International Journal of Impact Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Centrifuge modeling of dynamic response of underground concrete silo against adjacent buried explosion loads","authors":"Longhua Guan ,&nbsp;Fengkui Zhao ,&nbsp;Qiang Lu ,&nbsp;Dezhi Zhang ,&nbsp;Bin Zhu ,&nbsp;Yubing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105256","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105256","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The underground silo has a wide range of applications in both civil and military engineering, and is vulnerable to intense loadings such as explosion in some special service scenarios. This study focuses on the dynamic response of underground concrete silo against adjacent buried explosion loads. Three groups of centrifuge model tests of buried explosion near the silo structure in dry sand are designed and conducted. The characteristic parameters of excavated cratering, blast loadings, and structure vibration are recorded in the tests, and the effect of charge DoB (depth of burial) and stand-off distance are analyzed. The distribution pattern of blast loadings on the silo front is investigated, and a general formula is derived to predict the peak blast overpressure along the silo front based on dimensional analysis and test results. The blast-induced structure vibration inside the silo is monitored, and the mechanism of interior structure motion under external explosion loadings is discussed. The time-frequency analysis of the interior acceleration response is conducted using the HHT (Hilbert-Huang Transform) method. The silo exhibits a high-frequency forced vibration pattern within the positive overpressure duration, whereafter falls into the low-frequency sinusoidal free vibration stage. The tolerance and fragility assessment of personnel and accessory equipment inside the silo is further performed based on the peak acceleration and shock response spectrum criteria. The results show that despite no apparent damage being observed on the concrete silo under the explosion conditions in this study (TNT equivalent of 1200 kg and stand-off distance close to 5.3 m in prototype), the blast-induced structure vibration would pose a significant threat to the interior personnel and precision instruments such as computers and communication devices. The research findings can benefit the prediction of blast loadings and dynamic response of concrete silos subjected to external explosion, and provide a robust experimental basis for underground protective engineering design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 105256"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and shape distributions of ejecta from hypervelocity impact between rock projectile and metal target","authors":"Koske Matsubara ,&nbsp;Yukari Yamaguchi ,&nbsp;Akiko M. Nakamura ,&nbsp;Sunao Hasegawa","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hypervelocity impact experiments of rock projectiles and steel targets were conducted at velocities ranging from approximately 3 km/s to 7 km/s. Ejecta with various ejection angles were analyzed using aluminum foil targets. The number density of ejecta was highest at 50° within the range of 25° to 50° relative to the projectile trajectory examined in this study. The major and minor axes of the ejecta were estimated from the corresponding axes of the foil holes, using an empirical relationship newly formulated in this study based on a previous study. No clear dependence of the ejecta axial ratio distributions on ejection angle was observed for impacts at 3 km/s and 5 km/s. For impacts at 7 km/s, the axial ratio of the ejecta tended to be higher than that observed at lower impact velocities. The axial ratio distribution of the ejecta exhibited a dependence on size, with the fraction of ejecta smaller than 10 µm having small axial ratios being suppressed at an impact velocity of 7 km/s compared to 3 km/s or 5 km/s, likely due to the inclusion of melt droplets that would have high axial ratios. On the other hand, ejecta in the larger size range (&gt;20 µm) showed no change in axial ratio distribution with respect to impact velocity, suggesting that ejecta of this size were probably solid fragments. Observations of the ejecta captured in aerogel blocks revealed spherical structures ranging in size from a few to 10 µm that may have been melt droplets. The sizes were of the same order of magnitude as predicted by a previous physical model, which considers the balance between kinetic energy and surface energy of melt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 105252"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of shear thickening fluids to high velocity ballistic impact","authors":"Shuchang Long ,&nbsp;Huanming Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaohu Yao ,&nbsp;Tao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shear thickening fluid is widely used in protective structures due to its distinctive rheology, exhibiting a transition from liquid to a solid-like state under impact. This paper presents experimental, numerical and analytical studies on shear thickening fluid under ballistic impact. First of all, corn starch suspensions with various fractions were prepared, and their shear thickening properties were verified by rheological tests. Then, ballistic impact tests were carried out on the suspensions, and a finite element model was established for numerical calculation. Subsequently, a novel analytical model based on Oseen equations was proposed to predict the ballistic behavior of shear thickening fluid. The model was verified by both test and simulation results, and utilized in the parametric studies. The ballistic limit velocities of shear thickening fluid under different rheological parameters and impact conditions were obtained, which lays a foundation for the application of shear thickening fluid in impact resistant structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 105248"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143387268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluid–structure coupled simulation framework for lightweight explosion containment structures under large deformations","authors":"Aditya Narkhede ,&nbsp;Shafquat Islam ,&nbsp;Xingsheng Sun ,&nbsp;Kevin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lightweight, single-use explosion containment structures provide an effective solution for neutralizing rogue explosives, combining affordability with ease of transport. This paper introduces a three-stage simulation framework that captures the distinct physical processes and time scales involved in detonation, shock propagation, and large, plastic structural deformations. A working hypothesis is that as the structure becomes lighter and more flexible, its dynamic interaction with the gaseous explosion products becomes increasingly significant. Unlike previous studies that rely on empirical models to approximate pressure loads, this