International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献

{"title":"A comparative study on the penetration resistance of HS-UHTCC, RPC, and UHTCC thick targets under long-rod projectile impact","authors":"Ping Wu ,&nbsp;Yunyao Deng ,&nbsp;Honglin Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-Strength Ultra-High Toughness Cementitious Composite (HS-UHTCC) combines the ultra-high compressive strength of Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) with the superior ductility of Ultra-High Toughness Cementitious Composite (UHTCC). It demonstrates significant advantages in mitigating the crater area on the impact face and decreasing the penetration depth of projectiles. In this study, three types of targets (300 × 300 × 400 mm) made of HS-UHTCC, UHTCC, and RPC were prepared. High-velocity penetration tests (300–1000 m/s) were conducted using alloy steel long-rod projectiles with a diameter of 10 mm. The test data on penetration depth, crater damage, crack propagation, and projectile response for the three materials were obtained, systematically revealing for the first time the balanced superiority of HS-UHTCC in terms of \"penetration resistance\" and \"damage control\". At a penetration velocity of approximately 420 m/s, the penetration depth of HS-UHTCC was reduced by about 25% compared to UHTCC, while its crater area was about 20% smaller than that of RPC. Based on the projectile wear observed during the tests, a friction coefficient was introduced into the classical Forrestal formula, to propose a modified Forrestal‑N model. This model effectively predicts the penetration depths of the three materials, and the modified formula also provides their respective critical perforation velocities. This study offers a crucial quantitative design basis for the protective applications of HS-UHTCC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105670"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oblique impact and rebound of a ping pong ball with spin on a frictional surface","authors":"D. Karagiozova ,&nbsp;T.X. Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamics of oblique impact and rebound of thin-walled spheres, such as ping pong balls, present a rich and complex interplay of solid mechanics, materials science, and impact dynamics. Through a combination of experimental verifications, analyses and numerical simulations, this paper intends to integrate the elastic-plastic property of material, snap-through buckling of spherical shell, frictional contact mechanics, and initial spin effects to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the impact dynamics of ping pong balls. It is demonstrated that the dynamic response of the ping pong ball after oblique collision may contain sliding along the target surface and/or may be gripped by surface’s friction, depending on a combination of the impact velocity, the incident angle, the initial spin of the ball and friction of the surface. These input parameters also significantly affect the energy partitioning during the dynamic response and dictate the rebound properties, such as coefficient of restitution (CoR) and rebound angle. The critical condition related to the impact velocity and the incident angle, under which a local snap-through buckling will occur is numerically investigated, and the influences of the snap-through buckling on the energy dissipation and rebounding properties are revealed. It is shown that the initial spin direction strongly influences the snap-through bucking initiation and the instance of ball gripping.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105656"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scaling effect of long-rod projectiles penetrating into geological material targets","authors":"Gan Li ,&nbsp;Xiaochen Li ,&nbsp;Yuguo Ji ,&nbsp;Chao Li ,&nbsp;Chunming Song ,&nbsp;Jie Li ,&nbsp;Mingyang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105655","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the penetration velocity increases, the scale effect observed in scaled experiments on concrete and rock-like brittle media becomes increasingly pronounced, necessitating a re-examination and revision of the corresponding penetration similarity laws. This paper presents a quantitative investigation of the scale effect associated with long-rod projectiles penetrating geological brittle materials, such as rock and concrete. Based on a dynamic strength model for brittle materials that incorporates the effects of hydrostatic pressure and strain-rate strengthening, we establish a penetration resistance model, a penetration depth prediction model, and a method for determining the model parameters. This framework enables a quantitative description of the \"scale effect\" in rigid projectile penetration, achieving a prediction error of less than 15% across the entire range of projectile sizes considered. The results demonstrate that, during the rigid penetration phase, both penetration resistance and penetration depth exhibit significant scale effects. The penetration resistance is primarily composed of a strength term and a hydrostatic pressure term, with