International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Comparative study on sand erosion damage and residual strength of GFRP, BFRP, and CFRP composites","authors":"Wenhao Ren,&nbsp;Siha A","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105659","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105659","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wind and sand erosion is a key environmental factor affecting the service life of fiber-reinforced composite materials, but the mechanical degradation mechanisms of different types of composite structures under multi-parameter erosion remain unclear. This study utilized a jet erosion test platform to systematically evaluate the performance evolution of three typical structures—GFRP, BFRP, and CFRP—under varying erosion angles (15°–90°), velocities (16–31 m/s), and durations (10–50 min). The results show that all three undergo damage processes such as resin delamination, fiber exposure, and interlaminar debonding, with 60° being the most prone angle for failure. CFRP exhibits the highest strength retention rate (82%), but the most significant modulus decrease (14.9%); GFRP experiences over a 30% strength reduction under prolonged erosion, while BFRP exhibits strain separation and early instability. Stress-strain and multi-point strain analyses indicate that CFRP maintains deformation consistency after erosion; GFRP exhibits more ductile behavior accompanied by progressive strain bifurcation; while BFRP demonstrates moderate mechanical response with limited strain compatibility. The semi-empirical predictive model constructed further achieved good fitting on all three materials (R² &gt; 0.84), validating its cross-material applicability. The research results provide a theoretical basis for corrosion-resistant design, surface protection, and life prediction of composite structures under complex operating conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105659"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the response of additively-manufactured polymeric lattices to impact along different directions","authors":"Zhengping Sun ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Ding ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Zheng ,&nbsp;V.P.W. Shim","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diverse lattice architectures have been proposed with the aim of enhancing their mechanical response, particularly in relation to compression along their three principal geometrical axes. Most lattice cell topologies have been designed to display cubic symmetry, with the goal of achieving quasi-isotropic behaviour. Even if this is achieved in practice, it does not ensure similarly favourable responses for impact along other directions, and this aspect has received little attention or been reported. Nevertheless, it deserves examination, because in actual applications, lattices are likely to sustain loads or required to mitigate impact from any or multiple directions. Furthermore, cell components such as struts can display significant angle-dependent properties associated with additive manufacturing processes employed to fabricate them, and this exacerbates anisotropy in the lattice global response. Consequently, in addition to the vertical build direction, it is instructive to examine the compressive responses of lattices loaded along oblique directions, especially under impact, to elicit the degree of mechanical anisotropy under gross deformation. In this study, samples of Octet and Rhombic Dodecahedron lattices, as well as a hybrid descendant lattice (HS), are additively manufactured, and subjected to dynamic uniaxial compression along two oblique directions, i.e., the face diagonal and body diagonal directions with respect to the lattice cubes. Compared to the responses for compression along the geometrical principal axes defining the cube, significantly dissimilar stress-strain responses and crushing modes are observed, indicating sensitivity to impact direction, and this is associated with cell geometry. The influence of angle-dependent strut material properties in inducing anisotropy is highlighted, and the smaller degree of anisotropy observed with the novel HS lattice, demonstrates its advantage in yielding more consistent, direction-independent behaviour.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105658"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Replacing strain gages by line camera DIC in Hopkinson bar experiments","authors":"Christian C. Roth ,&nbsp;Foulques LeGrelle ,&nbsp;Thomas Tancogne-Dejean ,&nbsp;Vincent Grolleau ,&nbsp;Dirk Mohr","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Strain gages are widely used to acquire the signals in dynamic experiments with Hopkinson bars. Here, we explore the potential of displacement history measurements with line camera based digital image correlation (DIC) to substitute the role of strain gages and directly obtain particle velocity. After outlining the fundamental equations for deriving stress-strain curves, the technique is applied and validated through split-Hopkinson bar compression and tension tests, as well as direct impact experiments. In direct impact tests, the line camera enables simultaneous measurement of input and output forces, facilitating the verification of quasi-static equilibrium. Moreover, in cases where quasi-static equilibrium is clearly satisfied, a single line camera measurement on the striker bar is sufficient to determine the entire stress-strain curve. Compared to laser interferometry and photon Doppler