International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Failure similarity of scaled model under impact","authors":"Aohan Wang ,&nbsp;Jicheng Li ,&nbsp;Shuai Wang ,&nbsp;Zhifang Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Materials often exhibit significant damage or failure when the impact test conditions of scaled model are complex and the impact energy is high. Due to the influence of material distortion, it is usually hard to strictly satisfy the geometric similarity for model test. Meanwhile, the damage or failure behavior of materials further introduces more complex similarity requirements, and thus it is much more difficult to fully consider the thermal-visco-plastic constitutive properties as well as damage or failure characteristics of materials in model test and achieve comprehensive similarity. In order to overcome this problem and further expand the similarity law of the damage or failure behavior of materials, the present study proposes a set of material dimensionless numbers related to material failure strain and analyze its physical meaning. Subsequently, the specific expression of these dimensionless numbers corresponding to the failure criterion is deduced as an example, which reflects the essential properties of the dependency of material failure strain on stress triaxiality, strain rate and temperature, etc. The rationality and practicability of new dimensionless numbers are verified based on several numerical simulation results involving various impact conditions, including Taylor bar impact test with moderate velocity, flat-nosed rigid projectile impacts medium target, and ogive-nosed rigid projectile perforates thin target. Based on these results, the basic method of selecting the optimum similitude material in scaled model test considering both thermal-visco-plasticity and damage or failure behavior of materials will be proposed. It is demonstrated that after the satisfaction of thermal-visco-plastic similarity of materials, the scaled model can accurately replicate the deformation and damage or failure characteristics of prototype structure by further introducing the failure similarity criterion of materials, and selecting the optimum similitude materials with both thermal-visco-plastic similarity and failure similarity. Meanwhile, in the case that the damage or failure behavior of structure is more significant than its plastic deformation, the requirement from failure similarity is more important, and correspondingly the appropriate relaxation for thermal-visco-plastic similarity of materials is allowed. The proposed dimensionless numbers considering material damage or failure properties, as well as the corresponding selection method for optimum similitude materials, are of great significance for accurately predicting the dangerous points in prototype structure under impact and taking protective measures accordingly by the scaled model test.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105548"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fracture characterization of composite laminates under dynamic biaxial tensile loading","authors":"Yajing Feng ,&nbsp;Chang Lei ,&nbsp;Jinheng Shi ,&nbsp;Youcun Zhao ,&nbsp;Ting Zhang ,&nbsp;Hao cui","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The biaxial dynamic fracture toughness of composite laminates under translaminar failure is investigated using a cruciform specimen, at a displacement rate of approximately <span><math><mrow><mn>6</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span>, employing a novel biaxial four-directional electromagnetic Hopkinson bar system. The dynamic J-integral method, combined with Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technology, is utilized to determine the dynamic fracture toughness values. Experimental results show an approximately 30 % reduction in fracture toughness under high displacement rates compared to quasi-static conditions, accompanied by a pronounced suppression of the R-curve effect. Dynamic cohesive curves, derived via CTOD-J differentiation, indicate that both fracture toughness and cohesive strength increase with the transverse loading ratio from 0 to 1. Furthermore, X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) reveals a significant reduction in fibre pull-out length under dynamic loading, confirming that damage evolution is strongly influenced by the displacement rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105526"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic model for RC members impacted by metal/PWG composite impact module","authors":"Guanxia Yang ,&nbsp;Haijun Wu ,&nbsp;Heng Dong ,&nbsp;Ning Mo ,&nbsp;Fenglei Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The blast simulator based on high-speed impact has the advantages of low cost, strong repeatability and easy data acquisition, and is expected to become a promising supplement to traditional blast tests. However, there is a lack of theoretical model describing the dynamic response of impact system to guide the setting of loading conditions and the evaluation of loading effects. This study focuses on the impact system of a metal/PWG composite impact module (MPCIM) impacting reinforced concrete (RC) beam, aims to develop an accurate dynamic model based on equivalent degree of freedom model for rapid prediction of the impact load and structural response of RC beam. Firstly, regardless of the influence of the impacted structure, the quasi-static and dynamic compression numerical simulations for PWG with different dimensions were carried out. The nonlinear dynamic response model of PWG considering the dimension and impact velocity of MPCIM was developed by combining machine learning methods. Then, based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and the impact process of MPCIM and RC beam, a resistance function of RC beam incorporating the dimension of MPCIM was derived. Finally, a novel dynamic model of the impact system that considers the characteristics of the RC beam, the MPCIM dimension, and the dynamic response of PWG was established and verified by numerical simulation results. The results show that the model can accurately predict the impact load and structural response of RC beam impacted by MPCIM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105561"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fracture analysis for reinforced concrete beams under impact using an enhanced interface viscoelasticity peridynamic impact-contact algorithm","authors":"Guosheng Wang,&nbsp;Zengxun Xie,&nbsp;Dechun Lu,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Song,&nbsp;Xiuli