International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Development of back-face coatings for the characterization of non-reflective and opaque materials by laser shocks","authors":"Solenn Le Mouroux ,&nbsp;David Lebaillif ,&nbsp;Laurent Berthe ,&nbsp;Philippe Viot ,&nbsp;Jérémie Girardot","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study intends to make possible the dynamic characterization of a non-reflective and opaque material using a laser shock test which must lead to the establishment of an equation of state and a constitutive law. The instrumentation used is a back-face velocity measurement by a green laser interferometry (VISAR). In this study, a metallic coating (aluminum) is added to the back-face of the non-reflective material to be characterized (here an elastomer). The influence of the back-face coating thickness on material characterization is studied experimentally and numerically. The experimental results indicate that, whatever the thickness of the metal coating, it is possible to determine the equation of state of the material using a simulation model. Limitations of the proposed protocol are then finally discussed to get a constitutive law at loading up to 20 GPa. The role of a probable early damaging at the back-face of the sample and improvements proposals are given through numerical analysis of the shock tests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 105327"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A constitutive model incorporating the phase transition effects for metals under hypervelocity impact","authors":"M.Z. Wu ,&nbsp;R.R. Long ,&nbsp;X.Z. Zhong ,&nbsp;Q.M. Zhang ,&nbsp;S.Y. Ren ,&nbsp;K.Q. Zheng ,&nbsp;Q. Wu ,&nbsp;P.L. Zhang ,&nbsp;Z.Z. Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phase transition, as an important phenomenon in hypervelocity impact (HVI) events, greatly affects the formation of debris clouds, but has been less studied due to its complexity. The objective of this work is to develop a constitutive model incorporating the phase transition effects, to be applied to the study of the phase transition problems in HVI. On the foundation of Wu's multiphase equation of state (EOS), the phase transition effects are introduced into the deviatoric response and fracture response of metals, to model the constitutive equations. Subsequently, by the provided iterative algorithm, the novel constitutive model was embedded into the AUTODYN-SPH hydrocode for HVI simulation. Afterward, two HVI experiments, where Al2024 spherical projectiles impacted Al2024 bumper plates at 4.9 km/s and 7.9 km/s, were conducted to verify the accuracy of this model. The results showed that the simulations can well capture the morphological features of the debris clouds in the experiments, and the features of the debris clouds in the simulations can be well correlated with the features in the damage patterns on the witness plates in the experiments. Meanwhile, the simulations revealed that the formation of the double-layer structure of the debris cloud at a high impact velocity was induced by the phase transition. Finally, by simulation, the phase and failure evolutions of materials at different impact velocities were displayed, both are associated with the propagation of stress waves, and it can be found that the phase transitions mainly occur during the release process at 7.9 km/s, but during the shock process at 12 km/s. Besides, as the impact velocity increases, the failure mechanism of the material is from a combination of shear fracture and tensile fracture to one dominated by tensile fracture. And, the occurrence of the phase transitions is accompanied by a sudden drop in the tensile fracture threshold, making the projectile more susceptible to being completely smashed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 105346"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deformation mechanisms and energy absorption characteristics of 3D-printed negative poisson's ratio sandwich structures subjected to underwater impulsive loading","authors":"Zifan Jiang,&nbsp;Jili Rong,&nbsp;Zichao Chen,&nbsp;Peilin Zhu,&nbsp;Zhenqian Wei,&nbsp;Shenglong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) structures are known for their superior mechanical properties and energy absorption capabilities, yet research on their resilience against underwater explosions remains limited. In this study, two types of NPR sandwich structures were designed: a coaxial re-entrant honeycomb sandwich structure (S-CRHS) and a non-coaxial re-entrant honeycomb structure (S-NRHS). Specimens, both heat-treated and non-heat-treated, were fabricated using 3D printing technology. The deformation mechanisms and energy absorption capacities of these structures under various intensities of underwater impact loads were investigated using experimental and numerical approaches. The underwater shock wave, which decays exponentially, was generated by a fly plate striking a diffusion-type fluid–solid interaction experimental apparatus. High-speed cameras, integrated with three-dimensional digital image correlation technology (3D-DIC), recorded the real-time deformation of the back panels. The impact process was also simulated using the coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian method in Abaqus/Explicit, with the numerical results showing good agreement with experimental data. The findings revealed that S-CRHS displayed symmetric deformation patterns and a linear relationship between dimensionless impulse and displacement, indicative of stability. In contrast, the asymmetrical design of S-NRHS resulted in varied deformation modes and energy absorption characteristics, with a notable NPR effect leading to a nonlinear relationship between dimensionless impulse and dimensionless displacement, characterized by three phases and two critical strength transition points. When compared to S-CRHS, the S-NRHS core demonstrated enhanced energy absorption capabilities, showing superior impact resistance when the non-dimensional impulse was below 0.0503. Additionally, heat treatment significantly improved the toughness of the 3D-printed materials and reduced cell wall fractures. This research provides valuable insights into the potential applications of NPR structures in underwater protection scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 105355"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental characterization and plastic modeling of polycarbonate at static and dynamic rates","authors":"Giuseppe Mirone ,&nbsp;Raffaele Barbagallo ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Bua","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polycarbonate is widely used for impact protections, therefore it is of crucial interest to adequately characterize its elastoplastic response extended up to the effective ultimate local strains, at static and dynamic rates.