International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Modeling projectile penetration into RC structures using truss-enhanced adaptive FEM–MPM","authors":"Puchu Xie ,&nbsp;Li Chen ,&nbsp;Lei Yan ,&nbsp;Boyu Chen ,&nbsp;Xiangzhen Kong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional FEM-based simulations of projectile penetration into reinforced concrete (RC) structures tend to suffer from mass loss and reduced accuracy due to the adoption of element erosion techniques. To address these issues, this study introduces a novel Truss-Enhanced Adaptive FEM–MPM (TEAFEMPM) framework, which seamlessly integrates solid finite elements, truss components, and the Material Point Method (MPM) within a unified computational environment. Concrete is modeled using three-dimensional solid elements, whereas steel reinforcement is represented by one-dimensional truss elements, coupled to the concrete through velocity- and acceleration-based constraints. When subjected to severe deformation, distorted solid elements are adaptively transformed into MPM particles. The remaining solid elements, material particles, and truss components interact synergistically to capture the full dynamic response of RC structures. A modified Karagozian &amp; Case (K&amp;C) material model is employed, incorporating enhanced yield scaling and damage evolution laws to better represent the strain-softening behavior of concrete under external loading. The adaptive transition and coupling strategy are validated through both unconfined uniaxial compression (UUC) and tensile tests. Finally, numerical simulations of projectile perforation in RC panels show excellent agreement with experimental data, confirming the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed TEAFEMPM framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105437"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical response and damage formation in short-fibre reinforced polycarbonate from low to high strain rates","authors":"Peihao Song ,&nbsp;David Chapman ,&nbsp;Aaron Graham ,&nbsp;Georgios Kalimeris ,&nbsp;Clive R Siviour","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105440","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105440","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polycarbonate composites are widely used in applications subjected to compression loading at varying strain rates, benefiting from their ability to withstand large deformations due to the ductile nature of polycarbonate. However, the deformation and failure mechanisms, and the effects of fibre orientation, during large strain deformation are poorly understood. This study examines the rate-dependent properties of 20 wt % short glass fibre reinforced polycarbonate loaded in different orientations relative to the fibre flow and at strain rates from 0.01 to 2350 s⁻¹. High-speed optical and infrared imaging are used to aid interpretation of the deformation and failure arising from the formation of adiabatic shear bands. Novel experimental approaches are used to qualify and quantify the deformation mechanism: load-reload tests, final strain-controlled split Hopkinson bar experiments with ex-situ tomography. These are supported by dynamic in-situ X-ray measurements published previously. These comprehensive datasets establish a deep understanding of the constitutive behaviour of this ductile composite material that will enhance its use in a wide range of applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105440"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144338289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-velocity penetration behavior of ice by slender steel projectiles with different noses","authors":"Junzheng Yue ,&nbsp;Chenguang Huang ,&nbsp;Xianqian Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The penetration behavior of ice has attracted great attention in recent years. In this paper, the penetration behavior of semi-infinite polycrystalline ice by slender projectiles with different ogival noses under impact velocities ranging from 39.5 to 88.5 m/s is studied by experiments and continuum-discontinuum element method (CDEM) simulations. Both the experimental and simulation results showed that with increasing impact velocity, the ice damage transforms from a crater mode to a crater-tunnel mode, and both the penetration depth and crater diameter increase accordingly. The critical velocity for the damage mode transition decreases and the penetration depth increases with increasing the sharpness of projectile nose. However, the crater diameter barely changes with the projectile nose. The maximum deceleration of projectile decreases as the projectile nose sharpens or the impact velocity decreases. In addition, the dynamic cavity expansion model is applied to calculate the penetrating resistance of projectile during tunnel stage. The discrepancy between the theoretical and simulated maximum deceleration is less than 13%, demonstrating the applicability of cavity expansion model for describing penetration behavior of ice under the present impact velocity range. This paper reveals the failure behavior of ice under various impact conditions and advances the understanding of penetration behavior of ice in engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105438"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"(In)efficacy of architected auxetic materials for impact mitigation","authors":"Til Gärtner ,&nbsp;Richard Dekker ,&nbsp;Dennis van Veen ,&nbsp;Sanne J. van den Boom ,&nbsp;Lucas Amaral","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It has been demonstrated that auxetic materials, characterized by a negative Poisson’s ratio, offer enhanced resistance to indentation, shear forces, fracture toughness and the absorption of energy. As such, they are reported in literature to be promising options for impact mitigation in military and space contexts. Auxetic materials are rare in nature, and must therefore be designed and manufactured artificially in order to be applied. Densification of auxetic materials in order to absorb impact energy in a limited area has been the focus in the literature to date. However, this results in a concentration of the force paths, which is not desirable for impact mitigation. In this work, the effects of auxetic densification on the stress distribution over the backside of the auxetic material are addressed using both experimental and simulative trials. In this study, the distinction between auxetic and conventional honeycombs in force transmission characteristics is examined. This is achieved through an analysis of experimental data and the utilization of numerical techniques to enhance comprehension of the