framework employs a partitioned procedure to couple a finite volume compressible fluid dynamics solver with a finite element structural dynamics solver. Given the rapid expansion of explosion products and the large structural deformation, the level set and embedded boundary methods are utilized to track the fluid-fluid and fluid–structure interfaces. The interfacial mass, momentum, and energy fluxes are computed by locally constructing and solving one-dimensional bi-material Riemann problems. A case study is presented involving a thin-walled steel chamber subjected to an internal explosion of <span><math><mrow><mn>250</mn><mspace></mspace><mtext>g</mtext></mrow></math></span> TNT. The result shows a 30% increase in the chamber volume due to plastic deformation, with its strains remaining below the fracture limit. Although the incident shock pulse carries the highest pressure, the subsequent pulses from wave reflections also contribute significantly to structural deformation. The high energy and compressibility of the explosion products lead to highly nonlinear fluid dynamics, with shock speeds varying across both space and time. Comparisons with simpler simulation methods reveal that decoupling the fluid and structural dynamics overestimates the plastic strain by 43.75%, while modeling the fluid dynamics as a transient pressure load fitted to the first shock pulse underestimates the plastic strain by 31.25%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 105238"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143267041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel size distribution model for debris generated by in-orbit collisions","authors":"L. Olivieri,&nbsp;A. Francesconi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In-orbit fragmentation events can generate debris clouds of thousands of objects, that may strongly affect the debris environment and the management of orbital assets. Ground observations are employed to catalogue detectable objects; however, the observation and identification of the generated debris may require months or even years. Simplified models, such as the NASA Standard Breakup Model, can assess the effects of in-space breakup and promptly provide fragments properties distributions; nevertheless, literature data suggests that they might present some limitations when modern satellite designs or complex impact geometries are involved. In this context, a novel Italian Breakup Model is under development, to provide a more reliable description of the fragmentation events; in particular, a piecewise analytic size distribution equation has been conceived and tuned with both observation data and ground experiments. The model description and its calibration and validation process are reported in this paper; the obtained results show that it accurately captures the trends in experimental and observational data with greater accuracy compared to other existing formulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 105246"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143267040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic failure of biomimetic dual-phase materials: Effects of microstructures on fracture modes and energy dissipation","authors":"Yonghuan Wang ,&nbsp;Qinglei Zeng ,&nbsp;Xun Xiong ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Zhu ,&nbsp;Ying Li ,&nbsp;Q.M. Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dual-phase structures in biological systems provide an efficient strategy for designing materials with superior mechanical performance. While the quasi-static mechanical properties of biomimetic dual-phase materials have been extensively investigated, their dynamic failure behaviors are significantly more complex. This complexity mainly arises from the interaction between the rate-dependent properties of constituent materials and the effects of microstructures, which remain less understood. In this work, we comprehensively investigate the dynamic failure processes of biomimetic dual-phase materials with various microstructures. Specimens incorporating soft and hard phases are additively manufactured, with variations in aspect ratio, volume fraction, and the shape of the hard phase. The fracture modes and energy dissipation of these structures at different impact velocities are studied with quasi-static and dynamic three-point bending tests. By combining experimental results with a rate-dependent tension-shear chain model, the dynamic failure mechanisms of dual-phase materials and the influence of their microstructures are revealed. As impact velocity increases, a fracture-mode transition from soft-phase fracture to both-phase fracture, and ultimately to hard-phase fracture is observed. Correspondingly, the energy dissipation exhibits an N-shaped curve (“increase-decrease-increase”) with respect to the impact velocity, achieving maximum dissipation when the fracture of both phases is balanced. Generally, larger aspect ratios, higher volume fractions, and triangular or circular shapes of the hard phase lead to fracture mode transitions at smaller impact velocities. This study highlights the potential for customizing microstructures of dual-phase materials to optimize energy dissipation in different impact environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 105247"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-velocity impact performance and damage mechanisms of all-CFRP honeycomb sandwich shell","authors":"Zhibin Li ,&nbsp;Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Jian Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the damage behavior of all-CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer) honeycomb sandwich shells subjected to low-velocity impacts, utilizing both experimental methods and simulation results based on the modified Hashin criterion. The results reveal that both the initial damage load and peak load significantly increase with facesheet thickness, while the increase due to impact energy is relatively modest. Moreover, impacts at the honeycomb center produce distinct cross-shaped damage, while impacts along the honeycomb cell walls result in more chaotic damage patterns. A comparison of axial and circumferential damage volumes indicates that the inherent circumferential curvature and complex boundary of honeycomb sandwich shells leads to greater damage in the circumferential direction. Additionally, foam-reinforced honeycomb shells are fabricated using a winding-based method combined with foam infusion, demonstrating how facesheet thickness and impact energy influence damage failure. The analysis of specific energy absorption efficiency shows that increasing facesheet thickness and adding foam significantly enhance energy absorption capabilities. Finally, the effects of impactor diameter and shape on the resulting damage are investigated, providing a comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence the damage response of composite honeycomb sandwich shells under