International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Tensile and shear fracture behavior of maraging steel with defective expansion rings: A phase field study","authors":"Gensheng Cheng,&nbsp;Haoyue Han,&nbsp;Yichen Zhang,&nbsp;Tao Wang,&nbsp;Guangyan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In military applications, the structural integrity of missile and warhead shells, as well as gun barrels, is of paramount importance as they undergo high-strain-rate deformation and fracture under explosive loads. Despite advances, a comprehensive model for the fracture mechanisms under such conditions remains elusive. This study investigates the dynamic fracture behavior of metal rings, representing a 120 mm gun barrel, under explosive impact loading using a thermo-elastic-plastic phase field model. The model examines the effects of defects and peak load on the expansion ring fracture process, revealing that both tensile and shear failures occur during the explosive-driven expansion. Notably, shear cracks precede tensile cracks in this context. When load magnitude and defect configuration align with the material's properties, fracture occurs in two distinct phases: primary fracture dominated by explosive load and secondary fracture driven by residual internal forces. The primary fracture is completed in the first 20–30 μs, and the secondary fracture lasts for 100 μs until it ends, resulting in eight square fragments and several triangular fragments with sizes less than or equal to those of the defects, which provides insights into controlled fragmentation patterns for structural design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105339"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical characteristics of additive manufactured biomimetic gradient circular honeycombs with nested strategy under static and dynamic loading","authors":"Mingyang Xu ,&nbsp;Qixuan Zeng ,&nbsp;Weidong Song ,&nbsp;Zhonghua Du ,&nbsp;Mingchuan Yang ,&nbsp;Han Ma ,&nbsp;Rongmei Luo ,&nbsp;Jiangbo Wang ,&nbsp;Meng Wang ,&nbsp;Chun Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inspired by the microstructure of bamboo and the membrane wing structure of bats in nature, this study proposes nested self-similar gradient circular honeycomb (WNSGH) and nested non-self-similar gradient circular honeycomb (SNNGH). The deformation patterns and energy absorption properties of WNSGH and SNNGH under quasi-static compression, drop weight impact and Kolsky dynamic impact loading are systematically investigated using both experimental and finite element methods. The energy absorption mechanisms of the representative unit cells are elucidated through a series of finite element calculations. The results from both experimental studies and numerical simulations demonstrated that the nested gradient strategy could significantly enhance the specific energy absorption (<em>SEA</em>) of regular circular honeycomb (RCH). Specifically, under quasi-static loading, WNSGH and SNNGH exhibited increases of 66.8 % and 85 %, respectively, and improvements of 53.4 % and 14 %, respectively, under Kolsky bar dynamic impact loading. The deformation patterns of the two gradient honeycombs were found to be sensitive to the loading rate. Further findings indicated that the energy absorption performance of WNSGH and SNNGH outperformed many other existing circular honeycomb structures with different gradient strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105338"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of impact velocity and target stiffness on hard impact into thin concrete targets","authors":"L.E. Hlavicka-Laczák ,&nbsp;V. Hlavicka ,&nbsp;S.G. Nehme ,&nbsp;Gy. Károlyi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Several parameters can affect the level of damage of a concrete structure in case of hard, non-deformable missile impact. We designed and carried out a series of impact experiments of a small projectile into reinforced concrete plates to investigate the effect of such parameters. The results proved the importance of the dimensionless impact factor in case of different damage modes including penetration, perforation and scabbing. Limit values of the impact factor corresponding to different damage modes are also presented. Based on the results, a formula is developed to calculate the outcome of the impact, which can be applied in initial design phases. The experimental findings can later be applied to validate more detailed finite element models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105336"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143714738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the damage patterns of ring-stiffened cylindrical shells under underwater explosion(UNDEX) loading","authors":"Yuan Gao ,&nbsp;Xiyu Jia ,&nbsp;Xi Lu ,&nbsp;Feng Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Structural damage caused by underwater explosions (UNDEX) is a critical research area in engineering and industrial applications. This study investigates the damage patterns of a typical ring-stiffened aluminum cylinder subjected to UNDEX through experiments and numerical simulations. A series of Φ9 m × 9 m explosion pond tests were conducted to validate numerical simulations and analyze structural responses under varying standoff distances (12/10.4/9.6/8.8 charge radii). An Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE)-based method was employed to further explore the effects of charge weight (10/50/100/200/400/800 g) and standoff distance on structural failure. The results identified three failure modes—sagging deformation, wavelike deformation, and rupture—with sagging and rupture as the dominant modes. The coupling processes between the impact load and structural response for each mode were analyzed in detail. Based on these findings, a damage phase diagram was developed to illustrate the relationship between explosive mass, standoff