</div><div>The mechanical response of polycarbonate includes some peculiarities in common with other polymers, making the experimental and postprocessing procedures for its hardening derivation somehow more complex than they are for metals. The two main aspects still requiring further understanding and modeling efforts are: firstly the non-monotonic stress-strain response exhibiting a peak, a drop and the successive increase of the stress-strain curves; secondly the transition between three very different straining modes including the initial uniform straining, the successive necking-induced strain localization and the final strain propagation, where the necked region progressively extends all over the tensile specimen while the already-necked zones of the specimen slow down their evolution and nearly stop deforming further.</div><div>The special deformation modes of polycarbonate induce local hydrostatic stresses evolving from negative to positive, consequently affecting the relationship between the measurable true stress and the not-measurable flow stress.</div><div>Especially in dynamic tests, the above straining features also induce increasing-decreasing trends of the effective local strain rate, whose effects would require to be properly quantified by experiments and included in the modeling strategy.</div><div>The present work identifies a procedure for deriving the flow curves of polycarbonate at static - dynamic rates by correcting the experimental true curves, and proposes this approach to investigate the strain rate effect on the material hardening</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 105329"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dimensional analysis and scalability of a simplified hull girder subjected to underwater explosion shock loading","authors":"Giovanni Marchesi,&nbsp;Jacopo Bardiani,&nbsp;Luca Lomazzi,&nbsp;Andrea Manes","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conducting full-scale experiments on naval structures subjected to underwater explosions (UNDEX) is generally impractical, leading to the employment of small-scale models. This requires the existence of scaling laws that relate the behaviour of the full-scale structure to the prototype. However, the derivation of scaling laws for impact problems is hindered by the distortion induced by strain rate effects, and scholars in the last 20 years have focused on developing correction methodologies. However, their application to naval structures remains unexplored. This work examines the interaction between the primary shock of a UNDEX and the structural response, focusing on the scalability of a steel Simplified Hull Girder (SHG). The investigation is based on numerical simulations carried out using the Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian framework, and is demonstrated against an experimentally validated case study. In the selected scenario, the SHG prototype undergoes hogging damage. The response of small-scale models with scaling factors of 1/2, 1/10, 1/20, 1/50, 1/80, and 1/100 is investigated, revealing distortions caused by strain rate effects. A correction strategy based on the joint or exclusive modification of the explosive mass and the material’s static yield strength is employed to compensate for these effects, yielding satisfactory results. Unlike existing studies, which often focus on single damaged configurations, this work emphasises the time-dependent structural response, analysing the hogging motion of the SHG and the influence of the correction strategy over time. The proposed approach demonstrates the effectiveness of the correction procedure in the largely unexplored naval domain and contributes to the development of general scaling laws for structural impact problems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 105332"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypervelocity impact on Whipple shields with varying bumper material at 3 and 7 km/s: An experimental study","authors":"Rannveig M. Færgestad ,&nbsp;Bruce A. Davis ,&nbsp;Christopher J. Cline II ,&nbsp;Eric L. Christiansen ,&nbsp;Kevin A. Ford ,&nbsp;Odd S. Hopperstad ,&nbsp;Jens K. Holmen ,&nbsp;Tore Børvik","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The behavior of various bumper materials subjected to hypervelocity impact is of high interest, as different materials show varying ability to shock and break up an incoming projectile, and can produce varying amounts of ejecta on impact. In this study, an experimental campaign of 10 normal impacts of spherical Al 2017-T4 projectiles on Whipple shields at 3 and 7 km/s is presented, with various bumper configurations of near equal areal density. Five different bumper configurations are studied (aluminum wire mesh, steel wire mesh, Nextel woven fabric, open-cell aluminum foam with a face sheet, and Beta cloth with an aluminum plate) and compared to a traditional thin Al 6061-T6 bumper. The results are evaluated based on high-speed video footage of the debris cloud development over the standoff distance, as well as observed damage on the ejecta catcher, bumper, rear wall, and witness plate, and 3D scans of the rear walls and witness plates. The results are found to be significantly different between the different bumper configurations. At 3 km/s, the bumper configuration with open-cell aluminum foam with a face sheet performed best, while at 7 km/s, the baseline Al 6061-T6 bumper and the bumper with Beta cloth showed the best performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 105328"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Models and experiments of normal penetration of polygon cross-section rigid projectiles","authors":"Xudong Gao ,&nbsp;Haijun Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We address the normal penetration problem for projectiles having an arc-shaped head and a polygonal cross-section with an axis at the center of the circle inscribed in the polygon. We put forward an analytical model to determine the resistance and depth of rigid normal penetration for this class of projectiles and prove that it shares the mathematical form and the physical implications with models for circular cross-section projectiles, thus providing a unifying model for both types. We also prove that for normal penetration, the lateral force on such polygon cross-section projectiles and the torque around the projectile axis are both zero, thus providing a design methodology for polygon cross-section projectiles without lateral forces and torques. Our analysis indicates