International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Rate-dependent tensile failure behavior of 2D triaxially braided composites: Experimental characterization and Meso-FE simulation","authors":"Yang Bai ,&nbsp;Peng Liu ,&nbsp;Jiahui Gu ,&nbsp;Junchao Cao ,&nbsp;Zhenqiang Zhao ,&nbsp;Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yize Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As two-dimensional triaxially braided composites (2DTBC) are increasingly employed in aerospace applications and anti-impact structures, it is important to study their dynamic mechanical behavior. In this work, the dynamic tensile behaviors of dogbone specimens with different fabric layers were investigated by utilizing high-speed imaging and an electromagnetic split Hopkinson bar (E-SHB) system. A full-scale meso-scale finite element (FE) model established to simulate the tensile failure behavior under different loading rates shows high consistency with the experimental results in its predictions of the stress-strain response and progressive damage behavior. Through examination of the effect of number of fabric layers on the quasi-static and dynamic mechanical behavior, specimen with multiple layers was concluded to be suitable for representing the dynamic tensile behavior of 2DTBC. Analysis and revelation of rate-dependent performance was conducted based on two-layer specimens utilizing both the test data and simulation results. The transverse failure mode was observed to transform from intra-yarn fracture under quasi-static loads to fiber breakage under dynamic loads for a reduced free-edge effect. The rate strengthening effect is attributed to the enhanced interface and matrix properties, ultimately resulting higher tensile properties at higher loading rates. Thickness effect under dynamic loads are investigated by simulation, and the incomplete fiber breakage damage as well as inadequate properties are again revealed in single-layer specimen. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for understanding the strain-rate behavior and thickness-dependent behavior of 2DTBC, thereby providing valuable knowledge for designing structures with better impact resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105433"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative analysis of strain rate and failure modes in sandwich structures under high-velocity impact for ballistic performance optimization","authors":"Jing Wei ,&nbsp;Guoqiang Luo ,&nbsp;Qinqin Wei ,&nbsp;Eric Jianfeng Cheng ,&nbsp;Qiang Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sandwich structures, known for their high energy absorption capabilities, play a crucial role in enhancing impact resistance in engineering applications. The quantitative relationship between strain rate, peak stress, and energy absorption in aluminum foam core sandwich structures has not been well studied. This research focuses on an aluminum foam core-based sandwich structure to elucidate this relationship through an empirical formula derived from Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) testing. The formula effectively predicts the dynamic increase factor and energy absorption across various strain rates. Additionally, a finite element model was employed to examine the influence of strain rate on the structure's resistance to high-velocity impacts. It was found that the incidence of failures in the core's rear section escalates with strain rate, primarily due to the convergence of compression waves at the interface. Furthermore, the study investigated the ballistic performance of these structures, noting an increase in shear and tension failures as velocity rises. The combined experimental and numerical analysis presented herein offers a comprehensive understanding and contributes new insights into the design of multilayer sandwich configurations that optimize impact resistance while maintaining lightweight characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105449"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144338288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact initiation of a semi-confined high explosive target by hypervelocity debris","authors":"Filip Gökstorp,&nbsp;Olof Andersson,&nbsp;Urban Widing,&nbsp;Patrik Lundberg","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An experimental and numerical study has been performed, where initiation of a high explosive target by high velocity debris from a tungsten sphere was investigated. The target consisted of two spaced plates with the high explosive mounted directly behind the inner plate. Both the impact velocity and target obliquity have been varied to find impact conditions that lead to initiation of the high explosive. Numerical simulations were used to estimate critical impact velocities for a series of impact obliquities. The critical impact velocity was found to increase with increasing obliquity, presumably due to the reduction in residual velocity of the debris cloud, and with the reduction of the effective diameter of the debris cloud as the obliquity increases above 30°.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105407"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144329696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peak displacement scaling effects in RC beams under varying impact velocities: Experiment, simulation, and prediction","authors":"Jian Li ,&nbsp;Renbo Zhang ,&nbsp;Liu Jin ,&nbsp;Shaoxiong Wu ,&nbsp;Xinchen Li ,&nbsp;Xiuli Du","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current research on scaling effects of reinforced concrete (RC) beams under impact loading remains constrained by insufficient experimental validation under rigorous similarity principles. To address this gap, this study comprehensively investigates the dynamic response of geometrically similar RC beams through combined experimental tests and numerical analyses, adhering to classical similarity laws. Key efforts focus on the scaling effects of peak displacements, with emphasis on their velocity dependence. Results reveal that as impact velocity increases, the gap between the damage patterns of geometrically similar beams becomes increasingly significant. The midspan displacement exhibits significant scaling effects