Du","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional peridynamic impact-contact models satisfy momentum conservation by enforcing velocity consistency, but neglect energy conservation, leading to inaccurate energy transfer. This limitation leads to distorted simulation results of impact failure of reinforced concrete components, which cannot reasonably reflect the transmission and transformation of impact energy, thereby hindering a comprehensive understanding of their failure mechanism. A novel impact-contact algorithm is proposed ensuring conservation of both energy and momentum throughout the collision. The entire impact-contact process between the impactor and reinforced concrete beam is discretized into multiple time steps, within which the post-contact motion states are updated by solving coupled momentum–energy conservation equations for the interacting bodies. The instantaneous collision process is discretized into a series of transient contact events to ensure accurate transfer of impact energy and momentum. Furthermore, an interaction model for composite materials was established by introducing a realistic interfacial material layer between concrete and rebar. An enhanced interface viscoelastic peridynamic method was developed. Numerical simulations show an agreement with experimental results in terms of crack paths and failure modes. Analysis of crack evolution, energy dissipation, and strain rate effects reveals the mechanisms behind diagonal shear cracks and vertical tensile fractures. Parametric studies indicate that higher concrete strength and reinforcement ratios improve impact resistance, while increased impact velocity or mass promotes brittle failure. The proposed method enhances the accuracy of fracture prediction and offers insights for the safe design of reinforced concrete structures under extreme loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105545"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on kinetic energy attenuation mechanism and characteristics of JPC penetrator under water","authors":"Jin Wang,&nbsp;Haifu Wang,&nbsp;Aoxin Liu,&nbsp;Chao Ge,&nbsp;Jiahao Zhang,&nbsp;Qingbo Yu,&nbsp;Yuanfeng Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shaped charge technology is widely used in seabed resource exploitation and marine military fields, and its penetration efficiency is directly affected by water. In this research, experiments, numerical simulations, and theoretical analyses were conducted to study the kinetic attenuation characteristics of underwater penetration. Through the penetration experiment of JPC into the liquid-filled structure, the penetration duration and perforation diameter under typical conditions were obtained. Based on numerical simulation, the kinetic energy attenuation mechanism was analyzed, and the simulation results were consistent with the experimental results. By combining the penetrator-water impact response, the penetrator deformation and erosion, an analytical model for the kinetic energy attenuation was proposed. The formation characteristics of JPC and the kinetic energy attenuation process with different liner circle radius and thicknesses were obtained through simulations, and the simulation results were in good agreement with the prediction results of the analytical model. Based on the analytical model, further research on the individual influence of penetrator intrinsic characteristics (e.g., morphology and velocity gradient) on kinetic energy attenuation is investigated. The results can provide important references for the design of underwater shaped charge warheads.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105556"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145333253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Failure behavior of power transmission engineering lap structures under dynamic impacts","authors":"Zhouyu Li ,&nbsp;Xinjian Yuan ,&nbsp;Luo Yuxiang ,&nbsp;Ke Wang ,&nbsp;Yikun Zhao ,&nbsp;Jiantao Sun ,&nbsp;Jiaxi Li ,&nbsp;Guikun Yang ,&nbsp;Chengju Qiu ,&nbsp;Yuan Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unpredictable deflagration accidents in ultra-high-voltage transmission systems pose a serious threat to the stability of power networks. In this study, a drop-weight impact testing apparatus and custom-designed fixture were employed to systematically investigate the impact resistance of critical S355 lap-welded joints in transformer oil tanks under dynamic loading. The experimental results demonstrate that increasing the weld toe height significantly enhances the impact resistance of the joints, accompanied by improved load-bearing capacity, energy absorption, and plastic deformation. Building upon this, the strain rate strengthening term from the Johnson–Cook constitutive model was incorporated to modify existing empirical formulas for predicting the ultimate load of lap joints. The revised Kamtekar-based model exhibited a deviation of less than 0.1 % from experimental results, confirming its high accuracy and applicability for failure prediction under high strain rate conditions. Microstructural characterization revealed a distinct brittle–ductile–brittle fracture evolution during impact failure. Furthermore, finite element simulations accurately reproduced the complete failure process and confirmed a strong correlation between failure modes and impact velocity. The findings provide theoretical and technical support for the explosion-resistant design of UHV transformer oil tank structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105515"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An improved fractal comminution approach on the scaling effect of rigid projectile penetration into semi-infinite concrete targets","authors":"Xiaolong Chen ,&nbsp;Li Chen ,&nbsp;Huu-Tai Thai","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The scaling effect on the rigid projectile penetration into concrete is recognized as a critical factor affecting penetration depth. Existing empirical formulas have limited capacity to present the nonlinear dependence of penetration depth on strain rate effects, aggregate constraints, and projectile diameter. In this study, a new resistance term was developed on base of the improved fractal comminution approach. It characterizes the relationship between energy dissipation, fragment size, and the projectile diameter-to-aggregate size ratio. A systematic link between mesoscale fracture behavior and macroscale penetration performance was developed by incorporating this term. The resistance term was further incorporated into a semi-empirical formula to derive a new penetration predictive formula. Validation against data for 10.1 - 203 mm projectiles and ordinary concrete within the tested strength range showed improved predictive accuracy within this scope. In particular, the nonlinear variation of dimensionless penetration depth with projectile diameter was effectively captured. It was proved that the proposed approach captures the effects of strain rate and the fragment size constraints imposed by aggregate size. A physically grounded framework is thereby provided for evaluating scaling effects in the penetration depth of concrete.