internal mechanisms of architected materials in response to impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105402"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-fidelity prediction of low-velocity impact damage in straight and variable angle fibre laminates with a semi-discrete continuum damage mechanics approach","authors":"Manish Kumar,&nbsp;Supratik Mukhopadhyay","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate and efficient finite element modelling of Low-Velocity Impact (LVI) damage in laminated composites remains highly sought, due to the poor detectability and quantifiability of this damage by physical means. In this work, a novel semi-discrete continuum damage model is applied to simulate LVI-induced damage in multidirectional laminates within a ply-by-ply modelling framework. Contrary to the standard practice that requires fibre-aligned individual ply meshes held together by kinematic constraints at mismatched mesh interfaces, the present mesh orientation-independent crack model is able to use a uniform mesh pattern for the entire laminate, reducing the meshing burden substantially. Additionally, the computational time gets reduced due to the elimination of kinematic constraints from the system of equations. Three challenging examples are presented involving LVI on a cross-ply, multidirectional straight fibre and a variable angle tow (VAT) fibre laminate, showing the method’s general applicability. In all cases, the overall laminate behaviour upon impact, the network of complex cracks, including the curvilinear crack profile development in a VAT laminate, and the intricate crack-delamination interaction as seen in experiments, are reproduced with high fidelity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105434"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of dynamic flow stress equation based on discrete experimental data: Part 2 dynamic flow stress depending on strain, strain-rate and temperature","authors":"Xianglin Huang,&nbsp;Q.M. Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the effects of strain, strain-rate and temperature on the flow stress of C54400 phosphor copper alloy is investigated experimentally. Artificial neural network (ANN) is used to train the qualified data from the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests, obtaining finely-filled flow stress array (an order-three tensor). CANDECOM/PARAFAC (CP) decomposition method is used to decompose the flow stress array, from which both discrete and analytical expressions of flow stress equations are obtained. It is found that the analytical flow stress equation (<span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mo>,</mo><mover><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mo>˙</mo></mover><mo>,</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mtext>Ana</mtext><mo>_</mo><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) based on CP Rank-2 decomposition agrees well with the finely-filled data from ANN. Most importantly, the thermal softening effect of the C54400 material is well reproduced by <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mo>,</mo><mover><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mo>˙</mo></mover><mo>,</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mtext>Ana</mtext><mo>_</mo><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>. Finally, <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mo>,</mo><mover><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mo>˙</mo></mover><mo>,</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mtext>Ana</mtext><mo>_</mo><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> is compared with the flow stress equation (<span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mo>,</mo><mover><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mo>˙</mo></mover><mo>,</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mtext>MJC</mtext></msub></mrow></math></span>) obtained by following the conventional method to determine the dynamic flow stress. Results show the excellent performance of <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mo>,</mo><mover><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mo>˙</mo></mover><mo>,</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mtext>Ana</mtext><mo>_</mo><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> in flow stress prediction from low to high temperatures while <span><math><mrow><mi>f</mi><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mo>,</mo><mover><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow><mo>˙</mo></mover><mo>,</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow><mtext>MJC</mtext></msub></mrow></math></span> fails in the high temperature range. The comparison demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed framework in the determination of dynamic flow stress equations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105432"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Test piece design, mechanical properties and fracture strain in two-step tensile testing of lightweight materials at high strain rates","authors":"Da Cai ,&nbsp;Hao Jiang ,&nbsp;Peng Wang ,&nbsp;Qing Wang ,&nbsp;Weifeng Gan ,&nbsp;Junjia Cui ,&nbsp;Guangyao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Continuous forming at high strain rates is an important research direction for future precision forming of light alloys. In this study, dynamic behavior of AA5052 aluminum alloy in two-step tensile testing at high strain rates were investigated. Special two-step tensile test piece at high strain rate was designed. The test piece of the special design contained a weak structural notch area and a dog-bone shaped area. The test piece was pre-stretched to a pre-determined strain so that the weak region broke. Then a secondary stretching was performed. The response surface equations of pre-strain and pre-strain rate were established separately to evaluate the functional relationship between the notch interval, tensile velocity and strain rate, and equivalent plastic strain. The effects of the parameters on the fracture strain were compared. The results showed that the test pieces could meet the requirements of the two-step tensile test at high strain rates. The pre-strain and pre-strain rate were affected by the size of the notch interval and the tensile velocity. The increase of tensile strength was related to pre-strain and secondary strain rate. The linear cumulative damage criterion can be used to interpret the two-step stretching at high strain rates. When the strain rate in single-step stretching is the same as the strain rate in each step of two-step stretching, the fracture strain in single-step stretching can be substituted for the fracture strain in two-step stretching. Research can help solve the problems of poor formability and early failure of lightweight alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105431"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144254762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and analysis of a 66 mm shaped charge","authors":"Kevin T. Miers ,&nbsp;Nicholas R. Peterson ,&nbsp;W. Lee Perry ,&nbsp;Levi A. Lystrom ,&nbsp;Justin C. Sweitzer ,&nbsp;Stanley E. DeFisher","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shaped charges have been pivotal in military and industrial applications for over a century for their ability to penetrate hard targets with remarkable efficiency. A generic 66 mm shaped charge device is widely used as a screening tool to evaluate the performance of new explosive formulations such as high energy and combined effects explosives. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the modeling and analysis of the 66 mm shaped charge experiment, focusing on the critical stages of explosive detonation, jet formation, jet elongation and particulation, as well as target penetration as a function of standoff. A multi–faceted approach is adopted, combining computer simulations, analytic modeling, and experimental data to provide a thorough description of the relevant mechanics. High–fidelity numerical simulations were performed using the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Eulerian hydrodynamic code PAGOSA. These calculations were used to elucidate the factors influencing jet formation including material strength, equation of state, geometry, and detonation models. Analytic modeling of the jet breakup and penetration mechanics were also used to predict the effects of jet characteristics and standoff on target penetration. The experimental methodology and data reduction procedures are briefly outlined, and modeling predictions are compared to experimental data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105396"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The three-dimensional trajectory characteristics of the elliptical cross-section projectile into concrete target","authors":"Pengcheng Li ,&nbsp;Xianfeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Chuang Liu ,&nbsp;Yongjun Deng ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To gain a deeper understanding of the trajectory characteristics of oblique penetration of an elliptical cross-section projectile into concrete targets, a 3-D trajectory model for such a projectile was established. The wake-separation effect and cratering-effect were considered in the presented model. The 3-D trajectory model's accuracy and reliability were confirmed through oblique penetration tests. Lastly, the effects of various factors-including the ratio of the minor-axis and major-axis of the projectile cross-section (<em>b</em>), the asymmetry of the projectile cross-section (<em>λ</em>), the roll angle (<em>ξ</em>₀), the attack angle (<em>γ</em>₀), the sideslip angle (<em>ψ</em>₀) and the oblique angle of the <em>XOZ</em> plane (<em>α</em>₀)-on the trajectory of the elliptical section projectiles at oblique angles of the <em>XOZ</em> plane (<em>β</em>≠0°) were examined. Results indicate that, when the mass, the length, the length of projectile head and the cross-sectional area of the projectile and impact velocity are held constant, the trajectory stability of the major-axis side (<em>ξ</em>₀=0°) of the symmetrical elliptical cross-section (<em>b</em>₁=<em>b</em>₂) projectile is superior to that of the circular cross-section projectile, while the trajectory stability of the minor-axis side (<em>ξ</em>₀=90°) of the symmetrical elliptical cross-section projectile is inferior to that of the circular cross-section projectile at oblique angles of the <em>XOZ</em> plane. The range of <em>γ</em>₀ between 0° and +5° is conducive to enhancing trajectory stability of the symmetrical elliptical section projectiles at oblique angles of the <em>XOZ</em> plane. In the event that <em>ψ</em>₀ is not 0° or <em>α</em>₀ is not 0° or <em>ξ</em>₀ is neither 0° nor 90°, the symmetrical elliptical section projectile will be deflected in the <em>YOZ, XOZ</em>, and <em>XOY</em> planes at oblique angles of the <em>XOZ</em> plane. Especially, at range of the <em>ξ</em>₀ between 50° and 60°, the max <em>Y</em>-direction displacement attains a peak value. And the terminal attitude angle on the <em>YOZ</em> plane demonstrates a quadratic correlation with the <em>α</em>₀ and a linear correlation with the <em>ψ</em>₀.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105414"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mesoscopic analysis on size effect of dynamic shear response of RC beams under low-velocity impact","authors":"Pengcheng Jia ,&nbsp;Hao Wu ,&nbsp;Zehao Yin ,&nbsp;Liangliang Ma ,&nbsp;Tao Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The size effect on dynamic shear responses of RC beams is important for evaluating the impact resistance of practical structures, while the related studies remain limited. Thus, this study aims to systematically examine the size effect in shear-failure RC beams and establish similarity relationships for dynamic shear responses. Firstly, a mesoscopic finite element (meso-FE) model is developed and validated through dynamic loading tests on small and large RC beams, accurately reproducing the dynamic shear capacity, impact force, mid-span deflection, and failure modes. Then, the deflection instead of the shear crack width is recommended as a quantitative index for damage evaluation in shear-failure RC beams. The mesoscopic simulation analysis reveals that the normalized maximum deflection of stirrup-reinforced beams could increase by approximately 23.7 % when the scale factor ranges from 1 to 6. Furthermore, the parametric analyses demonstrated that the stirrup ratio exerts the most significant influence on the size effect, with the increase factor of normalized maximum deflection reaching 211.1 % for beams without stirrup and the scale factor from 1 to 6. Finally, a similarity relationship for normalized maximum mid-span deflection is established by the response surface methodology, incorporating critical parameters such as impact energy, mass ratio of impactor to beam, shear span-to-depth ratio, and stirrup ratio. These findings provide a methodological framework for evaluating the impact resistance of full-scale shear-failure RC beams in practical engineering structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105429"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144254761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}