that at the fixed cross-sectional area and projectile head length, projectiles having a regular polygonal cross-section with fewer sides show better penetration depth. On the other hand, for projectiles with non-regular polygon cross-section, the smaller is the radius of the inscribed circle, the better is the penetration depth. We validate our theoretical results with experiments of normal penetration on concrete mortar targets performed using five types of regular polygon cross-section projectiles. The test results confirm that the penetration depth of regular triangular and quadrilateral cross-section projectiles is superior to that of regular pentagonal, hexagonal, and circular cross-section projectiles, with the penetration depth of the latter three being relatively close. Our model provides excellent predictions for the penetration depth of projectiles with (regular) pentagonal, hexagonal, and circular cross-section, while the predictions for regular triangles and quadrilaterals are relatively low. The main reason for this discrepancy is that the model involves a one-dimensional cavity expansion resistance model and does not account for the potential shear damage and weakening effects caused by the edges of the polygonal projectile on the target material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 105323"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of a coupled element-particle approach to debris analysis during hypervelocity impact","authors":"Sean Stokes,&nbsp;Javid Bayandor","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Typically, numerical modeling of hypervelocity impact is done using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics. When traditional Finite Element Methods are employed to model hypervelocity impact events numerical instabilities due to significant element distortion results in negative volumes that require element erosion. When elements are eroded, energy is no longer conserved, and the contact interface changes, resulting in inaccurate forces at the surface of contact. For this reason, Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics is typically implemented to numerically model hypervelocity impact events. While Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics does not suffer from element distortion due to the meshless nature of using a purely particle approach, this method does not provide an adequate method of analyzing surviving fragments and debris. Experimental results from hypervelocity impact tests have shown that in many cases large debris may survive the impact, but when using a particle method, the result is a cloud of fine particles unable to resolve this larger debris. A technique to couple both methods, by initially defining components out of traditional finite elements, and assigning ghost particles to replace those elements when they fail, has recently allowed for improved debris characterization. This coupled method has yet to be thoroughly validated for hypervelocity impact numerical modeling. In this analysis a thorough validation of the coupled element-particle method compared against pure SPH methods is conducted, through numerical validation of both the FEM and SPH methods during high-strain rate Taylor bar experiments of OFHC copper, and the implementation of a coupled element-particle hypervelocity impact model. Velocimetry data from experimental hypervelocity impacts is used to assess the accuracy of both the coupled element-particle method, and the purely SPH method. Additionally, the solid debris generated by the coupled element-particle model is compared against the debris from experimental radiographs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 105340"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental investigation of ice ball impact behaviour to improve PV panel hailstone safety","authors":"Daniele Forni ,&nbsp;Mauro Caccivio ,&nbsp;Dominika Chudy ,&nbsp;Ezio Cadoni","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hailstorms are becoming more frequent and intense due to climate change, particularly in alpine regions. PV module resistance to hail impacts is being improved, as outlined by standards like IEC 61215 (25 mm hailstones at 80<!--> <!-->km/h) and Swiss VKF (30 mm minimum or larger). Increasing hailstone size and speed, increased safety margins are needed and it can be achieved with upgraded hail test stands. Initially, the impact of hail simulated by standards with an ice ball must be examined. Impact velocity, impact angle (<span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mn>45</mn><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span>), and duration were studied for ice balls with diameter ranging from 25 to 90 mm at speeds of 25, 50, 75 and 100<!--> <!-->m/s and temperatures ranging from <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></math></span> to <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>28</mn><mspace></mspace><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span>C. Experimental data were analysed using dimensionless peak force and corresponding time as a function of dimensionless velocity and impact angle. Furthermore, compressive and indirect tensile strengths were studied in quasi-static and high strain rate regimes as a function of temperature. Based on these results, empirical relationships defined as functions of the impact velocity, sample size, dynamic tensile strength, density, and elastic wave speed of ice were analysed and compared with findings in the literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105315"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic tensile extrusion of 0.25 and 0.30 caliber hypervelocity particles","authors":"W. Casey Uhlig,&nbsp;Matthew Coppinger,&nbsp;Brian Wilmer,&nbsp;Paul Berning","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An electrothermal gun was used to launch 0.25 and 0.30 caliber hemispherical nose aluminum and copper projectiles at velocities from 1000 to 3000 m/s. The projectiles impacted extrusion dies with half angles varying from 10 to 14.5 degrees for dynamic tensile extrusion experiments in the hypervelocity regime. X-radiography, photon doppler velocimetry, and high-speed video were utilized to characterize the resultant hypervelocity particles. ALEGRA simulations of the extrusion process were performed to assess the performance of some material models used in hydrocode and shock physics simulations. The electrothermal gun combined with ALEGRA simulations proved to be a useful tool in characterizing the dynamic tensile extrusion phenomenon at hypervelocity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 105331"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}