velocimetry, the line camera DIC system demonstrates superior capability in measuring large displacements of Hopkinson bars. It also offers a reliable non-contact measurement alternative to strain gages, which are prone to delamination under high-impact conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105620"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LMVGM and VBW plasticity model with the coupling effect between strain rate and stress state for mild steel","authors":"Ya-Chao Hu ,&nbsp;Zhi-Jie Wu ,&nbsp;Yu-Chao Yang ,&nbsp;Feng Xi ,&nbsp;Feng Liu ,&nbsp;Ying-Hua Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate prediction of the dynamic plastic deformation and ductile fracture behavior of mild steel is essential for progressive collapse analysis of building structures. In this study, the VBW plasticity model was extended to a rate-dependent form by incorporating the strain-rate effect, enabling the accurate representation of large plastic deformations under impact loading conditions. Furthermore, the LMVGM was reformulated into a rate-dependent form by introducing the coupled effect between strain rate and stress state into its fracture surface expression, thereby enhancing its capability to describe fracture evolution under dynamic loading conditions. On this basis, dynamic tensile tests were conducted on flat specimens with various notch configurations using a drop-weight impact system, covering a loading range from quasi-static to the intermediate strain-rate regime. Comparative analysis between numerical and experimental results demonstrated that the proposed models could accurately reproduce the load–displacement responses and fracture characteristics across different stress states and strain rates, confirming their reliability and applicability in predicting the dynamic plasticity and failure behavior of Q355 mild steel in the intermediate strain-rate regime.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105632"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secondary penetration behavior in UHPC targets after penetration-explosion events","authors":"Chenyu Gao ,&nbsp;Junbo Yan ,&nbsp;Yan Liu ,&nbsp;Wei Lu ,&nbsp;Ning Huang ,&nbsp;Fan Bai ,&nbsp;Fenglei Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deeply buried and ultrahigh-strength protective structures often require multiple sequential penetration-explosion cycles to be effectively neutralized. This study focuses on the secondary penetration behavior of ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) targets after an initial penetration and explosion sequence, a subject that has received limited systematic attention. First, a series of penetration-explosion-penetration tests was performed on UHPC targets, with systematically varying secondary impact locations to examine their effect on penetration depth and local failure characteristics. Experimental results reveal that secondary penetration performance varied significantly with impact position, showing distinct differences in both the increase in penetration depth and the degree of projectile redirection across tested locations. In addition, a computational model incorporating the restart method was developed and rigorously validated through comparisons with experimental data. Furthermore, a systematic parametric study was conducted to examine the influence of impact location, velocity, and accumulated material damage on secondary penetration behavior, accompanied by a discussion of the underlying physical mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105652"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Penetration of 1018 hot-rolled steel targets with ogive-nose rod projectiles","authors":"Z.K. Crosby ,&nbsp;T.L. Warren ,&nbsp;M.J. Forrestal","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105665","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present depth of penetration data for hot-rolled, 1018 steel targets with ogive-nose rod projectiles. Data are compared with a published model and show reasonably good agreement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105665"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the penetration of shear thickening fluid (STF) impregnated and neat Kevlar fabrics","authors":"Y.C. Ye,&nbsp;H.C. Xu,&nbsp;H.M. Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shear thickening fluid (STF) impregnated Kevlar fabric is an advanced composite material that exhibits superior impact resistance compared to neat Kevlar fabric. This study investigates the penetration behavior of both STF impregnated and neat Kevlar fabrics within a unified framework. A continuum damage mechanics (CDM) based dynamic constitutive model, recently developed for both materials, is first outlined. This model incorporates a dynamic increase factor (accounting for strain rate effects) and a residual strength factor (calibrated using STF rheological properties and yarn pull-out test results). Furthermore, the model is enhanced by incorporating temperature effects, which significantly improves its predictive capability at different temperatures. Numerical simulations of ballistic, low-velocity impact, and quasi-static penetration are conducted using this constitutive model. The simulation results show good agreement with available experimental data in terms of residual velocity, load-displacement curve, and failure patterns, validating the model's accuracy and effectiveness. Parametric studies reveal that projectile nose shape significantly affects the penetration resistance of both materials. Additionally, the STF