International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Mechanical behavior of porous alumina under quasi-static and dynamic loading","authors":"Q. Henry ,&nbsp;L. Le Barbenchon ,&nbsp;P. Viot ,&nbsp;A. Cosculluela ,&nbsp;J.-B. Kopp","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sensitivity of porous ceramics’ mechanical behavior to strain rate is often attributed, in micromechanical models, to a competition between the loading rate and the crack propagation speed initiated at microstructural defects. However, direct experimental evidence for this phenomenon remains limited. In this study, this competition was investigated by conducting compression and tensile tests across a range of strain rates using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar set-up on alumina ceramics with precisely controlled microstructures. Porosity was introduced into the alumina matrix with well-defined pore size, morphology, and volume fraction. Three porosity levels (1%, 20%, and 60%) and two pore types (microscopic tortuous and mesoscopic isolated spherical) were used to assess the influence of microstructure on mechanical response under dynamic loading. Results indicate that strain rate sensitivity increases with porosity. However, due to the wide dispersion of results, it is challenging to conclude precisely on the specific effect of pore size. The size of the fragments was then used an indicator of the fragmentation mechanisms occurring during sample fracture. The increase in strain rate leads to an overall reduction in fragment size, reflecting the competition between strain rate and crack propagation velocity introduced by micromechanical models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105450"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144549589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theoretical model of rigid projectile penetration into metal targets considering strain hardening, strain rate, and temperature effects","authors":"Canwei Zhu,&nbsp;Tianbao Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we present a theoretical penetration model that incorporates the coupled effects of strain hardening, strain rate, and temperature, applicable to rigid ogive-nose long rod steel projectiles that penetrate aluminium targets under a normal impact within a specific range of striking velocities. Firstly, we employ an explicit stress–plastic strain relationship to accurately characterise the flow stress in the plastic region. This helps derive the approximate solution for the dynamic expansion of the incompressible spherical cavity, and analyse the effects of the strain rate and temperature softening on the radial stress of the spherical cavity. Subsequently, we derived the closed-form penetration equation using the spherical cavity expansion (SCE) approximation and by incorporating time-dependent velocity boundary conditions. The proposed method is then employed to validate the model by comparing the results obtained from the proposed SCE approximation penetration model with the existing experimental data derived from the final depth of penetration of three caliber-radius-head (CRH) ogive-nose long rod projectiles used to strike aluminium targets. Furthermore, we performed nonlinear finite element simulations to determine the importance of different components of the Johnson–Cook constitutive relationship in affecting the penetration resistance of the target. Lastly, we analysed the effect of thermal softening on the penetration resistance based on the variations in CRH and velocities. The results indicate that the strain rate effect enhances the resistance of the target, particularly for the strain-rate sensitive materials. Alternatively, the thermal softening effect reduces the resistance of the target. The thermal softening significantly affects the target plate within the plastic region, where <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>r</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>/</mo><mi>a</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span>; however, its influence in other plastic regions is relatively minimal. The normal component of velocity at the projectile surface decreases progressively with the increase in the CRH, thereby attenuating the effect of thermal softening. Conversely, the strain rate increases with the increase in the initial velocity. This presents a further increase in the temperature, which exacerbates thermal softening, thereby causing a reduction in the penetration resistance by approximately 5.4% to 6.1% and diminishing the cavitation resistance of the target plate material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105436"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and analytical study of BFRP bar reinforced UHPC beams under static and impact loading","authors":"Kai Qian ,&nbsp;Liuliang Cui ,&nbsp;Xiaofang Deng ,&nbsp;Xihong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the static and dynamic behaviors of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer (BFRP)-reinforced Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) beams under static and impact loading through experimental and analytical methods. Six beams, including BFRP-reinforced ordinary concrete and UHPC specimens, were tested to evaluate their load-deflection behavior, failure mechanisms, and impact resistance. Results show that UHPC significantly enhances the performance of BFRP-reinforced beams. Under static loading, the BFRP-reinforced UHPC beam achieved a 78 % higher peak load than its ordinary concrete counterpart. Under impact loading, UHPC beams exhibited up to 41 % lower mid-span deflections, demonstrating