International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of the contact compression stage and ejecta motion in oblique impact cratering of meteorites","authors":"Jingtian Ma ,&nbsp;He Lv ,&nbsp;Qiguang He ,&nbsp;Xiaowei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Craters on planetary surfaces typically result from oblique impacts of meteorites. The impact angle influences both the pressure-temperature distribution within the crater and the ejection motion. Consequently, these characteristics are crucial for understanding cratering due to meteorite oblique impacts. Previous studies indicate that the finite element-smoothed particle hydrodynamics (FE-SPH) adaptive coupling method enhances the simulation of ejecta details. Accordingly, this study utilizes the FE-SPH adaptive method to simulate the contact compression stage of meteorite oblique impacts at angles of 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°. The simulated results demonstrate that the impact angle affects both the location and shape of the initial impact crater, as well as the ejecta distribution during the contact compression stage. Additionally, a cosine relationship between the ejecta distribution around the crater and the azimuthal angle was established using the Fourier series model. Furthermore, analysis of the temperature and pressure evolution revealed a relationship between the impact angle and the pressure-temperature peaks, validating the simulation results. We also observed temperature stratification in the ejecta which results in varying metamorphic characteristics of the ejecta at different impact angles. Based on the analysis of the jet motion, we proposed an oblique impact jet sequence model. This model illustrates the relationship between the jet sequence and impact angle, clarifies the mechanisms of jet temperature stratification, and connects these phenomena to the maximum jet velocity, which initially increases and then decreases with the impact angle. By integrating the shock wave propagation process, we introduced the concept of projectile grazing ejection and the critical grazing formula. This explains the extensive ejection of the projectile during low-angle impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105413"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The dimensionless failure criteria of elastic-brittle thin plates under pulse loadings","authors":"Xiaorun Huang ,&nbsp;Haoru Xie ,&nbsp;Yongjie Feng ,&nbsp;Chongxi Jiao ,&nbsp;Wei Zhong ,&nbsp;Xinming Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accurate prediction of structural failure is a critical issue in engineering applications. Due to the complexities of geometric nonlinearities, theoretical analysis is quite difficult, and experimental methods are both costly and time-consuming. Therefore, it is crucial to present failure criteria in a dimensionless form. In this study, a dimensionless analysis method is proposed for thin plates, aimed at determining the dimensionless loading intensity for elastic-brittle plates. The dimensionless loading intensity and duration are identified as a loading pair (<span><math><mi>ξ</mi></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mover><mi>t</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mi>d</mi></msub></math></span>), from which dimensionless pressure-duration (P-D) iso-damage curves are derived, incorporating all the effects of load, material, and geometry. The unified form of dimensionless P-D curves under different loading pulses is given and verified by theoretical, finite element (FE) and experiment results. On this basis, a standard dimensionless form of the P-I curve is further derived and verified. The applicability conditions for both dimensionless P-I and P-D curves are also discussed. These iso-damage curves enable standardized failure predictions for different working conditions, significantly reducing the cost of expensive experimental testing or calculation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105412"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scaling laws of the structural responses for RC frame structures under external explosions","authors":"Ruiran Li ,&nbsp;Jun Yu ,&nbsp;Xingde Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamic response of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures under external explosions is a critical concern in protective engineering. Scaled experiments are the mainstream for representing the dynamic responses and damage characteristics of prototype structures. However, it is well known that the behavior of structures subjected to blast loads may deviate from the scaling laws due to size effects. This study aims to explore the scaling laws on the structural responses of RC frame structures under external explosions, and to provide suggestions for making scaled experiments more representative to prototype tests through following the scaling laws. Initially, an external explosion test was conducted on a 1/3 scaled two-floor RC frame structure to study the typical characteristics of damage modes and dynamic responses. Subsequently, based on the design of the tested RC frames, four numerical models with scaling factors of 1/3,1/2, 2/3, and 1 were established using LS-DYNA. The similarity analysis of blast loads, damage modes and structural deformations between scaled and prototype models was carried out. The results showed that the vertical deformations of the scaled models deviated from the scaling laws. To address this issue, a modified formula for the scaling law of the vertical deformations in RC frame structures subjected to external explosions was proposed and validated. This formula was used to adjust the live loads of the scaled models and can be conveniently applied in both numerical simulations and actual experiments. The numerical results confirmed that the relative deviation of the vertical deformations between the scaled and prototype models was less than 6.8%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105411"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dimensionless prediction of dynamic response in rectangular plates: Aspect ratio dependence","authors":"Haoru Xie,&nbsp;Xinming Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Obtaining dynamics response of rectangular plates is significant as they are widely used in structural components. While the existing dimensionless numbers for square or circular plates are closely associated to structural response, they fail to capture the complexity of rectangular plates' behavior as an additional geometric parameter—the aspect ratio—must be considered. In this