International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Mechanism of explosive crack propagation under the coupling of high crustal stress field and explosion stress field","authors":"Zhen Liu ,&nbsp;Renshu Yang ,&nbsp;Jinjing Zuo ,&nbsp;Yong Zhao ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan You ,&nbsp;Fengyuan Ge ,&nbsp;Caiyan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To clarify the crack propagation mechanism under the coupling of high ground stress field and explosion stress field in rock engineering blasting, this study quantitatively explores the influence of this coupling effect on rock crack propagation through theoretical analysis, laboratory experiments and numerical simulation. By analyzing the crack propagation process and fracture morphology in different confining pressure blasting model experiments, and synchronously simulating the dynamic process of explosion-induced cracks and comparing with experiments, the results show that the coupling of confining pressure and explosion stress field changes the elastic-plastic zone and stress distribution at the crack tip of rocks, as well as the crack propagation path and speed. Under unidirectional confining pressure, the same-direction confining pressure causes tensile stress concentration in the loading direction of the specimen, and the crack propagation length increases by up to 76.5 % compared to no confining pressure. In the vertical direction, compressive stress concentration occurs, and the crack propagation length decreases by up to 39.5 %. Under bidirectional equal confining pressure, compressive stress significantly inhibits crack propagation, and the crack lengths in the <em>x</em> and <em>y</em> directions decrease by 76.3 % and 52.9 % respectively compared to no confining pressure. Moreover, the crack propagation direction is more inclined to be consistent with the confining pressure stress field direction. The explosion stress wave incident in the positive direction induces type I cracks, and the oblique incidence forms type <em>I</em> + II composite cracks. Compared with no confining pressure, in the direction where confining pressure generates compressive stress, the peak stress intensity factor at the crack tip decreases by up to 74.3 %, and the effective stress decreases by up to 47.6 %. Confining pressure simultaneously enhances the compressive strength of rocks and the attenuation speed of stress waves, increasing the energy required for crack propagation. In the direction where confining pressure generates tensile stress, the crack propagation speed increases by 26.0 %, the effective stress increases by 36 %, and the energy required for crack propagation decreases. The crack propagation mechanism revealed by this study under the coupling effect provides theoretical basis and technical support for the design and construction of rock engineering blasting in mines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105549"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Failure similarity of scaled model under impact","authors":"Aohan Wang ,&nbsp;Jicheng Li ,&nbsp;Shuai Wang ,&nbsp;Zhifang Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Materials often exhibit significant damage or failure when the impact test conditions of scaled model are complex and the impact energy is high. Due to the influence of material distortion, it is usually hard to strictly satisfy the geometric similarity for model test. Meanwhile, the damage or failure behavior of materials further introduces more complex similarity requirements, and thus it is much more difficult to fully consider the thermal-visco-plastic constitutive properties as well as damage or failure characteristics of materials in model test and achieve comprehensive similarity. In order to overcome this problem and further expand the similarity law of the damage or failure behavior of materials, the present study proposes a set of material dimensionless numbers related to material failure strain and analyze its physical meaning. Subsequently, the specific expression of these dimensionless numbers corresponding to the failure criterion is deduced as an example, which reflects the essential properties of the dependency of material failure strain on stress triaxiality, strain rate and temperature, etc. The rationality and practicability of new dimensionless numbers are verified based on several numerical simulation results involving various impact conditions, including Taylor bar impact test with moderate velocity, flat-nosed rigid projectile impacts medium target, and ogive-nosed rigid projectile perforates thin target. Based on these results, the basic method of selecting the optimum similitude material in scaled model test considering both thermal-visco-plasticity and damage or failure behavior of materials will be proposed. It is demonstrated that after the satisfaction of thermal-visco-plastic similarity of materials, the scaled model can accurately replicate the deformation and damage or failure characteristics of prototype structure by further introducing the failure similarity criterion of materials, and selecting the optimum similitude materials with both thermal-visco-plastic similarity and failure similarity. Meanwhile, in the case that the damage or failure behavior of structure is more significant than its plastic deformation, the requirement from failure similarity is more important, and correspondingly the appropriate relaxation for thermal-visco-plastic similarity of materials is allowed. The proposed dimensionless numbers considering material damage or failure properties, as well as the corresponding selection method for optimum similitude materials, are of great significance for accurately predicting the dangerous points in prototype structure under impact and taking protective measures accordingly by the scaled model test.