superior impact resistance. A theoretical model was developed to predict the static and dynamic responses of BFRP-reinforced UHPC beams. The model demonstrated high accuracy in capturing the load-deflection behavior under static loading, as well as the mid-span deflection-time histories and maximum support reactions under impact loading. However, discrepancies in the declining phase of support reactions indicate the need for further refinement to improve post-peak behavior predictions. The integration of UHPC and BFRP reinforcement presents a highly effective solution for designing impact-resistant structural components, particularly in aggressive environments such as coastal regions and critical infrastructure. Additionally, the proposed analytical framework serves as a reliable and practical tool for predicting beam performance under various loading scenarios, significantly reducing the reliance on extensive experimental testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105456"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical properties and failure mechanism of steel/aluminum pre-holed self-piercing riveted joints under different loading speeds and loading types: An experimental and numerical investigation","authors":"Chao Wang ,&nbsp;Zhaohui Hu ,&nbsp;Aiguo Cheng ,&nbsp;Zhanpeng Du","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current research lacks a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical responses of pre-holed self-piercing riveted (PH-SPR) joints under dynamic loading conditions, similar to those experienced in vehicle collisions. Thus, this study systematically evaluates the effects of hole diameters and sheet thickness on three loading types (shear, peel, cross-tension joints) across a range of loading speeds from quasi-static (3.0 mm/min) to dynamic conditions (1.0 m/s, 3.0 m/s, and 6.0 m/s). Additionally, numerical models of PH-SPR joints are developed to analyze the failure mechanisms under various loading conditions. Results indicate that under quasi-static loading, thicker sheet thickness can improve peak load and has a more significant impact on the peel joints. The decreasing rates in the peak load of the J16 group (steel sheet thickness is 1.6 mm) are higher than that of the J12 group (steel sheet thickness is 1.2 mm) as the hole diameter increases. The peak shear load shows a linear increase with loading speed due to the strain rate effect on steel under dynamic loading. The 1.2 mm steel sheet thickness and 5.5 mm hole diameter are more significantly affected by loading speed. The peak loads for shear, peel, and cross-tension joints increase with the loading speed, with cross-tension joints demonstrating a higher increasing rate. Two failure modes, interlock failure and upper sheet failure, are identified. Furthermore, failure modes are primarily influenced by hole diameter and sheet thickness, while loading type and loading speed mainly affect the sheet deformation behavior. The deformation of pre-drilled holes can lead to uneven load distribution and subsequent joint failure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105453"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of quasi-static/dynamic tensile shear damage and failure of hole-clinched joints in CFRP and Aluminum alloy","authors":"Weimin Zhuang,&nbsp;Hailun Zhang,&nbsp;Shen Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study first characterized, via basic material tests, the pronounced strain rate dependence and incremental enhancement of the transverse and in-plane shear mechanical properties of Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) with increasing strain rates. Subsequently, a systematic investigation on the mechanical response and failure behavior of CFRP/Al hole-clinched joints was carried out by different loading rates, CFRP layup configurations and ply numbers. Two thicknesses of CFRP-6061 aluminum alloy single-lap hole-clinched joints were fabricated and tested under quasi-static loading and dynamic loading at 1 m/s, 5 m/s and 10 m/s in tensile-shear tests. Furthermore, orthogonal, diagonal and hybrid CFRP layup configurations were evaluated. Outcomes indicate fracture width expansion and consistent failure modes for orthogonal layups with increasing loading rate, as well as failure mode transitions and reduced matrix damage area for diagonal and hybrid layups. Elevated loading rates result in increased maximum loads and concurrently diminish joint energy absorption and failure displacement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105444"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collision of circular/elliptic rings and spheroid shells with a rigid surface","authors":"D. Karagiozova ,&nbsp;T.X. Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Тhe moving free-body impact occurs in various engineering applications ranging from sports ball's rebound from ground and collision of granular materials to cars’ crashing on solid barriers. In those situations, impact duration, energy transformation and energy absorption, rebound behaviour and thereafter coefficient of restitution are the most important characteristics in concern. The dynamic responses of rings with circular and elliptic shapes and shells with spherical and ellipsoidal shapes colliding with a rigid target are studied to clarify the influence of their shapes on the coefficient of restitution (<span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></math></span>). The structures are made of elastic-plastic materials with the properties referring to Aluminium alloy 6061-T6 and Nylon. The rings with different shapes and spheroid shells with different shapes have equal masses, respectively. An energy partitioning analysis is employed as a tool to explain the variation of the <span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></math></span> when colliding velocities up to 40 m/s are applied to the rings and colliding velocities up to 25 m/s are applied to the shells. Because of the flexibility of the analyzed structures, attention is paid to the effects of the structural vibrations and elasticity. Distinct differences between the dynamic responses of the rings and spheroid shells are observed caused by their different flexibility.