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105513"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adiabatic shear failure in compact forced simple-shear specimens with prefabricated hole: Insights from time-resolved synchrotron X-ray imaging","authors":"Qiyue Hou,&nbsp;Zhiwei Duan,&nbsp;Yi Zhang,&nbsp;Fengchao Wu,&nbsp;Yuan Wang,&nbsp;Qiang Wu,&nbsp;Jianbo Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effect of prefabricated holes on adiabatic shear failure (ASF) in Ti6Al4V alloy under dynamic loading. Using time-resolved X-ray imaging and finite element simulations, the role of these defects in shear localization and microvoid evolution was analyzed. The results show that defects reduce the instability strain by 2 %, accelerating shear band formation. The localized shear strain reaches 1.2, slightly lower than the theoretical value. Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) is identified as the primary mechanism driving shear localization and shear band formation. Microvoids nucleate within the shear band, potentially influenced by tensile stresses and dislocation accumulation at the grain boundaries. These findings provide insights into the microscale mechanisms of adiabatic shear failure and have implications for material design under dynamic loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105536"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oblique perforation of rigid projectile into multi-layer spaced reinforced concrete slabs","authors":"Yong Peng ,&nbsp;Shuangyang Yu ,&nbsp;Zhandong Tian ,&nbsp;Yijiang Xue ,&nbsp;Xiangyu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The projectile usually penetrates the target obliquely rather than vertically. To investigate the effect of a multi-layer spaced concrete target on the trajectory of a projectile, oblique perforation experiments were conducted by utilizing an ogive-nosed projectile to penetrate three layers of spaced concrete slabs. The initial velocities of the projectile in the test ranged from 354 m/s to 679 m/s, and the obliquity angle was 30°. The trajectories of the projectile during the whole perforation process were obtained through high-speed photography images, and the failure pattern of each target was recorded. The Kong-Fang model was used to simulate the oblique trajectory characteristics and it was verified from three aspects: the residual velocity, ballistic trajectory and the failure pattern of the target plates. Based on the validated numerical model, the factors affecting ballistics were discussed, including velocity, angle of attack and obliquity. The results indicated that the trajectory change becomes more significant as the number of slabs increases when the projectile penetrates the multi-layer spaced target. The angle of attack has a great influence on the trajectory of the projectile, and by changing the angle of attack, the trajectory of projectile can be made close to the initial ballistic line during the oblique penetration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105544"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism of explosive crack propagation under the coupling of high crustal stress field and explosion stress field","authors":"Zhen Liu ,&nbsp;Renshu Yang ,&nbsp;Jinjing Zuo ,&nbsp;Yong Zhao ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan You ,&nbsp;Fengyuan Ge ,&nbsp;Caiyan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To clarify the crack propagation mechanism under the coupling of high ground stress field and explosion stress field in rock engineering blasting, this study quantitatively explores the influence of this coupling effect on rock crack propagation through theoretical analysis, laboratory experiments and numerical simulation. By analyzing the crack propagation process and fracture morphology in different confining pressure blasting model experiments, and synchronously simulating the dynamic process of explosion-induced cracks and comparing with experiments, the results show that the coupling of confining pressure and explosion stress field changes the elastic-plastic zone and stress distribution at the crack tip of rocks, as well as the crack propagation path and speed. Under unidirectional confining pressure, the same-direction confining pressure causes tensile stress concentration in the loading direction of the specimen, and the crack propagation length increases by up to 76.5 % compared to no confining pressure. In the vertical direction, compressive stress concentration occurs, and the crack propagation length decreases by up to 39.5 %. Under bidirectional equal confining pressure, compressive stress significantly inhibits crack propagation, and the crack lengths in the <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> directions decrease by 76.3 % and 52.9 % respectively compared to no confining pressure. Moreover, the crack propagation direction is more inclined to be consistent with the confining pressure stress field direction. The explosion stress wave incident in the positive direction induces type I cracks, and the oblique incidence forms type <em>I</em> + II composite cracks. Compared with no confining pressure, in the direction where confining pressure generates compressive stress, the peak stress intensity factor at the crack tip decreases by up to 74.3 %, and the effective stress decreases by up to 47.6 %. Confining pressure simultaneously enhances the compressive strength of rocks and the attenuation speed of stress waves, increasing the energy required for crack propagation. In the direction where confining pressure generates tensile stress, the crack propagation speed increases by 26.0 %, the effective stress increases by 36 %, and the energy required for crack propagation decreases. The crack propagation mechanism revealed by this study under the coupling effect provides theoretical basis and technical support for the design and construction of rock engineering blasting in mines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105549"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}