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105548"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A pre-tensioned dynamic tensile mechanical properties testing method for deployment and retrieval cables","authors":"Fenfei Peng ,&nbsp;Yongping Jin ,&nbsp;Deshun Liu ,&nbsp;Buyan Wan ,&nbsp;Guangping Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The deployment and retrieval cables are a crucial link between deep-sea exploration equipment and the vessel. The deployment and retrieval safety of this cables process directly affects the operational reliability of the ocean exploration equipment. Therefore, it is of significant importance to conduct tests on the static and dynamic mechanical properties of cables under simulated marine pressure conditions. Due to the limitations of traditional strain measurement methods in dynamic mechanical property tests, which are not suitable for the specific functional and structural requirements of the deployment and retrieval cables specimens and test apparatus, this paper proposes a pre-tensioned dynamic tensile mechanical property testing method for deployment and retrieval cables. Firstly, based on the working conditions and load characteristics of the deployment and retrieval cables during the deployment and retrieval process of deep-sea exploration equipment, a pre-tensioned dynamic tensile mechanical properties test device for deployment and retrieval cables was developed. The composition principles, structural features, and incident wave design of the device are discussed. Then, based on one-dimensional stress wave theory, the limitations of strain measurement methods in traditional dynamic mechanical property tests are analyzed. A pre-tensioned dynamic tensile mechanical properties testing method for deployment and retrieval cables is proposed, and the relevant analytical equations are derived. Finally, using the pre-tensioned dynamic tensile mechanical properties test device for deployment and retrieval cables as an example, the feasibility of the testing method is verified through numerical simulation. This testing method can also be applied to dynamic tensile tests of other materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105546"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear localization erosion effect of projectile penetration into concrete target at high impact velocity","authors":"Chenhui Li,&nbsp;Xianfeng Zhang,&nbsp;Chuang Liu,&nbsp;Yuxuan Deng,&nbsp;Taoran Shen,&nbsp;Junxuan Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During penetration of projectiles into concrete targets at high impact velocity, significant mass loss and nose blunting occur, which typically lead to reduced penetration ability. Based on the plastic instability failure mechanism caused by material shear localization, a thermal-mechanical coupled evolution model is proposed to analyze the mass loss during the penetration process. The model incorporates stored energy plastic instability and thermoplastic instability as dual governing mechanisms controlling material failure at the projectile. The normal receding displacement of discrete points on the projectile was calculated using a spatiotemporal discretization-based finite difference method. The shape evolution results of the projectile nose and conical shank were ultimately obtained. The model successfully reproduces the phenomenon of depth of penetration (DOP) reduction, and its accuracy is validated against experimental data. We further analyzed the key parameters in the penetration process using this model and obtained the following conclusions. The surface molten layer formed during low-velocity penetration is thicker than that under high-velocity penetration conditions. The proportion of mass loss attributed to stored energy plastic instability increases significantly with higher initial impact velocities. This leads to concentrated mass-loss near the projectile tip, progressively exacerbating nose blunting and ultimately triggering DOP reduction. As the projectile material strength increases, a competing relationship exists between the reduction in total mass loss and the decrease in the mass loss required to induce severe nose blunting. Generally, the mass loss reduction mechanism is dominant. Therefore, increasing the strength of projectile materials enhances penetration ability by reducing mass loss and delaying nose blunting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105547"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fracture analysis for reinforced concrete beams under impact using an enhanced interface viscoelasticity peridynamic impact-contact algorithm","authors":"Guosheng Wang,&nbsp;Zengxun Xie,&nbsp;Dechun Lu,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Song,&nbsp;Xiuli Du","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional peridynamic impact-contact models satisfy momentum conservation by enforcing velocity consistency, but neglect energy conservation, leading to inaccurate energy transfer. This limitation leads to distorted simulation results of impact failure of reinforced concrete components, which cannot reasonably reflect the transmission and transformation of impact energy, thereby hindering a comprehensive understanding of their failure mechanism. A novel impact-contact algorithm is proposed ensuring conservation of both energy and momentum throughout the collision. The entire impact-contact process between the impactor and reinforced concrete beam is discretized