low-velocity impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 105231"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143350474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scaling law for Rayleigh-Taylor instability of aluminum tube under cylindrical implosion","authors":"S.C. Dai ,&nbsp;Z.W. Zhang ,&nbsp;X.Y. Wang ,&nbsp;Y.S Jia ,&nbsp;N.C. Zhang ,&nbsp;D. Han ,&nbsp;X. Song","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) in metals with convergent geometry is of considerable importance in both scientific research and engineering applications, where the key issue is to accurately describe the dynamics of interface perturbation. However, the complex interplay of multiple physical factors has impeded a comprehensive understanding of RTI growth mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the RTI behavior of aluminum tube (liner) under cylindrical implosion by using a combination of dimensional analysis, experiments, and numerical simulations. The essential dimensionless parameters governing the RTI evolution, namely the perturbation amplitude and growth rate, were identified through dimensional analysis, leading to the derivation of the geometrical scaling law for the dimensionless growth rate of RTI. Thereafter, magnetically driven implosion experiments and numerical simulations were carried out to validate the geometrical scaling laws and examine the influence of the dimensionless parameters on the growth rate. By fitting the simulation results, the power-law relationships were established between the dimensionless growth rate and various factors, including loading intensity and duration, initial perturbation amplitude and wavelength, as well as liner radius and thickness. Furthermore, an empirical formula was proposed to predict the dimensionless growth rate of RTI under cylindrical implosion, which shows comparable accuracy to the simulation results. This study provides an effective approach for the analysis of cylindrical RTI in metals, and serves as a valuable guidance for optimizing the design of magnetically driven implosion experiments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 105236"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143267039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Similarity error of scaled model under impact","authors":"Aohan Wang ,&nbsp;Shuai Wang ,&nbsp;Jicheng Li ,&nbsp;Zhifang Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105234","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When different materials are used to substitute prototype material in scaled model, the error derived from complex thermal-visco-plastic effects of materials, including strain hardening, strain rate, temperature softening, etc., would lead to distortion of traditional similarity law. Though some scaled methods to treat the distortion caused by different materials have been developed in recent two decades, it is still hard to quantitatively estimate and control the corresponding similarity error of scaled model. To essentially overcome this basic problem, the definition of similarity error scope (SES) for input parameter and output response of scaled model is introduced in the present paper for the first time, and the mathematical relation between SES for input parameter of scaled model and material dimensionless numbers (i.e., dimensionless phase diagrams of material similarity) is derived for complex thermal-visco-plastic effects of materials, and then the general transfer function of SES from input parameter to output response is further derived. The rationality and practicability of proposed relation are verified based on related analytical models and numerical simulations, involving three impact conditions, i.e., a clamped beam subjected to transverse pulse velocity impact, a thin spherical shell subjected to radial pulse velocity impact and a Taylor bar impact test. Related result shows that the relation between SES for input parameter and average phase diagram difference is almost linear, while the relation between SES for output response and that for input parameter usually displays an obvious nonlinear feature. In practical engineering application, by selecting the optimum similitude material within proposed error tolerance, SES for structural response can be obtained directly, and thus quantitative estimation and accurate control of similarity error of scaled model can be achieved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 105234"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geometric and material distortion similarity laws for the low-velocity impact response of stiffened plates considering elastic effects","authors":"Xinzhe Chang ,&nbsp;Fei Xu ,&nbsp;Wesley J. Cantwell ,&nbsp;Wei Feng ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2025.105237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is well accepted that experiments employing scaled models for predicting the dynamic response of large engineering structures under impact loading can significantly reduce research time and costs. Although many studies have focused on similarity laws in distortion scaled models, elastic effects have often been neglected. To address this issue, the present study proposes impact similarity laws for the geometric distortion and material distortion of stiffened plates by considering elastic effects. Through discretizing the stiffened plate into a plate and stiffeners, similarity relationships for the plate and stiffeners are derived by adopting an equation analysis approach based on thin plate theory and Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. Furthermore, combining the displacement compatibility conditions between the plate and the stiffeners, a similarity correction technique is proposed to account for both the elastic and plastic phases, by correcting the elastic modulus and density of the stiffener material. Geometric and material distortion effects are compensated by correcting the initial impact velocity. A series of stiffened plates with different degrees of geometric distortion and based on different materials are established for numerical verification and in-depth discussion. In particular, attention focuses on the effect of the corrected velocity scaling factor on the resulting error and the validity of the similarity law under varying levels of elastic deformation. The results indicate that the proposed impact similarity law accurately predicts the dynamic response of a full-size stiffened plate prototype structure in terms of displacement, velocity, energy and impact force. The proposed similarity laws account for elastic effects, thereby expanding the applicability of existing similarity laws.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50318,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Impact Engineering","volume":"199 ","pages":"Article 105237"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143098742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}