</div><div>It is established that the coefficient of restitution of the analyzed structures is mainly governed by the translational motion. The shapes and material properties of both the rings and shells significantly influence their coefficient of restitution. The <span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></math></span> of the rings in the elastic range is greatly reduced by their vibrational motion when the largest <span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></math></span> is observed in the circular ring while the smallest one is detected for the ring in a vertical ellipse shape. The spheroid shells have coefficients of restitution close to one in the elastic range due to the negligible elastic vibrations. In the elastic-plastic range, the <span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></math></span> of the rings is strongly influenced by the deformation history due to their large global deformation. The <span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span> of the shells with different shapes are influenced mainly by the local deformations in the contact area where the largest <span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></math></span> is observed in the oblate spheroid shell while the smallest one is observed in the prolate spheroid shell within the entire range of the analyzed impact velocities. The parametric analysis is conducted by using FE simulations facilitated by Abaqus/Explicit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105452"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Load dispersion mechanism of a novel structure composed by pre-stretched fabrics and lattice","authors":"Cong Chen ,&nbsp;Heran Wang ,&nbsp;Yunjie Jing ,&nbsp;Shuchang Long ,&nbsp;Xiaohu Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Combining the projectile resistance of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fabric with the energy absorption abilities of lattice structures, this study proposed a novel lightweight structure which has good cushion performance under local projectile impact. This approach compensates for the low stiffness of the fabric and the susceptibility of lattice structures to perforation damage under localized impacts. The designed projectile impact testing system enabled the impact loading and characterization of the combination of pre-stretched fabric and lattice structures. Finite element simulations were conducted to compare the effects of fabric pre-stretch and lattice unit cell topology on cushioning behavior. The results indicate that the fabric effectively prevents perforation damage to the lattice metastructure caused by projectile. The pre-stretched fabric allowed more unit cells to participate in deformation, transforming the load distribution on the silicone protected by the structure from a diamond shape to a larger circular shape. The Kelvin foam lattice primarily facilitated relative rotation between rods at the nodes during impacts, enabling the structure to convert concentrated loads into distributed loads. This research proposes a novel protective approach, promising application of lightweight structures in human protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105455"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation into dynamic fracture toughness of rigid insulation tile materials ranging from 78K to 1423K","authors":"Datao Li ,&nbsp;Wei Yang ,&nbsp;Jinsong Jiang ,&nbsp;Gaosheng Yan ,&nbsp;Wei Xia ,&nbsp;Chao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work utilizes an enhanced elevated-temperature split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experimental system to perform three-point-bending (3-p-b) tests on rigid insulation tile (RIT) materials with a porosity of ∼87 %, assessing fracture toughness across a range of extreme temperatures spanning from 78 K to 1423 K. Based on the regulation of temperature change on fiber spacing and the influence of inertia effect, the application of boundary effect model (BEM) in dynamic elevated-temperature environment is expanded. Moreover, the experimental results indicate that the fracture toughness of RIT materials significantly dependent on temperature and loading rate. For example, from 293 K to 78 K, the fracture toughness at various loading rate increased significantly, with a maximum increase of ∼34.69 %. The temperature rises to the viscous-brittle transition temperature (∼973 K). Viscous flow and micro-crack self-healing lead to a significant increase in fracture toughness from 973 K to 1173 K at various loading rates, with an increase of more than 25.97 %. Near the raw material firing temperature (∼1473 K), the dominant fracture mode of fiber compaction and softening changed fundamentally, resulting in a significant decrease in fracture toughness at various loading rates, with a maximum decrease of 33.77 %. The fracture analysis results show that the significant difference in crack propagation mode and fiber fracture mechanism causes the loading rate sensitivity of fracture toughness. These findings will provide an important reference