into multiple time steps, within which the post-contact motion states are updated by solving coupled momentum–energy conservation equations for the interacting bodies. The instantaneous collision process is discretized into a series of transient contact events to ensure accurate transfer of impact energy and momentum. Furthermore, an interaction model for composite materials was established by introducing a realistic interfacial material layer between concrete and rebar. An enhanced interface viscoelastic peridynamic method was developed. Numerical simulations show an agreement with experimental results in terms of crack paths and failure modes. Analysis of crack evolution, energy dissipation, and strain rate effects reveals the mechanisms behind diagonal shear cracks and vertical tensile fractures. Parametric studies indicate that higher concrete strength and reinforcement ratios improve impact resistance, while increased impact velocity or mass promotes brittle failure. The proposed method enhances the accuracy of fracture prediction and offers insights for the safe design of reinforced concrete structures under extreme loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105545"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the effect of ionizing particle radiation on the hypervelocity impact performance of UHMWPE-stuffed space debris shields","authors":"Jarrod Moonen ,&nbsp;Shannon Ryan ,&nbsp;Simon Barter ,&nbsp;Jafar Shojaii ,&nbsp;Crystal Forrester ,&nbsp;Robert Zouev ,&nbsp;Pier Marzocca ,&nbsp;Alex Shekhter","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Here the impact of environmental ionizing proton dose on the hypervelocity impact (HVI) performance of aluminium foam sandwich panels (AFSP) stuffed with the composite of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) Dyneema HB311 when serving as the outer wall of a satellite in sun-synchronous low earth orbit (LEO) is examined. A series of Dyneema samples are subjected to varying total ionizing doses by proton exposure calculated to be representative of that which might be imparted during representative LEO missions. The irradiated samples are then subject to quasi-static mechanical tensile tests and changes in ultimate tensile strength (UTS) are determined. The irradiated samples are examined using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transformed Infrared (ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy, from which a clear change in sample chemistry is identified. The measured changes in UTS are then fed into a pre-validated finite element numerical model to determine the effect on the protective capability Dyneema-stuffed AFSPs for space debris protection. The simulations yield a worst case reduction in performance of 11%, measured in terms of the critical diameter of a spherical aluminium projectile, d_c, impacting at 7 km/s. Over the range of ionizing doses imparted a weak dependence of d_c on applied dose is identified. Together, this analysis suggests the LEO radiation environment is not a significant factor in decreasing the impact protection performance of a Dyneema-stuffed AFSP over the lifetime of a typical LEO spacecraft mission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105542"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying 3D ejecta velocities during high-velocity impact experiments into concrete","authors":"Sohanjit Ghosh ,&nbsp;Zhifei Deng ,&nbsp;Gangmin Kim ,&nbsp;Colin Goodman ,&nbsp;Justin Moreno ,&nbsp;Roberto Nunez ,&nbsp;Mark A. Foster ,&nbsp;Ryan C. Hurley","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105543","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During high-velocity impact, a fraction of the target volume around the point of impact is excavated as the ejecta. Ejecta has important consequences in planetary science, defense, and planetary defense applications. Here, we study ejecta velocity in 3D during high-velocity projectile impacts into concrete using laser sheet illumination and high-speed optical imaging. In-plane fragment velocities (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) are obtained by tracking fragments across multiple frames in the camera’s imaging plane <span><math><mi>x</mi></math></span>-<span><math><mi>y</mi></math></span> wherein <span><math><mi>x</mi></math></span> is the impact direction. Out-of-plane fragment velocities (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>) are obtained by examining fluctuations in the light intensity reflected from fragments as they pass through laser sheets parallel to the imaging plane. We use a variety of target and impact conditions to study how ejecta velocities depend, for example, on the impactor’s kinetic energy or composition, or the target’s composition, among other parameters. We find that adding coarse aggregates to concrete’s microstructure reduces ejecta <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> velocities and increasing impact velocity while maintaining other conditions increases ejecta <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>, and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> velocities. We also find that ejecta velocities are maintained when impactor materials are changed, so long as impactor kinetic energy is maintained. In contrast, ejecta velocities are not maintained when peak shock pressure is maintained. We comment on the applicability of existing ejecta scaling laws and future work to study ejecta rotational velocities. This study demonstrates a novel experimental technique to quantify the ejecta velocities during high-velocity impacts in 3D, thus allowing us to investigate the complexities associated with the impact cratering and ejecta process in greater detail.