study, for impacted rectangular plate, the dominant dimensionless numbers synthesizing the geometric, material, and loading characteristics are derived by dimensional analysis and energy conservation, in which the aspect ratio is introduced. For rectangular plates made of elastic, rigid-perfectly plastic, elastic-perfectly plastic or elastic-brittle materials, the quantitative correlations between their dominant dimensionless numbers and dimensionless responses are established and the effect of aspect ratio is evaluated. Consequently, a comprehensive dimensionless framework is developed for the response of rectangular plates. Furthermore, the dominant dimensionless numbers of rectangular plate under various boundary conditions and load forms are also derived and verified. All these proposed dimensionless numbers demonstrate broad applicability to rectangular plates with nearly all aspect ratios commonly used in engineering applications, therefore can help to identify dominant physical mechanism, normalize simulation or experimental data, and guide scaling experiments, especially the anisotropic ones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105408"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct similarity method for thickness distorted elastic-plastic thin plates under impact loading","authors":"Yuexin Wang ,&nbsp;Jin Wu ,&nbsp;Jianzhong Li ,&nbsp;Huan He","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In practical engineering, thin plates or stiffened plates with too small thicknesses due to machining technology limits may not be scaled accurately. Therefore, independent scaling of thickness can be considered. To overcome the shortcoming of the traditional dimension systems that use a single geometric scaling factor to relate the prototype and scaled models, the DLT- L<em>_z</em> dimension basis is proposed, which reflects the effect of thickness on the similarity law by introducing the dimension L<em>_z</em>, and the similarity framework of thickness distorted thin plates in the elastic-plastic phase is established. Afterwards, we propose the loss function method based on the DLT- L<em>_z</em> basis to obtain optimal scaling factors directly. In order to verify the validity of the method, numerical simulations are carried out on the distorted circular thin plate and stiffened plate. With the responses of distorted models inverted by the proposed similarity law, for the circular thin plate under impulses, the displacement, stress and strain responses show good consistency with those of the prototype in the spatial and temporal fields. For the stiffened plate impacted by a hammer, distorted models are equally capable of predicting the responses of the prototype with high accuracy. The mechanism of the effect of stiffeners on temporal similarity is further revealed, and the applicability of the proposed method for thin-walled stiffened plates is demonstrated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105409"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of layering on brittle deformation: results from hypervelocity impact experiments on gneiss","authors":"Amar Agarwal ,&nbsp;Arun K. Ojha ,&nbsp;Thomas Kenkmann ,&nbsp;Michael H. Poelchau ,&nbsp;Pradeep Gairola ,&nbsp;Sandeep Bhatt","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the effects of grain size, mineralogy, and pervasive layering on brittle deformation during high-strain rate events such as blasting and hypervelocity impact. Two hypervelocity (6.9 and 7.2 km/s) impact experiments were carried out. The findings reveal that the layering significantly affects shock wave led brittle damage in the subsurface of the crater. For example, vertical layering results in deeper and more widespread damage, while horizontal layering increases the density of fractures close to the crater surface and decreases the fracture intensity in the subsurface of the crater. These subsurface damage variations and fracture distributions dictate the final crater morphology and hydrothermal activity. Our observations agree well with a recent study on the Lonar crater, India. The experiments further reveal significant differences between the fracturing of biotite and feldspar grains, suggesting that weaker biotite layers can shield stronger feldspar layers from shock waves. These findings underscore the importance of layer orientation and the presence of weaker layers when predicting the mechanical behavior of rocks under extreme conditions, which has implications for various fields, including mining, construction, and planetary science.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105406"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigations on the dynamic response of steel plates subjected to near-field explosions using a two-stage uncoupled approach","authors":"Weifang Xiao,&nbsp;Dengke Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamic response of structures subjected to blast loading has long been a concern in the blast engineering community. Steel plates are widely used in various structures (e.g. buildings, bridges, ships and vehicles). Recently, a two-stage uncoupled numerical approach (2Stage-DI) was proposed by Rigby et al. [1] to predict the plate response for near-field scenarios. This study aims to evaluate the two-stage uncoupled approach for the prediction of the dynamic response of blast-loaded plates with respect to the applicable scaled distance range. In addition, it provides insights into the effects of the plate shape, dimension and thickness on the applicable scaled distance range of the 2Stage-DI model, offering practical guidelines for the blast-resistant design. Three different types of numerical models are developed, i.e. the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model, the two-stage uncoupled models with distributed impulses (2Stage-DI) and uniform impulses (2Stage-UI). Unlike the 2Stage-DI model, the 2Stage-UI model adopts the energy-equivalent impulse for the conversion of the nodal velocities, which are uniformly distributed over the plate. The FSI and 2Stage-DI models are validated against the test data of three experiments. After that, the validated FSI models are used as the reference to evaluate the applicable scaled distance range of the 2Stage-DI models for steel plates of different shapes (square and circular), dimensions and thicknesses. Several important conclusions are drawn from this study. Firstly, the 2Stage-DI model is significantly less time-consuming than the FSI model. Secondly, the circular plate has a broader applicable scaled distance range of the 2Stage-DI models than the square plate with the same surface