impregnated fabric mobilizes a larger material region during impact, thereby enhancing its penetration resistance relative to neat Kevlar, while also exhibiting greater strain rate sensitivity across different impact velocities under identical energy conditions</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105639"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A semi-analytical model incorporating scaling effects for deformable penetration of flat-nosed long rods into semi-infinite concrete targets","authors":"Xiaolong Chen ,&nbsp;Li Chen ,&nbsp;Huu-Tai Thai ,&nbsp;Qin Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Existing models have not consistently captured the scaling effects associated with deformable penetration of flat-nosed long rods into concrete. This paper proposes a novel semi-analytical model that explicitly incorporates the projectile diameter-to-aggregate size ratio. The projectile is treated as a control volume. Based on conservation laws and wave impedance conditions, an analytical model for the residual diameter is derived. A scaling-informed penetration resistance is used to define a yield velocity that accounts for the projectile diameter-to-aggregate size ratio. This velocity is then incorporated into a Forrestal-type resistance model, resulting in a closed-form solution for penetration depth. The model was validated against experimental data and numerical simulations. It captures the transition to the deformable regime and the subsequent reduction in penetration depth due to nose bulging. The model also captures two key scaling laws: (1) the normalized residual diameter decreases as the projectile diameter increases, and (2) the normalized penetration depth increases monotonically. Overall, the proposed model provides a unified framework that links scaling effects with deformable penetration behavior, and can be used as a useful tool for practical protective design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105661"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel scaling method for assessing dynamic response distortions of thin plates induced by blast loads","authors":"Sijia Liu,&nbsp;Li Chen,&nbsp;Bin Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the blast tests utilizing scaled models, precise control of the blast load is required to meet design specifications. However, achieving this precision is technically challenging. Deviations between the actual and intended blast loads can introduce significant error in extrapolating the prototype's response from the scaled model data. This error is referred to as load distortion. To address this issue, this study proposes a novel scaling method that accounts for load distortion based on an equivalent static load approach. Using a clamped one-way thin steel plate as a case study, dimensional analysis is first conducted to elucidate the physical mechanism underlying load distortion. Then, by applying the equivalent single-degree-of-freedom theory, an explicit relationship between the blast load and structural deformation is derived through the concept of an equivalent static load. A key innovation of this study is that the similarity between the maximum deformation responses of the scaled model and the prototype can be characterized by the product of the load distortion coefficient and the geometric scale factor. This allows for correction of the model's deformation response data, thereby achieving accurate prediction of the prototype's deformation response. The method's validity is confirmed through numerical simulations and shock tube experiments on clamped one-way thin steel plates. This approach successfully circumvents the technical challenge of precise blast load control, while providing a novel reference framework for quantifying the resulting load distortions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105637"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simplified two-DOF model-based analysis and design method for hybrid bar reinforced concrete beams under impact loading","authors":"Qi Cao ,&nbsp;Shuai-Fei Wei ,&nbsp;Zhenji Wang ,&nbsp;Rongxiong Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses the impact resistance design requirements for seawater and sea-sand concrete (SSC) structures in island-reef and offshore engineering. A hybrid reinforcement scheme combining glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) and stainless steel bars is investigated to leverage the corrosion resistance of FRP and the ductility of steel. Combining theoretical analysis with consideration of material strain rate effects, a tri-linear restoring force model for hybrid-reinforced beams under both static and dynamic loads was developed. Based on the experimental results, the impact process was simplified as a two-degree-of-freedom (TDOF) mass-spring model. An extensive parametric study encompassing 144 impact scenarios was conducted using the validated TDOF model. Based on the combined experimental and numerical data, empirical equations were derived for the characteristic points of the impact force time-history curve and for predicting the maximum mid-span deflection. The proposed simplified TDOF model and the associated empirical equations provide a practical and effective tool for the impact-resistant design of hybrid-reinforced SSC beams, offering significant theoretical support for the safety of marine structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105638"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145928613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}