International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Protective performance of sacrificial cladding with foamed geopolymer core under impact loading","authors":"Hongyuan Zhou ,&nbsp;Hao Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaojuan Wang ,&nbsp;Yang Lv ,&nbsp;Hong Zhang ,&nbsp;Tianyi Song","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, a novel sacrificial cladding with a foamed geopolymer (FG) energy-absorbing core was proposed for structural protection to resist impact loading. First, the mechanical and energy absorption performance of FG was investigated through quasi-static and dynamic compressive tests. The test results demonstrated that an increase in density or strain rate would significantly enhance the energy absorption capacity of FG. Based on the test results, a phenomenological constitutive model of FG, considering the effects of density and strain rate, was proposed. Subsequently, the drop hammer impact tests were conducted on the monolithic steel panel (MSP, regarded as the protected structure) and the cladding-structure system (CSS) to evaluate the protective performance of the proposed cladding. The impact test results indicated that MSP exhibited a significant local indentation in its central region, while the monolithic steel panel in CSS primarily demonstrated a global bending deformation. In addition, with the numerical model validated by the impact test results, the effects of the impact loading area, initial impact momentum, and the FG core density on the protective performance of the proposed cladding were further numerically investigated. The numerical results demonstrated that, although the monolithic steel panel in CSS exhibited a slightly larger residual deflection compared to MSP in some cases, the sacrificial cladding still provided effective protection in terms of damage extent, energy absorption, and load transfer, especially under small impact loading areas or low initial impact momentum. It was noted that, due to the premature densification or limited deformation of FG, the sacrificial cladding with either low- or high-density FG cores led to more impact energy and a higher peak load transferred to the protected structure, demonstrating unfavorable protective performance. The results in the present study provided valuable references for the design and application of sacrificial cladding with FG core.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 105372"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143916545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asteroid deflection: Do multiple impacts from a split-impactor increase total momentum transfer?","authors":"Alexander Westra ,&nbsp;Jason Damazo ,&nbsp;Dominic Martinez ,&nbsp;Kevin Housen ,&nbsp;Joseph Morton ,&nbsp;Leslie Lamberson","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Asteroid impacts pose a significant threat to Earth, making planetary defense strategies vital. Among these, kinetic impact has emerged as a promising method for asteroid deflection. This study investigates how to maximize momentum transfer to an asteroid within a fixed payload budget of mass <span><math><mi>m</mi></math></span>. Two impact configurations were examined: (i) three to four repeated impacts at the same location using varied targets and velocities, and (ii) simultaneous impacts with two impactors, each with half the total mass (<span><math><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span>), delivered at different proximities on rock targets. The goal was to determine if the total momentum enhancement factor, <span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span>, in these configurations exceeds that of a single, unsplit impactor. In configuration (i), <span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span> generally decreased with each successive impact. Interestingly, <span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span> did not always scale with cratering efficiency; although larger ejecta mass was produced, its lower velocity sometimes reduced the overall momentum transfer. CTH shock physics simulations revealed that pre-existing crater geometry contributed to the decrease in <span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span>. In configuration (ii), the simultaneous impacts yielded a <span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span> value lower than that of the single unsplit impactor. Surprisingly, <span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span> from two simultaneous impacts was similar to that of a single half-mass (<span><math><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span>) impactor, even with higher cratering efficiency at certain proximities. These results indicate that splitting the impactor does not increase momentum enhancement for the investigated conditions. Overall, the relationship between cratering efficiency and <span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span> appears nonlinear and highly dependent on the specific impact configuration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 105363"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of energy dissipation of aluminum matrix syntactic foam under impulsive loading","authors":"Yue Zhang ,&nbsp;Robert Samuel Birch ,&nbsp;Yuyuan Zhao ,&nbsp;Xianke Lu ,&nbsp;Erasmo Felipe Vergara ,&nbsp;Bo Geng ,&nbsp;Songlin Li ,&nbsp;Haonan Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metal matrix syntactic foams, comprising hollow microspheres embedded within a metallic matrix, represent an innovative class of porous materials that integrate both structural and functional properties. These materials are renowned for their lightweight, high specific strength and exceptional energy absorption capacity, making them highly promising for applications in automotive crash protection, vibration