the strain-rate enhancement of the strength term being the principal cause of the scale effect. At a constant impact velocity, the relationship between the scale effect on penetration depth and the geometric scaling factor λ can be accurately described by a power-law function, where the exponent characterizes the magnitude of the scale effect. Within the range of impact velocities investigated herein, this scale-effect exponent varies from 0.275 to 0.042. Furthermore, the influences of target parameters—including material strength, bulk modulus, and strain-rate sensitivity—as well as projectile parameters—such as density, length-to-diameter ratio, and nose shape coefficient—on the penetration scale effect are systematically analyzed. The findings of this study can be employed to interpret the results of scaled penetration tests and to guide practical ammunition engineering design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105655"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailored planar S-shaped samples for in-situ characterization of adiabatic shear banding under controlled stress triaxialities","authors":"Mario Scholze ,&nbsp;Luisa Schottstedt ,&nbsp;Maximilian Hinze ,&nbsp;Philipp Frint ,&nbsp;Martin F.-X. Wagner","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Formation of adiabatic shear bands (ASB) as a deformation mechanism occurs particularly at high (shear) strain rates in metallic materials. A detailed analysis of ASB nucleation and growth, and of the contributions of the underlying mechanisms such as thermal or microstructural softening, is experimentally challenging. In this study, we present newly designed S-shaped sample geometries that allow an in-situ characterization of shear banding under different stress states. Local shear deformation occurs in a geometrically well-defined shear zone during uniaxial compression of the S-shaped samples. Considering both numerical simulations and experimental measurements, we demonstrate that the predominant shear stress can be superimposed with either tensile or compressive stresses by slightly varying the geometry of the shear zone. Moreover, we show that the sample geometry is ideally suited for the application of digital image correlation for strain (rate) mapping as well as temperature measurements at high loading velocities. Metallographic preparation of the samples prior to testing enables in-situ microstructural observations during dynamic deformation. The sample geometry is validated by dynamic experiments using a Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloy in a Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) under nominal strain rates of &gt;10³ s^-1 (which corresponds to local shear rates up to 10⁵ s^-1). Our experimental and numerical results demonstrate that the novel sample geometry facilitates detailed investigations focused on the formation and growth of adiabatic shear bands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105589"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fracture and damage evolution of metal molybdenum based on a modified Johnson–Cook model under high-temperature conditions","authors":"Lijun Mao ,&nbsp;Wei Zhao ,&nbsp;Chang Liu ,&nbsp;Zhaojun Pang ,&nbsp;Zhonghua Du","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metallic pure molybdenum (Mo) is widely used in aerospace structural components and energy absorption applications due to its high elastic modulus and strength. This study investigates the mechanical behavior of metallic Mo under quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions, and proposes a modified Johnson-Cook (J-C) constitutive model that comprehensively considers strain-rate hardening and temperature-softening effects to predict damage evolution and fracture modes during tensile loading. Through basic mechanical tests and high-temperature tensile/compression experiments, the stress-strain responses of Mo under different conditions were obtained, from which the parameters of the J-C constitutive and failure models were fitted. Additionally, the original J-C model was modified to couple strain-rate and temperature effects. Scanning electron microscopy fracture analysis showed that Mo exhibited brittle cleavage fracture at room temperature, with the fracture surface gradually displaying more ductile characteristics as temperature increased. The number of dimples significantly increased, indicating a clear brittle-to-ductile transition. Based on the established modified constitutive model, a Fortran program was developed to implement the Abaqus software VUMAT user material subroutine. The numerical simulation results agreed well with the experimental data, validating the effectiveness and reliability of the modified J-C constitutive model and failure parameters in describing the mechanical behavior of metallic Mo.