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105543"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oblique perforation of rigid projectile into multi-layer spaced reinforced concrete slabs","authors":"Yong Peng ,&nbsp;Shuangyang Yu ,&nbsp;Zhandong Tian ,&nbsp;Yijiang Xue ,&nbsp;Xiangyu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The projectile usually penetrates the target obliquely rather than vertically. To investigate the effect of a multi-layer spaced concrete target on the trajectory of a projectile, oblique perforation experiments were conducted by utilizing an ogive-nosed projectile to penetrate three layers of spaced concrete slabs. The initial velocities of the projectile in the test ranged from 354 m/s to 679 m/s, and the obliquity angle was 30°. The trajectories of the projectile during the whole perforation process were obtained through high-speed photography images, and the failure pattern of each target was recorded. The Kong-Fang model was used to simulate the oblique trajectory characteristics and it was verified from three aspects: the residual velocity, ballistic trajectory and the failure pattern of the target plates. Based on the validated numerical model, the factors affecting ballistics were discussed, including velocity, angle of attack and obliquity. The results indicated that the trajectory change becomes more significant as the number of slabs increases when the projectile penetrates the multi-layer spaced target. The angle of attack has a great influence on the trajectory of the projectile, and by changing the angle of attack, the trajectory of projectile can be made close to the initial ballistic line during the oblique penetration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105544"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear-type failure of deep, short and slender impact-loaded reinforced concrete beams","authors":"V. Peterson ,&nbsp;J. Magnusson ,&nbsp;M. Hallgren ,&nbsp;A. Ansell","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous research on statically loaded reinforced concrete beams has shown a clear influence of the shear span-to-depth ratio on the resulting shear failure mode. Large shear spans relative to the depth typically lead to capacities governed by the breakdown of beam action, whereas low ratios result in capacities governed by the remaining or full arch. Experimental tests with static loading have determined limits for these ratios and the corresponding failure mode. However, no corresponding limits exist for reinforced concrete beams subjected to high strain rates. This is especially true for deep and short beams, for which test data remain scarce. Impact tests were conducted to study shear span-to-depth ratio limits and corresponding shear-type failure modes at high strain rates. Deep, short, and slender beams were tested to study differences in response. Crack development and deformations were analysed using high-speed photography and digital image correlation (DIC). The series consisted of 27 scaled beams tested under static and impact loading, with varying amounts of transverse reinforcement. Results indicated similar shear failure modes for static and impact-loaded beams across the tested shear span-to-depth ratios. For slender beams, inertial forces and undamaged direct struts dominated early, resulting in higher reaction and internal forces for impact-loaded beams. As deformation developed, the response during both load types was similar, with stiffness dominating and flexural and flexural-shear capacities governing the resistance. Strut and tie models generally aligned with the experimental results, while sectional models were over-conservative. A design procedure based on strut and tie modelling was proposed to capture both early transient and quasi-static phase capacities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105539"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finite element analysis of ballistic impact on Kevlar-29/epoxy composites with varying layer configurations","authors":"Shayan Farajyar ,&nbsp;Hui Wan ,&nbsp;Yanxing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a numerical investigation of the ballistic impact response of Kevlar-29/epoxy resin composites sandwiched between two aluminum layers with an air gap using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The simulation results were validated through comparison with experimental data and numerical benchmarks from the literature. Four composite structures—woven, unidirectional, short fiber, and random particle — were analyzed to evaluate residual velocity, yield stress, displacement, and energy absorption. The results indicate that dividing a 1.29 mm aluminum alloy 2024-O plate into three identical layers, with the middle layer composed of Kevlar-29/epoxy resin woven composite, exhibits the highest resistance to perforation. This configuration achieves significant energy absorption and reduction in projectile velocity while decreasing the total weight of the structure by approximately 18% compared to neat aluminum plate. Further parametric analysis demonstrated that a fiber volume fraction of 0.4, twill weave type, high-volume-fraction fiber geometry, and 1% nanoparticle reinforcement increased central displacement by 19%, and reduced the projectile velocity by approximately 88%. These findings provide insights into optimizing composite structures for enhanced ballistic protection, contributing to the development of high-performance impact-resistant structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 105538"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}