that amplify with increasing impact velocity. In addition, as impact velocity increases, stiffness degradation in larger-scale beams is dominated by localized damage and multi-crack synergy, with velocity-dependent coupling effects exacerbating nonlinear displacement accumulation and non-similar responses under high-velocity conditions. In addition, a peak displacement prediction formula considering the coupling of strain rate and scaling effects was proposed and validated. These findings provide a quantitative framework for understanding scaling effects in impact-resistant RC structures, offering refined insights for predicting RC beam behavior under impact scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105446"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144329697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on the spalling failure of concrete under high strain rate loading by simulation and experimental method","authors":"Huidong Cao ,&nbsp;Tianyang Du ,&nbsp;Yue Yang ,&nbsp;Nan Si ,&nbsp;Yuansen Gu ,&nbsp;Baoqiao Guo ,&nbsp;Ali Arab ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Chunwei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the dynamic tensile failure mechanisms, namely spalling, and strength evaluation of concrete under high-strain-rate loading. Spalling occurs during one-dimensional stress wave propagation when a reflected tensile pulse superposes with the incident compressive wave. Utilizing a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) combined with the digital image correlation (DIC) and finite element modeling (FEM), we analyze the spalling process. Results reveal three distinct failure phases: (1) compression-rebound, (2) tensile stress development, and (3) fracture. Spalling duration decreases inversely with impact velocity. Critical parameters—initial fracture velocity, maximum tensile strain, and strain rate—show minimal sensitivity to velocity variations within the tested ranges. Dynamic tensile strength, determined via free-surface velocity rebound and dynamic stress-strain relationships, yielded consistent results validated by FEM simulations. The dynamic increase factor (DIF) for tensile strength ranged from 3.20 to 3.39 at strain rates of 13.00 s⁻¹ to 14.41 s⁻¹. While the Karagozian and Case (K&amp;C) constitutive model predicted first crack locations, its ability to simulate subsequent crack patterns was limited due to concrete's inherent mesoscopic and microscopic heterogeneity. The findings of this paper enhance the understanding of concrete's dynamic tensile response and provide a basis for designing protective structures against blast and impact loads.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105445"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the damage effects of buried explosions concerning the crater size and peak wave","authors":"Libin Wang ,&nbsp;Zhun Bai ,&nbsp;Bingwen Qian ,&nbsp;Yutao Hu ,&nbsp;Gang Zhou ,&nbsp;Kexin Di","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study of the damage effects resulting from the explosions of cylindrical charges holds significant importance in both military and civilian fields. In contrast to spherical charges, the explosive characteristics of the cylindrical charge exhibited spatial irregularities. To comprehensively quantify the influences of borehole diameter and buried depth on the damage effects, including the crater size and stress wave, experimental and numerical investigations on explosions induced by cylindrical charge are carried out in this paper. Firstly, a set of tests is conducted to provide fundamental data. Then, based on the meshfree method of Smoothed Particle Galerkin (SPG) and the K&amp;C model, the variations in crater dimensions and the peak stress are fully simulated with a range of borehole diameters and buried depths. Finally, the influence of borehole and buried depth on the coupling factor is discussed. Both the buried depth and the borehole diameter impact the utilization of blast energy enormously. Furthermore, materials with distinct impedance values exert an influence on the distribution of the stress wave. Following the dimensional analysis, several empirical formulae expressing the crater size and peak stress are established, all of which can predict explosion damage rapidly and accurately.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105410"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep learning accelerating design of functionally graded materials for application in dynamic loading","authors":"Jin Huang ,&nbsp;Jian Zhang ,&nbsp;Lei Li ,&nbsp;Ruizhi Zhang ,&nbsp;Yahui Huang ,&nbsp;Guoqiang Luo ,&nbsp;Qiang Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spallation is a fracture phenomenon induced by dynamic loading and significantly influenced by peak stress (<span><math><msub><mi>σ</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></math></span>), strain rate (<span><math><mover><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mi>˙</mi></mover></math></span>), and pulse duration (<span><math><mi>τ</mi></math></span>) of loading stress history. Experimental studies of spallation often encounter coupling among these parameters due to limitations in loading techniques, leading to inconsistent findings. The study introduces a novel method to independently regulate these parameters using a graded density impactor (GDI). A deep learning-based inverse design model was developed to optimize the GDI structure. Results show that the unique architecture of the GDI generates segmented rarefaction waves, enabling precise control of their intensity and arrival time at the spall plane. This allows effective adjustment of <span><math><msub><mi>σ</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></math></span>, <span><math><mover><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mi>˙</mi></mover></math></span> and <span><math><mi>τ</mi></math></span> during spallation. The inverse design model was trained with a mixed loss function and achieved outstanding predictive accuracy with an R² value exceeding 0.99. Using the trained model, tailored GDI structures were designed to achieve specific expected <span><math><msub><mi>σ</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></math></span>, <span><math><mover><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mi>˙</mi></mover></math></span> and <span><math><mi>τ</mi></math></span>. The designed GDI can cause spallation with <span><math><msub><mi>σ</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></math></span>, <span><math><mover><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mi>˙</mi></mover></math></span> and <span><math><mi>τ</mi></math></span> closely matching expected values. This machine learning-based approach offers a powerful tool for the precise design of spall experiments, advancing the study of material behavior under dynamic loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105443"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A modified J-C constitutive model and novel strain rate-dependent fracture criterion for A7N01S-T5 under different loading","authors":"Haoxu Ding ,&nbsp;Tao Zhu ,&nbsp;Wenyue Yuan ,&nbsp;Jinle Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaorui Wang ,&nbsp;Bing Yang ,&nbsp;Shoune Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105442","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105442","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To study the dynamic and static mechanics and fracture characteristics of A7N01S-T5 aluminum alloy in detail, the related research was carried out based on the combination of experiment and simulation. Firstly, the dynamic and static mechanical performance tests under several stress states were carried out, and the stress state parameters and equivalent fracture strain of different tests were obtained based on the finite element reverse engineering method. On this basis, the Von Mises yield function and Lou2022 yield function are used to describe the yield and hardening characteristics of the material under quasi-static conditions, and the DF2016 criterion is used to describe the quasi-static fracture characteristics. Then, the classical and modified J-C constitutive models are used to describe the material's dynamic yield and hardening characteristics. Finally, a new strain rate-dependent fracture criterion is proposed to describe the dynamic fracture characteristics of the material. The results show that the material's mechanical properties are related to the stress state and strain rate. The dynamic and static mechanical properties of A7N01S-T5 aluminum alloy can be well described by the Lou2022 yield function and modified J-C constitutive model. The newly constructed strain rate-dependent fracture criterion can characterize the difference in the influence of strain rate on fracture characteristics under different stress states, and the prediction accuracy is significantly improved compared with the traditional J-C fracture criterion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105442"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strain rate dependence of flow stress under ultrahigh strain rate conditions: A practical estimation method based on ball impact and indentation","authors":"Kiyohiro Ito ,&nbsp;Yuji Ichikawa","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In most metallic materials, flow stress under plastic deformation increases significantly at ultrahigh strain rates above 10⁴ s⁻¹. However, measuring the strain-rate dependence of flow stress at ultrahigh strain rates is difficult when using the conventional split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) method. We propose an advanced ball-impact indentation method for estimation of strain-rate dependence (referred to as BIM). BIM was previously verified using finite element analysis (FEA) with a Johnson–Cook flow stress model. However, it is uncertain whether BIM can accurately estimate the change in strain-rate dependence at ultrahigh strain rates. In this study, FEA with a bilinear Johnson–Cook (BJC) model was performed to verify BIM at ultrahigh strain rates. Consequently, the averaged flow stresses estimated by BIM using the FEA results were in good agreement with the input BJC model, even at ultrahigh strain rates. Further, ball impact and indentation tests were conducted for validating BIM. The averaged flow stresses estimated by BIM were close to the results of conventional uniaxial tests based on the SHPB method. In addition, the results indicated that a ball impact test using a small ball with a diameter of 1 mm at an impact velocity of 100 m/s could achieve an ultrahigh strain rate of &gt;10⁵ s⁻¹. BIM adequately detected the change in the strain-rate dependence at an ultrahigh strain rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105435"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finite element analyses of thin GFRP panels under low-velocity impact: damage assessment from Barely Visible Impact Damage (BVID) to perforation","authors":"Zhen Pei Chow,&nbsp;Adrian Gliszczynski","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purpose of this work is to numerically predict and analyse the response of thin glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) under low-velocity impact (LVI) from Barely Visible Impact Damage (BVID) to perforation. Three types of eight-plied GFRP arrangements were analysed and compared, namely quasi-isotropic (QI), quasi-orthotropic (QO), and angle-ply (AP) arrangements. Explicit nonlinear code LS-DYNA was implemented to develop the finite element model of the GFRP using enhanced composite damage model (ECDM) with Chang-Chang failure criterion and bilinear traction separation cohesive zone model (CZM). The results were then analysed with experimental results by comparing the impact characteristics and damage mechanisms. The FE results demonstrated high level of confidence in predicting LVI response, with acceptable deviations at higher impact energies due to the simplifications made in simulating structural damage through element deletion. The maximum peak force difference is 16.4 % at 30 J where the GFRP panel is fully perforated. The combination of ECDM and CZM in modelling allows through-thickness damage morphology simulation with good reliability. The FE methodology used in this study shows great promise for damage prediction of composite structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105441"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}