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105663"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact dynamics of graded cellular projectiles on clamped circular plates: A coupling analysis theory and verification","authors":"Yuanrui Zhang ,&nbsp;Yudong Zhu ,&nbsp;Chenglin Gou ,&nbsp;Hang Zheng ,&nbsp;Qi Zhou ,&nbsp;Kehong Wang ,&nbsp;T.X. Yu ,&nbsp;Jilin Yu ,&nbsp;Zhijun Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2026.105641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Graded cellular projectiles (GCPs) have emerged as promising blast-loading simulators due to their controllable impact loads, offering potential for rapid evaluation of anti-blast performance of structures. The coupling relations between velocity and pressure at the projectile–plate interface play a critical role in determining the impact loads. However, for prevalent plate structures, the coupling process between projectiles and plates remains unclear, which limits the density design of GCPs and their application in testing the blast resistance of plates. In this work, the dynamic response process of linear GCPs impacting clamped circular plates is studied through theoretical, numerical, and experimental methods. A projectile–plate coupling (PPC) analysis theory is established by integrating the shock wave model of projectiles, the moving plastic hinge model of plates, and the velocity consistency condition at the projectile–plate interface. A membrane factor method (MFM) is employed to simplify the governing equations of plates under large deflection without compromising the prediction accuracy. Theoretical predictions demonstrate that, under equivalent momentum and kinetic energy, cellular projectiles with negative density gradients or high matrix material strength exhibit higher kinetic energy transfer efficiency and induce greater permanent deformation of plates compared to the projectiles with uniform/positive density gradients or low matrix material strength. Dimensionless analysis indicates that the areal mass ratio of the projectile to the plate is the dominant parameter governing the projectile–plate coupling effect. Increasing the areal mass ratio enhances the coupling effect and amplifies the influence of density gradients on the impact process. Finite element simulations utilizing the 3D Voronoi technique, combined with experimental impact tests on 3D-printed GCPs, demonstrate the predictive accuracy of the theory with high reliability. The proposed theory elucidates the coupling mechanism between projectiles and deformable plates, which lays a solid foundation for the density design of GCPs applied in anti-blast evaluation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 105641"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear model of rubber pad for dynamic response prediction under high-acceleration shock in the shock calibration system","authors":"Bohan Shen ,&nbsp;Qun Li ,&nbsp;Haojie Li ,&nbsp;Limu Qin ,&nbsp;Wen He","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105610","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A highly accurate nonlinear dynamic model was proposed to predict the dynamic response of rubber pads under high-acceleration shock in the shock calibration system. The viscoelastic and hyperelastic behaviors of the rubber material were integrated into the model while the effects of key parameters, including the rubber pads’ geometric parameters, hardness, and the hemispherical protrusion on the projectile utilized in the shock tests, were explicitly incorporated into the proposed model. Shock experiments were conducted using a shock calibration system and the experimental waveforms were obtained. The parameters of the model were identified using an integrated algorithm combining the Multi-Population Genetic Algorithm (MPGA) and Cuckoo Search (CS) by minimizing a weighted objective function that combining the error over the entire time history and at the peak acceleration between the predicted and experimental waveform. Relationships coupling the identified parameters, impact velocity, and rubber pads’ thickness were subsequently established. Based on these relationships, extrapolation validation was conducted to validate the model's correctness and generalizability. Compared to existing literature, the proposed model demonstrates superior accuracy in predicting responses not only under low accelerations but also under high accelerations, thereby addressing a significant research gap in high-acceleration prediction. Furthermore, the model exhibits excellent versatility by inherently incorporating parameters such as rubber hardness, geometric dimensions and impact velocity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 105610"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact behaviour and residual displacement mitigation of precast hybrid reinforced concrete (HRC) bridge columns","authors":"Zhong-Kui Cai ,&nbsp;Scott T. Smith ,&nbsp;T. Tafsirojjaman ,&nbsp;Bing Zhang ,&nbsp;Daiyu Wang ,&nbsp;Duo Liu ,&nbsp;Wei Yuan ,&nbsp;Da Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precast reinforced concrete (RC) bridge columns have been widely adopted in modern bridge construction, yet their impact behaviour remains insufficiently investigated. Studies addressing the reduction of post-impact residual displacement in precast bridge columns are particularly scarce. In previous work by the first author[1], a