damping, aerospace, military equipment, and marine engineering. In this study, aluminum alloy-based syntactic foams were fabricated using hollow ceramic microspheres of three different size ranges (75–125 µm, 125–250 µm, and 250–500 µm), with an approximate volumetric fraction of 60 %. The material response and energy dissipation performance of these syntactic foams under shockwave loading were evaluated using a shock tube apparatus driven by commercially available nail gun cartridges. Under impulsive loading, the syntactic foams exhibited global transient displacement due to elastic deformation, followed by rapid recovery to their original configuration. The inherent damping characteristics of the foams induced free oscillation, with oscillation amplitudes progressively attenuating over time. Experimental data demonstrated that both the size of the ceramic microspheres and the intensity of the impulse load significantly influenced the energy dissipation behavior of the syntactic foams. The primary energy dissipation mechanism was attributed to the initiation and propagation of microcracks within the ceramic microspheres. The number of potential sites for the initiation of these microcracks were found to have a positive influence on the energy dissipation efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 105373"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discrete-continuous coupling simulation and experimental research on peak impact acceleration in falling weight-layered system collisions","authors":"Xinnan Xu ,&nbsp;Yu Liu ,&nbsp;MoHan Zhao ,&nbsp;Chaofan Wu ,&nbsp;Yuhao Pei ,&nbsp;Chengmiao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The peak impact acceleration of falling weight <em>a</em>_max is a key detection indicator in road engineering. To investigate the influence laws and mechanisms of layered system properties on <em>a</em>_max, numerical simulation combined with experimental method was applied in this study. First, the DEM-FDM coupling model for a two-layered system based on Hertz theory was constructed to study the influence of the thickness of the surface layer <em>h</em>, the elastic modulus of the surface layer <em>E</em>₁, and the elastic modulus of the support layer <em>E</em>₀. Then, field and model box falling weight impact experiments were conducted to verify and supplement the above results. The results show that <em>E</em>₁ and <em>E</em>₀ positively correlate with <em>a</em>_max under a fixed <em>h</em>, following a strong power function relationship. The influence of <em>h</em> on <em>a</em>_max is related to the modulus ratio. In addition, the correlations between <em>a</em>_max and <em>E</em>₁ and <em>a</em>_max and <em>E</em>₀ are highly significant, while that between <em>a</em>_max and <em>h</em> is insignificant. Furthermore, as <em>h</em> increases, the correlation between <em>a</em>_max and <em>E</em>₁ strengthens, while that between <em>a</em>_max and <em>E</em>₀ weakens. Moreover, <em>a</em>_max reflects the structural stiffness within influence depth, where <em>E</em>₁ is dominant. Additionally, three-layered systems in the model box can be equivalent to two-layered systems, and the above patterns in the simulation were well verified. This study provides a theoretical basis for using <em>a</em>_max to detect the road structural layer moduli.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 105374"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-laser experiments to reproduce hypervelocity impacts on graphite at high temperature","authors":"B. Aubert ,&nbsp;D. Hébert ,&nbsp;J.L. Rullier ,&nbsp;E. Lescoute ,&nbsp;T. Doualle ,&nbsp;L. Gallais","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105375","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105375","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hypervelocity impacts (HVI) with millimeter or submillimeter projectiles can strike aerospace structures with relative velocities of several km/s. In the present paper, the effect of temperature, in the range of 300 to 3600 K, on the size of the craters produced by HVI on graphite targets is studied. This study was made possible by the development of an original experimental setup based on the use of two high-power lasers: a nanosecond shock laser delivering up to 40 J to simulate impacts of 260 µm diameter aluminum projectiles at velocities ranging from 2 to 4 km/s, and a continuous-wave heating laser in order to reach very high temperatures with a brief heating time and well-controlled heating ramp. This study shows that maximum depth and diameter of craters do not vary with the temperature up to 3400 K, but a slight increase of the crater volume is observed. It is explained by a more complete formation of the crater at high temperature. This behavior was not clear up to now in the literature, probably because of the effect of sublimation at high temperature which can be taken into account by the present methodology. Beyond 3400 K, a rapid decrease of crater dimensions is observed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 105375"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"pyBLOSSUM: An open-source python repository for assessing the ballistic limit of spacecraft structures under space debris impact","authors":"Shannon Ryan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We introduce pyBLOSSUM – an open-source python repository of ballistic limit equations (BLEs) for assessing the performance of spacecraft structures under impact of space debris particles. BLEs are provided for a range of monolithic structure walls, dual wall shields (e.g., Whipple shields, honeycomb sandwich panels, etc.), as well as advanced shielding concepts (e.g., multi-shock shields, etc.) and thermal protection systems. In addition to the BLEs, the pyBLOSSUM repository also contains &gt;1700 collated hypervelocity impact