area. Thirdly, the applicable scaled distance range of the 2Stage-DI model expands when the plate dimension (length or diameter) increases. Fourthly, the applicable scaled distance range of the 2Stage-DI model is first increased and then decreased with the thickness. Lastly, the 2Stage-UI models, which are based on the equivalence of the kinetic energy of the steel plates, are also feasible to predict the plate response for near-field scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 105404"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the dynamic response of steel structure subjected to blast load","authors":"Arumugam D. ,&nbsp;Kaviarasu K. ,&nbsp;Alagappan P.","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Studying the dynamic response of a structure subjected to a blast loading has always been of interest, especially for the army, navy and any defense infrastructure facilities. In the blast resistant design of a structure, failing to incorporate an appropriate material model or neglecting FSI effects can lead to an erroneous prediction of structural responses. Experimental studies in this area have primarily focused on impulse loading and the associated structural responses with minimal work spanning a broad spectrum of the <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> ratios (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> is the duration of the blast load, and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> is the natural period of the structure). International codes and the Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) procedure on blast resistant design of structures do not account for the FSI effects, thereby resulting in a considerably conservative design. To address the above gaps, shock tube experiments using Blast Wave Simulators (BWS) are conducted across a wide range of <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> ratios (0.2 to 17), by varying the parameters such as (a) sample thickness, (b) support/boundary conditions and (c) blast load intensity. Experimental observations reveal that less-stiff structures undergo significant deformation, which reduces the load acting on the structure compared to more-stiff structures. Comparing the experimental results with the analytical approach shows that the peak-reflected overpressure is overpredicted in the analytical approach with a maximum difference of 30 %. It is also found that there is a significant difference between the experimental results and the analytical model (or) the existing standard procedure on the blast resistant design of the structure. Overall, this study highlights the importance of incorporating FSI effects and an analytical approach with realistic material modeling in the blast resistant design of structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 105389"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144195114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High strain rate testing of carbon-epoxy laminate crash boxes filled with polymeric cellular 3D-printed cores","authors":"Francesco Bandinelli ,&nbsp;Alberto Ciampaglia ,&nbsp;Raffaele Ciardiello ,&nbsp;Lorenzo Peroni ,&nbsp;Marco Peroni ,&nbsp;Martina Scapin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, rising attention has been given to lightweight crash-absorbing composite components. The cost of their realization could be mitigated by the hybridization with 3D-printed cellular infills, limiting the use of high-value materials such as CFRP. The energy absorption capabilities of 3D-printed cellular structures have been proven to be relevant for crash-absorbing applications. In this study, both quasi-static and high strain rate tests are conducted on hybrid crash boxes fabricated by joining an internal 3D-printed infill with an external CFRP reinforcement. A finite element model is developed to reproduce and predict the high strain rate behavior of the structures. Two different internal cellular structures are used as a mold for the hand-layup process of twill carbon-epoxy prepreg, which is applied directly on the 3D-printed surface. Quasi-static tests show that the addition of CFRP to the 3D-printed infill is beneficial for the improvement of the specific energy absorption, with values up to 15 J/g for the maximum reinforced crash box. High strain rate tests show notable differences, highlighting distinct failure and collapse modes, which strongly affect the mechanical properties of the reinforced crash boxes. While unreinforced crash boxes show an improvement of up to 20 % in Specific Energy Absorption (SEA), drops of up to 30 % and 40 % are observed in reinforced crash boxes for Crush Force Efficiency (CFE) and SEA respectively. This suggests that a more appropriate design should be followed to contrast the unfavorable failure and collapse modes observed in impact scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 105401"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144185245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of dynamic flow stress equation based on discrete experimental data: Part 1 Methodology and the dependence of dynamic flow stress on strain-rate","authors":"Xianglin Huang,&nbsp;Q.M. Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a framework to determine the dynamic flow stress equation of materials based on the discrete data of varied (or instantaneous) strain-rate from split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experiments is proposed. The conventional constant strain-rate requirement in SHPB test is purposely relaxed to generate rich dynamic flow stress data (FSD) which are widely and diversely distributed in the plastic strain and strain-rate space. Data qualification criteria were proposed to screen the raw FSD, with which qualified FSD (a coarsely filled matrix) were obtained. The qualified FSD were used to train the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to obtain finely filled FSD, which were decomposed using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) method. The flow stress equation can be obtained from the SVD results with high accuracy. In addition, the flow stress equation based on the conventional method was established and evaluated. Five uncertainties inherent in the conventional method in the determination of the flow stress equation were identified. The comparison between the proposed and the conventional flow stress equations demonstrates the effectiveness and reliability of the flow stress equation obtained from the proposed method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105403"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}