimal energy absorption efficiency is achieved with smaller diameters due to densification. These findings highlight the importance of considering size and orientation in the design of lattice structures for dynamic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105294"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic direct tensile behaviour of high-strength strain-hardening fibre-reinforced cementitious composites: Rate dependence, inertial effect, and ductile-brittle transition","authors":"Yanxin Hao ,&nbsp;Xing Yin ,&nbsp;Qinghua Li,&nbsp;Guan Quan,&nbsp;Shilang Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-strength ultra-high toughness cementitious composites (HS-UHTCC), with compressive strength of 167 MPa and tensile strain capacity of 4.6 %, shows significant promise in resisting dynamic loading. This study conducted direct tensile tests across eight strain rates (ranging from 0.00004 /s to 58 /s) for HS-UHTCC, comprehensively covering quasi-static, seismic, and impact loadings. This study provides a detailed analysis of stress equilibrium, inertial effects and machine ringing, which are often overlooked in dynamic studies. Numerical analysis was employed to isolate the pure strain rate effect of the tensile strength. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was used to analyse the transitions in fibre failure modes. The results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of HS-UHTCC exhibit a strong strain rate dependence. Both the initial cracking strength and ultimate tensile strength increase with strain rate, whereas the tensile strain capacity decreases. However, even at a high strain rate of 40 /s, the material retains a tensile strain capacity of 1 %, and its strain energy density remains unaffected by strain rate. The presence of inertia effects significantly influences the apparent tensile strength, and a generalized tensile constitutive relation is proposed for strain capacity prediction at various strain rates. Fibre failure modes change with varying strain rates, marking one of the sources of the material's strain rate dependence. This study is expected to advance the application of HS-UHTCC in seismic and protective engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105309"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct measurement of necking strain using optical contour analysis on isotropic ductile stainless steel","authors":"Puneeth Jakkula ,&nbsp;Georg Ganzenmüller ,&nbsp;Stefan Hiermaier","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To accurately determine yield stress curves for ductile metals, it is essential to account for the triaxial stress state that develops during necking, which complicates the extraction of the equivalent uniaxial stress state. This study introduces a simple yet effective approach to address this challenge. Using a single-camera setup with backlight illumination, silhouette images of the specimen during tensile testing are captured. From these images, the specimen contours are extracted digitally, enabling strain computation based on changes in contour geometry. Simultaneously, a novel curvature-fitting algorithm is employed to calculate stress triaxiality. The accuracy of this method is validated through comparison with finite element simulations, and its applicability spans from the onset of necking to the point of fracture. This approach is demonstrated on 303 stainless steel, showcasing the accurate recovery of equivalent uniaxial true stress–true strain relationships under varying triaxiality conditions. Furthermore, as these stress and strain measures are energy-conjugate, the mechanical work within the neck can be calculated, enabling a direct determination of the Taylor-Quinney coefficient using infrared thermography. The method offers a robust framework for experimental analysis and provides a straightforward route for mechanical and thermal coupling studies. To facilitate broader adoption, an open-source implementation of the program is made available.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105307"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shock resistance of a bio-inspired double corrugated sandwich panel impacted by a graded cellular projectile","authors":"Xiaofei Yi ,&nbsp;Kefeng Peng ,&nbsp;Baixue Chang ,&nbsp;Yuanrui Zhang ,&nbsp;Jilin Yu ,&nbsp;Zhijun Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sandwich structures with a thin-walled core layer exhibit remarkable shock resistance, but most of them suffer from high initial peak stress, limiting their load mitigation ability. Inspired by the S-shaped corrugated wall of the cuttlefish bone and the herringbone corrugation of <span><math><mrow><mi>O</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span> <span><math><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span> dactyl, a sandwich panel with a bio-inspired double corrugated (BDC) core is proposed to enhance the shock resistance. Impact simulations and experiments using graded cellular projectiles were conducted to analyze the effects of core layer configuration on the shock resistance performance of the sandwich panels and to validate the necessity of well-designed graded cellular projectiles in simulating blast loads. It is found that compared to hexagonal honeycomb and bio-inspired single corrugated sandwich panels of the same density, the BDC sandwich panels exhibit superior shock resistance performance, with a reduction of 97.9% and 40.7% in maximum transmission stress and maximum deformation, and an increase of 38.0% in crushing force efficiency. The maximum transmission stress of the BDC sandwich panel is mitigated by the herringbone corrugations, and higher plateau stress is achieved. The underlying mechanism is that herringbone corrugations change the deformation mode, causing less plastic deformation at impact onset to attenuate peak stress, and later generating more wrinkles to increase plateau stress. A stable plateau stress and deformation during impact are guaranteed by the non-hermetic corrugated walls because they permit air to escape, avoiding strain hardening. The present findings provide a new inspiration and method for novel protective structure design and testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105313"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on progressive damage evolution for low-velocity impact simulation of woven composites","authors":"Shunqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Dayou Ma ,&nbsp;Mohammad Rezasefat ,&nbsp;Sandro Campos Amico ,&nbsp;Andrea Manes","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research aims at comparing the capability of three damage models, the enhanced composite damage model (MAT055), the Pinho laminated fracture model (MAT261), and the composite softening deformation gradient decomposition (DGD) model (MAT299) for woven composite materials, in predicting damage from low-velocity impacts. The first of them considers the empirical damage evolution with residual strength softening factors, and the other two control the damage evolution with fracture mechanism. To assess their predictive capabilities regarding mechanical response and damage, low-velocity impact (LVI) response of aramid-fibre epoxy plain-woven composites at four energy levels, from 27.9 J to 109.5 J, was investigated. A finite element model with macro-homogeneous solid element formulation was developed, and a rigorous calibration of the various physical and non-physical parameters was conducted (for all material models). Low-velocity impact tests were performed to identify the different failure mechanisms, focusing on the penetration of the impactor into the woven composites. The MAT261 with linear damage evolution better fits the experimental data at high impact energy levels, where it demonstrates high accuracy on mechanical response and damage propagation area. However, it requires significantly longer computational time. Overall, this study provides an in-depth understanding of the limitations and advantages of those material models, providing insight into their suitability to simulate the impact behaviour of woven composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105316"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transient temperature rise for the penetrating projectile and its effects on high-speed penetration process","authors":"Shuangyang Yu,&nbsp;Yong Peng,&nbsp;Qirui Zhang,&nbsp;Xiangyu Li,&nbsp;Rong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During penetration, high temperature on the projectile will occur, which may have significant influence on the penetration mechanism and the research is obviously insufficient. Aiming to study the temperature rise effect of the projectile during penetration, this paper firstly measured the transient temperature of a hemi-spherical nosed projectile after penetrating a 5 mm 6061 aluminum target. The experimental results show that the temperature of the projectile can reach 422∼550 °C when the initial velocities of the projectile are 575∼676 m/s. A theoretical model for predicting the transient temperature rise, which varies with time and location on projectile, was established by combining the motion and heat conduction. Both the predicted motion parameters and temperature rise of the projectile show good agreements with the experimental data. Based on the theoretical model, the influence factors of temperature rise in the process of rigid projectile penetration are discussed. Furthermore, the effect of penetration temperature rise on the high-speed penetration mode is clarified. If the strength is strong enough, high temperature rise only acts on a thin layer on the projectile's surface and causes abrasion or even erosion on the projectile, which is the only reason for the change of penetration mode in this situation. The research provides some help for the research of high and even ultra-high speed penetration from the thermodynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105317"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}