experimental data for several common type of debris shield. pyBLOSSUM provides a central repository of BLEs, most fully analytical but some requiring numerical solutions, that can be used by researchers and engineers for micrometeoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) risk assessments. The source code and experimental datasets can be freely downloaded and used by researchers worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 105365"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-speed fragment tracking with sparse frames using space–time interlaced X-ray imaging","authors":"B.R. Halls ,&nbsp;N. Rahman ,&nbsp;S.M. Reardon ,&nbsp;D.R. Guildenbecher","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Explosively driven fragments were tracked in three spatial dimensions and time using a proposed space–time interlaced X-ray tracking method. When a limited number of frames are available and linear trajectories can be assumed (over four timesteps), three-dimensional paths can be determined by fitting a unique line that intersects the possible fragment centers of mass. These possible locations are determined by back projecting density information from the images collected by temporally and spatially (angular) interlaced views of fragments in the region of interest. Furthermore, the use of penetrating radiation overcomes optical interferences in the near field and enables direct measurement of fragments mass. Experimental results are presented to quantify the capabilities and limitations of the imaging methodology. Measurement uncertainties and methodology biases are addressed and discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 105370"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic theory of blast-loaded local-resonance-based metaconcrete slabs and experimental validations","authors":"Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Huguang He ,&nbsp;Hailong Chen ,&nbsp;Dongyu Shi ,&nbsp;Wenhao Wang ,&nbsp;Jianhua Dong ,&nbsp;Yishun Chen ,&nbsp;Hualin Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this research, dynamic responses of local-resonance-based metaconcrete slabs were investigated theoretically and experimentally. Mechanical models of metaconcrete slab and mass-coating resonator were proposed and governing equations were built by expanding the Timoshenko beam theory. Dynamic responses were solved by the method of separation of variables and series functions of displacements. Displacement reduction and attenuation with time induced by the metastructure were revealed theoretically. The theory was validated by explosion experiments of metaconcrete slabs. The experimental results and parameter analyses indicate that compared with common concrete slabs, the metaconcrete slabs have significant displacement attenuation and vibration reduction abilities under blast loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 105371"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing SiC ceramic composite armor structure to resist multiple impacts from armor-piercing incendiary bullets","authors":"Yemao He ,&nbsp;Nan Jia ,&nbsp;Johnny Qing Zhou ,&nbsp;Yanan Jiao ,&nbsp;Hongshuai Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper aims to construct a vehicle ceramic composite armor with high resistance to penetration and the capacity to withstand multiple impacts from armor-piercing incendiary (API) projectiles. Specifically, ballistic tests are conducted to study the effect of ceramic/backplate mass proportion and the 3D winding constrains of ceramic panel on the impact response of armor plate. The multi-scale damage morphologies of post-impact armor plate are characterized to discuss the synergistic protection mechanism between ceramic and backplate. In terms of balancing bulletproof performance with weight, the optimal mass ratio of ceramic/backplate to withstand multiple impacts from 7.62 mm and 12.7 mm API bullets are 71.89/28.11 and 72.76/27.24, respectively. Although the anti-penetration performance of the 3D winding constraint structure decreased by 8.84 %, the damage area of its ceramic panel was reduced by 88.08 %. This constraint structure improves the capacity to resist multiple impacts by reducing the response area, and ensures the energy absorption efficiency by increasing the degree of ceramic pulverization. During impact, the API projectile undergoes deceleration with varying deceleration rate, and the response zone of the ceramic and backplate is first subjected to acceleration response process followed by deceleration. The findings provide valuable insights into the structural design of lightweight ceramic composite armor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 105367"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics-informed machine learning for predicting the ballistic limit of whipple shields","authors":"Shannon Ryan,&nbsp;Hung Le,&nbsp;Julian Berk,&nbsp;AV Arun Kumar,&nbsp;Svetha Venkatesh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Data driven machine learning (ML) models can provide improved accuracy over semi-analytical ballistic limit equations (BLEs) for predicting the outcome of space debris impacts on spacecraft structures. However, they should not be applied beyond the scope of their training data which limits their utilisation in mission risk assessments. We develop and demonstrate two approaches for incorporating physics knowledge, in the form of existing BLEs, into ML models to mitigate this limitation. The resulting physics-informed models provide modestly improved classification accuracy when applied on a database of experimental records as well as improved agreement with BLEs when applied outside the scope of the training dataset, compared to previous data-driven ML models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 105364"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}