distance, and damage modes, providing an intuitive representation of failure mechanisms. Additionally, dimensional analysis identified two key parameters—scaled distance and charge radius—that influence damage outcomes, with their relative influence weights quantified. This study provides critical insights into the failure mechanisms of ring-stiffened cylindrical shells under underwater explosions and offers valuable guidance for predicting damage and designing protective structures in engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105312"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143714740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the similarity of ship structure's shock response under underwater explosion based on scaling theory","authors":"Xiongliang Yao ,&nbsp;Kun Zhao ,&nbsp;Renjie Huang ,&nbsp;Yongran Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105333","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impact response of a ship's hull structure to an underwater explosion is a typical transient and strongly nonlinear process, characterized by bifurcations and abrupt changes in its dynamic response, leading to uncertainties in the system's dynamical behavior. Traditional prediction methods based on classical similarity theory struggle to provide accurate forecasts. To address the issue of similarity transformation in underwater explosion model tests, this paper introduces scaling theory on the basis of classical similarity theory. It explains the distortion phenomena observed in classical similarity theory and derives a similarity scaling transformation equation for model tests that satisfies scaling theory. The paper also delves into the scope of application of this scaling transformation equation. To describe the similarity ratio characteristics between models and prototypes, the paper introduces the renormalization group theory based on fractal and self-similarity principles, defining large, medium, and small scale ratios for model tests. Taking the frame and section structures of a certain ship as prototypes, a series of model tests are designed according to the large, medium, and small scale ratios established in this paper. Through same-scale and cross-scale model tests, the effectiveness and universality of the similarity scaling transformation equation for the impact response of a ship's hull structure to underwater explosions, based on scaling theory, are fully verified. The research results indicate that the large, medium, and small scale ratios defined based on the renormalization group theory can clearly specify the range of scale ratios in model test design. Compared to classical similarity theory, the similarity scaling transformation equation for the impact response of a ship's hull structure model test to underwater explosions, derived based on scaling theory, can be effectively applied to prototypes under both same-scale and cross-scale conditions, breaking through the limitations of parameter variation ranges in model tests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 105333"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of surface topography on the crater formation process of rubble-pile asteroids","authors":"Yusaku Yokota ,&nbsp;Masahiko Arakawa ,&nbsp;Minami Yasui ,&nbsp;Kei Shirai ,&nbsp;Sunao Hasegawa","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High velocity impact experiments were conducted on a conical shaped sand target, simulating a large-scale cratering formed in gravity-dominated regime, which could be affected by a surface topography such as curvature of bodies. The target material consists of dry quartz sand, prepared in conical shape with its vertex angle 120° A spherical Al projectile with its diameter of 2 mm was impacted vertically on the top part of a cone at the velocity from 1 to 4 km/s. After the impact, a top part of the conical target was excavated to form a shallow bowl-shaped crater on the top. The target resembled a trapezoid when observed from the side. The crater rim radius was able to be scaled by a conventional π-scaling relationship although it's radius was about 10 % smaller than that of the crater formed on semi-infinite flat surface. This might be caused by the geometrical effect of the target. The ejecta opening angle was measured at the time of crater formation and it was about 130°, where this is larger than that of the ejecta curtain, &lt;90°, formed over the target of semi-infinite flat surface. This wider ejecta opening angle on conical target was able to be well reproduced by utilizing the Maxwell Z-model to a conical target.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105325"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143735013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scaling global and local responses of RC structural members subjected to near-field blast loading","authors":"Pengli Cong ,&nbsp;Hongyuan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105334","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the strain-rate effect of materials, the test results obtained from scaled-down models might not be accurately extrapolated to those of the full-scale prototypes. In the present study, this challenge is addressed by modifying the scaled distance so that the model exhibits identical scalable behavior to the prototype. The global and local responses of reinforced concrete (RC) structural members subjected to near-field blast loading are major indices to evaluate damage extent, which are dominated by multi-governing factors, rather than a single factor, due to the complexity of the constituent materials. Consequently, the scaling laws of global and local responses may be inconsistent with each other. In view of this, the scaling methods of the global and local responses of RC members are proposed based on the Buckingham theorem, and are validated with the test results of RC members such as slabs and