for evaluating the fracture properties of RIT materials under extreme temperature and high loading rate scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105451"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rate-dependent tensile failure behavior of 2D triaxially braided composites: Experimental characterization and Meso-FE simulation","authors":"Yang Bai ,&nbsp;Peng Liu ,&nbsp;Jiahui Gu ,&nbsp;Junchao Cao ,&nbsp;Zhenqiang Zhao ,&nbsp;Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yize Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As two-dimensional triaxially braided composites (2DTBC) are increasingly employed in aerospace applications and anti-impact structures, it is important to study their dynamic mechanical behavior. In this work, the dynamic tensile behaviors of dogbone specimens with different fabric layers were investigated by utilizing high-speed imaging and an electromagnetic split Hopkinson bar (E-SHB) system. A full-scale meso-scale finite element (FE) model established to simulate the tensile failure behavior under different loading rates shows high consistency with the experimental results in its predictions of the stress-strain response and progressive damage behavior. Through examination of the effect of number of fabric layers on the quasi-static and dynamic mechanical behavior, specimen with multiple layers was concluded to be suitable for representing the dynamic tensile behavior of 2DTBC. Analysis and revelation of rate-dependent performance was conducted based on two-layer specimens utilizing both the test data and simulation results. The transverse failure mode was observed to transform from intra-yarn fracture under quasi-static loads to fiber breakage under dynamic loads for a reduced free-edge effect. The rate strengthening effect is attributed to the enhanced interface and matrix properties, ultimately resulting higher tensile properties at higher loading rates. Thickness effect under dynamic loads are investigated by simulation, and the incomplete fiber breakage damage as well as inadequate properties are again revealed in single-layer specimen. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for understanding the strain-rate behavior and thickness-dependent behavior of 2DTBC, thereby providing valuable knowledge for designing structures with better impact resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105433"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of shear thickening fluid filling in additively manufactured sandwich panels during intermediate and high strain rate penetration","authors":"Tomáš Fíla ,&nbsp;Jan Falta ,&nbsp;Nela Krčmářová ,&nbsp;Petr Koudelka ,&nbsp;Veronika Drechslerová ,&nbsp;Jaromír Kylar ,&nbsp;Jan Šleichrt ,&nbsp;Richard Knopp ,&nbsp;Petr Kočí","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105430","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Along with metal foams and lattices based on various unit-cell architectures, sandwich panels have become a prospective solution to problems involving deformation energy mitigation. The combination of a face sheet and a porous core in the sandwich panel exhibits synergistic effects in its effective properties, which has attracted attention in the field of dynamic impact and blast perforation. Further advances can be inspired by the performance of interpenetrating phase composites (IPPCs). These novel meta-materials consist of two or more topologically continuous and three-dimensionally interconnected phases, where the matrix is reinforced by the microstructure of a foam or lattice. Using a combination of IPPC with a sandwich panel architecture based on a suitable filling material, it is possible to further enhance the specific deformation mitigation characteristics of the panel with respect to the strain rate dependence. Here, shear thickening non-Newtonian fluids (STFs) are a type of filling with the potential to greatly enhance the performance of sandwich panels in comparison to Newtonian fluid filling materials. In this paper, we investigate STF (polyethylene glycol with hydrophilic fumed silica) filled sandwich panels with an additively manufactured periodic core subjected to dynamic penetration at an intermediate and a high strain rate. Intermediate strain rate loading (maximum impact velocity of 2 m s<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>) is induced by a loading apparatus based on linear motors. The high strain rate loading is carried out using a direct impact Hopkinson bar (DIHB) apparatus at impact velocities of 10 m s<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> and 20 m s<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>. Both types of experiments were amply instrumented by high-speed cameras and in-situ X-ray radiographical imaging was used to reveal deformation processes within the microstructure of the panels including flash X-ray radiography of the DIHB experiments. The DIHB apparatus was equipped with a novel wireless instrumented striker recording its velocity using contactless linear encoders. To explore the potential and characteristics of such a bar velocity measurement, finite element simulations of void tests (i.e., impact experiments without a specimen) were performed in LS-DYNA and evaluated using the same methods and algorithms used to process the experimental data. A strong strain rate dependence was revealed in the impact behavior of the sandwich panels, while the contribution of the STF filling was clearly identified in both the mechanical and image data acquired during the experiments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105430"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}