precast hybrid reinforced concrete (HRC) bridge column incorporating both normal-strength and high-strength steel reinforcement was proposed, with its superior self-centering performance under lateral cyclic loading experimentally demonstrated. The present study further investigates the impact behaviour and post-impact residual displacement of HRC precast bridge columns. A similitude-based design framework was developed for the lateral impact test programme, effectively bridging experimental and prototype conditions. One RC and two HRC precast bridge columns were tested, with the proportion of high-strength reinforcement as the key variable. Each specimen was subjected to three impacts of increasing velocity. Test results demonstrated that, compared to the precast RC specimen, the hybrid reinforcement in HRC specimens effectively prevented opening of the precast column-base joint and mitigated impact damage. The hybrid reinforcement reduced peak displacement by up to 22% and post-impact residual displacement by up to 50%. The mechanisms underlying this reduction in residual displacement were also clarified. Furthermore, a comprehensive numerical model was developed and validated against experimental results. Parametric analyses were subsequently conducted to investigate the impact behaviour of precast HRC columns under varying conditions. The numerical study examined the effects of impact height and tensile strength of high-strength reinforcement on the impact response and post-impact residual displacement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 105619"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elastic impact of Rayleigh–Love bar on half space","authors":"Yifan Wang ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Hao Yan ,&nbsp;Tao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The elastic impact of a bar on a half-space, accounting for the lateral inertia effect of the bar, is investigated theoretically in this study. An analytical model is developed by coupling a quasi-static contact model with the Rayleigh–Love (RL) equation. The RL model can be degenerated to obtain the classic 1D model based on the classic 1D wave equation and bar impacting a rigid flat. Based on the RL model and the classical 1D model, three key dimensionless parameters and one governing dimensionless parameter are proposed, respectively. The effects of the three dimensionless parameters under the RL model on the lateral inertia effects during bar impact are investigated, and the evolution of contact force and contact duration with the governing dimensionless parameter within the framework of the classic 1D model is examined. Finally, based on the difference between the contact duration and the length of the corresponding perfect square-wave pulse, a quantitative equivalence criterion is provided for when the half-space can be treated as a rigid body.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 105614"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of artificial gaps in locally resonant elastic metamaterial under impact loading","authors":"Nicolás Contreras ,&nbsp;Xihong Zhang ,&nbsp;Hong Hao ,&nbsp;Francisco Hernández","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Locally resonant elastic metamaterials have garnered significant attention due to their unique capacity to attenuate stress waves without requiring large structures. However, the application of these elements is compromised by the narrowness and high frequency of their band gaps. Despite existing efforts to enhance the band gap performance, reducing its frequency to more favourable ranges for engineering applications is challenging. This study provides a new solution by introducing artificial gaps between the core and coating of locally resonant elements (LREs). Numerical analysis first revealed that introducing artificial gaps would shift the band gap location to lower frequencies. An experimental test was designed to validate this prediction. Specimens were numerically designed to ensure the experimental measurable band gap frequency range was fulfilled and that their core–coating combination would generate an effective band gap. A Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar system was used to propagate high-frequency stress waves through samples incorporating locally resonant elements with artificial gaps. The experimental tests successfully detected the band gap in the specimens, confirming the predicted shift to lower frequencies. A parametric analysis was then carried out using the numerical model. It revealed that artificial gaps not only shift the band gap to lower frequencies but also increase its width. The load amplitude, number of resonators, and artificial gap size all influence the performance of the LRE with artificial gaps. A design methodology was proposed that could account for the effects of artificial gaps on band gap location, width, and attenuation, enabling the optimal design of locally resonant elements with artificial gaps.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"211 ","pages":"Article 105612"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}