beams subjected to near-field blast loading. It is shown that the model developed applying the suggested scaling methods is able to precisely predict the global and local responses of prototype. Then, a scaling method considering the strain-rate effect and size effect is proposed. Furthermore, the distortion of reinforcement ratio frequently encountered in model tests, as well as the influence of constitutive equations on scaling results, are investigated. The proposed scaling methods in this study provide reference for the design and application of model test in the blast-related field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 105334"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The viscoelastic stress wave propagation model based on fractional derivative constitutive","authors":"Zhixin Shi ,&nbsp;Jianqiu Zhou ,&nbsp;Di Song ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Cui ,&nbsp;Ming Yuan ,&nbsp;Changqing Miao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study of stress wave propagation in viscoelastic bars is important for the dynamic mechanical property testing of low-impedance materials. For the propagation of stress waves in viscoelastic bars, it is significant to consider the lateral inertia effects and viscous effects on wave propagation. This paper establishes a viscoelastic stress wave propagation model based on fractional derivative constitutive. The analytical solution of the viscoelastic wave equation based on the fractional derivative constitutive model is obtained. The model employs fractional derivative viscoelastic constitutive relations instead of traditional standard mechanical viscoelastic models and is capable of describing the lateral inertia effects and viscoelastic effects on stress wave propagation. While the Poisson's ratio is zero, the model simplifies to a viscoelastic stress wave propagation model that does not account for lateral inertia effects. In this paper, the material parameters of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) are obtained by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) test, and the attenuation coefficient and phase velocity change with frequency are calculated by this model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105330"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic failure analysis of lithium-ion battery under high-velocity impact using the FE-SPH based simulation","authors":"Huang Kang ,&nbsp;Xiaowei Chen ,&nbsp;Xiangbiao Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium-ion batteries are inevitably subjected to mechanical abuses of high-velocity impact on the battlefield, challenging the safety of electrified military equipment. It is vital to understand the failure mechanisms of batteries under high-velocity impacts, nevertheless limited by the lack of effective numerical and experimental methods. For this purpose, a FE-SPH based numerical model considering equivalent homogeneous electrodes is established to investigate the dynamic failure behaviors of LIBs under high-velocity impact. Compared to FEM method using element deletion, the FE-SPH method addresses the problem of numerical sudden drop in resistance force during dynamic indentations. We precisely simulate damage morphologies of impacted batteries compared to previous ballistic tests, and the debris cloud of crushed battery components is well reproduced. The effect of stress wave in the dynamic failure of electrodes and separators in LIBs is revealed during the penetration stage, which affects the fragment distribution in the structural response stage of impacted batteries. Furthermore, we systematically investigate the effects of battery thickness, impact velocity and penetrator shape on the damaged morphologies and structural debris cloud of impacted LIBs. The mechanical failure sequence of battery components is then compared between the low-velocity and high-velocity impact. It's deduced that cathode and anode layers fail before the rupture of separators in LIBs under the high-velocity impact, underlying that the heat generation is not mainly attributed to instantaneous electrochemical short circuits caused by the rupture of the separator. This study provides new insights for understanding the failure mechanism and protection design for batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105319"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-velocity laser-driven flyer impact on paraffin gel","authors":"B. Reynier ,&nbsp;R.M. Mircioaga ,&nbsp;J. Le Clanche ,&nbsp;L. Taddei ,&nbsp;J.-M. Chevalier ,&nbsp;D. Hébert ,&nbsp;M. Arrigoni","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The penetrating ballistic impact of thin 100 micrometers aluminum projectiles, accelerated at high velocities by laser-induced shock wave, on parafin gel is investigated. The laser-driven flyer experiments were conducted at BELENOS laser facility and allow the acceleration of projectile at high velocity ranging from 170 m<!--> <!-->s<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> to 710 m<!--> <!-->s<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>. The projectile is monitored during impact and penetration into gel targets using shadowgraphy with ultra-high speed camera. Its velocity is recorded by fast-imaging technics and correlated to Photonic Doppler Velocimeter (PDV) measurements. The ballistic impact phenomena such as the splash ejection on the front face of the gel target and the cavitation effect are analyzed. The strength resistance parameter in the Poncelet model of the gel is obtained from experimental data fit, which predicts the speed of a given fragment from its penetration depth in the target. The cavity dynamics highlights the influence of the strain rate on the mechanical behavior of paraffin gel target under penetrating ballistic impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105311"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}